tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-85559865066583602212024-03-13T06:31:50.466-07:00The Secret of the Universe is ChoicePresents, a Life with a Plan. My name is Karen Anastasia Placek, I am the author of this Google Blog. This is the story of my journey, a quest to understanding more than myself. The title of this blog, "The Secret of the Universe is Choice!; know decision" will be the next global slogan. Placed on T-shirts, Jackets, Sweatshirts, it really doesn't matter, 'cause a picture with my slogan is worth more than a thousand words, it's worth??.......Know Conversation!!! Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.comBlogger6099125truetag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-12977883011898293182018-01-14T04:31:00.001-08:002018-01-14T04:31:46.425-08:00A Few of my Blogs<span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">An Independent Mind, Knot Logic</span></span></span><br />
<a href="http://anindependentmindknotlogic.blogspot.com/">http://anindependentmindknotlogic.blogspot.com/</a><br />
<br />
Start date 2/11/2008<br />
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Do You Want To Build A Planet Today?</h1>
<a href="https://doyouwanttobuildaplanettoday.blogspot.com/"> https://doyouwanttobuildaplanettoday.blogspot.com/ </a><br />
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Start date 2/12/2008<br />
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The Secret of the Universe is Choice</h1>
<a href="https://thesecretoftheuniversechoice.blogspot.com/">https://thesecretoftheuniversechoice.blogspot.com/</a><br />
<br />
Start date 8/12/2016<br />
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The Balance Of Nautical Nor Too Coal</h1>
<a href="https://thesecretofuniversechoice.blogspot.com/">https://thesecretofuniversechoice.blogspot.com/</a><br />
<br />
Start date 6/17/2014<br />
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The Secret Of The Universe Is Choice 'The Continue'</h1>
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America Set Evolution Types</div>
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<a href="https://americasetevolutiontypes.blogspot.com/">https://americasetevolutiontypes.blogspot.com/</a></div>
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Start date 5/28/2017<br />
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Just Call Me Care In</h1>
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Start date 11/11/2016<br />
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The Impossible Is The Possible Happening</h1>
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<a href="https://theimpossibleisthepossiblehappening.blogspot.com/">https://theimpossibleisthepossiblehappening.blogspot.com/</a> </div>
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</header>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-59884446479890329842017-12-12T02:45:00.001-08:002017-12-12T02:45:56.731-08:00Al Franken With Unspoken Of Expression On The Floor!!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Ask odd to even in we are Timex,</div>
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The Cops must explain to communicate a saying?</div>
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Wood it not be Ring?</div>
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I road the drive to see the trail of what is called the country,</div>
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the seam to threads of mountains tug my anxious in a nightly,</div>
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so often grabbed by what is valley?</div>
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Tusk that Elephant.</div>
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Wide are the City Lights of Lava Lamp to swag,</div>
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the poetic tick to trail hour in seconds of what Seventy?</div>
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To add the Calendar?</div>
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The 13th month such varied stack to while the minute Scribes,</div>
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Date Adjust!!</div>
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International Fixed Calendar</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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The <b>International Fixed Calendar</b> (also known as the <b>Cotsworth plan</b>, the <b>Eastman plan</b>, the <b>13 Month calendar</b> or the <b>Equal Month calendar</b>) is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solar calendar">solar calendar</a> proposal for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_reform" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calendar reform">calendar reform</a> designed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_B._Cotsworth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moses B. Cotsworth">Moses B. Cotsworth</a>, who presented it in 1902.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> It divides the solar year into 13 months of 28 days each. It is therefore a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_Calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Perennial Calendar">perennial calendar</a>, with every date fixed to the same weekday every year. Though it was never officially adopted in any country, entrepreneur <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eastman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George Eastman">George Eastman</a> adopted it for use in his <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_Kodak_Company" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastman Kodak Company">Eastman Kodak Company</a>, where it was used from 1928 to 1989.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EASTMAN_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#cite_note-EASTMAN-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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Contents</h2>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#Rules" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Rules</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#History" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#Advantages" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Advantages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#Disadvantages" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Disadvantages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#Notes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Rules">Rules</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Fixed_Calendar&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Rules">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The calendar year has 13 months with 28 days each, divided into exactly 4 weeks (13 × 28 = 364). An extra day added as a holiday at the end of the year (after December 28, i.e. equal December 31 Gregorian), sometimes called "Year Day", does not belong to any week and brings the total to 365 days. Each year coincides with the corresponding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a>year, so January 1 in the Cotsworth calendar always falls on Gregorian January 1.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> Twelve months are named and ordered the same as those of the Gregorian calendar, except that the extra month is inserted between June and July, and called <i>Sol</i>. Situated in mid-summer (from the point of view of its Northern Hemisphere authors) and including the mid-year <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solstice">solstice</a></i>, the name of the new month was chosen in homage to the sun.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leap year">Leap year</a> in the International Fixed Calendar contains 366 days, and its occurrence follows the Gregorian rule. There is a leap year in every year whose number is divisible by 4, but not if the year number is divisible by 100, unless it is also divisible by 400. So although the year 2000 was a leap year, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 were common years. The International Fixed Calendar inserts the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_Day" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leap Day">extra day in leap year</a> as June 29 - between Saturday June 28 and Sunday Sol 1.</div>
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Each month begins on a Sunday, and ends on a Saturday; consequently, every year begins on Sunday. Neither Year Day nor Leap Day are considered to be part of any week; they are preceded by a Saturday and are followed by a Sunday.</div>
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All the months look like this:</div>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="7" scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Days of the week</th><th rowspan="5" scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Leap Day<br />in June<br />on leap years,<br />or Year Day<br />in December</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" title="Sunday">Sun</th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" title="Monday">Mon</th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" title="Tuesday">Tue</th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" title="Wednesday">Wed</th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" title="Thursday">Thu</th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" title="Friday">Fri</th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" title="Saturday">Sat</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">6</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">9</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">11</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">12</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">13</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">14</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">15</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">16</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">17</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">18</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">19</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">20</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">21</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">22</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">23</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">24</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">25</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">26</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">27</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">28</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #aaaaaa; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">29</td></tr>
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The following shows how the 13 months and extra days of the International Fixed Calendar occur in relation to the dates of the Gregorian calendar:</div>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><th rowspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Fixed calendar<br />month</th><th colspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Matching dates on the Gregorian calendar</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Starts on fixed day 1</th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Ends on fixed day 28 (or 29)</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">January</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">January 1</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">January 28</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">February</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">January 29</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">February 25</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">March</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">February 26</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">March 25*</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">April</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">March 26*</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 22*</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">May</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 23*</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 20*</td></tr>
<tr><th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">June</th><td rowspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 21*</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">June 17*</td></tr>
<tr style="color: #aaaaaa;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">June 17 <i>(Leap Day)</i></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Sol</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">June 18</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 15</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">July</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 16</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 12</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">August</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 13</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">September 9</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">September</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">September 10</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 7</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">October</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 8</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 4</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">November</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 5</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 2</td></tr>
<tr><th rowspan="2" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">December</th><td rowspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 3</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 30</td></tr>
<tr style="color: #aaaaaa;"><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 31 <i>(Year Day )</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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*These Gregorian dates between March and June are a day earlier in a Gregorian leap year. March in the Fixed Calendar always has a fixed number of days (28), and includes the Gregorian 29 February (on Gregorian leap years).</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Fixed_Calendar&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The simple idea of a 13-month perennial calendar has been around since at least the middle of the 18th century. Versions of the idea differ mainly on how the months are named, and the treatment of the extra day in leap year.</div>
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The "Georgian calendar" was proposed in 1745 by an American colonist from Maryland writing under the pen name Hirossa Ap-Iccim, the Rev. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jones_(professor)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hugh Jones (professor)">Hugh Jones</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> The author named the plan, and the thirteenth month, after King <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a>. The 365th day each year was to be set aside as Christmas. The treatment of leap year varied from the Gregorian rule, however; and the year would begin closer to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>. In a later version of the plan, published in 1753, the 13 months were all renamed for Christian saints.</div>
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In 1849 the French philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> (1798–1857) proposed the 13-month <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivist_Calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Positivist Calendar">Positivist Calendar</a></i>, naming the months: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul of Tarsus">St. Paul</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Gutenberg</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederic</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier_Bichat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marie François Xavier Bichat">Bichat</a>. The days of the year were likewise dedicated to "saints" in the Positivist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_of_Humanity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religion of Humanity">Religion of Humanity</a>. Positivist weeks, months, and years begin with Monday instead of Sunday. Comte also reset the year number, beginning the era of his calendar (year 1) with the Gregorian year 1789. For the extra days of the year not belonging to any week or month, Comte followed the pattern of Ap-Iccim (Jones), ending each year with a festival on the 365th day, followed by a subsequent feast day occurring only in leap years.</div>
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Whether Moses Cotsworth was familiar with the 13-month plans that preceded his International Fixed Calendar is not known. He did follow Ap-Iccim (Jones) in designating the 365th day of the year as Christmas. His suggestion was that this last day of the year should be designated a Sunday, and hence, because the following day would be New Year's Day and a Sunday also, he called it a Double Sunday.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Since Cotsworth's goal was a simplified, more "rational" calendar for business and industry, he would carry over all the features of the Gregorian calendar consistent with this goal, including the traditional month names, the week beginning on Sunday (still traditionally used in US, but uncommon in most other countries and in the ISO week standard, starting their weeks on Monday), and the Gregorian leap-year rule.</div>
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To promote Cotsworth's calendar reform the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar_League" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Fixed Calendar League">International Fixed Calendar League</a> was founded in 1923, just after the plan was selected by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> as the best of 130 calendar proposals put forward.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> Sir <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandford_Fleming" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sandford Fleming">Sandford Fleming</a>, the inventor and driving force behind worldwide adoption of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_time" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Standard time">standard time</a>, became the first president of the IFCL.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> The League opened offices in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="London">London</a> and later in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eastman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George Eastman">George Eastman</a>, of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_Kodak_Company" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastman Kodak Company">Eastman Kodak Company</a>, became a fervent supporter of the IFC, and instituted its use at Kodak. The International Fixed Calendar League ceased operations shortly after the calendar plan failed to win final approval of the League of Nations in 1937.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Advantages">Advantages</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Fixed_Calendar&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Advantages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The several advantages of the International Fixed Calendar are mainly related to its organization.</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The subdivision of the year is very regular and systematic which eases statistics and annual organization<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No obvious advantage (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>:<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%09%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Every year has exactly 52 weeks divided in 13 months.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Each month has exactly 28 days divided in 4 weeks.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Every day of the month falls on the same weekday in each month—the 17th always falls on a Tuesday, for example.</li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The calendar is the same every year (perennial), unlike the annual Gregorian calendar, which differs from year to year. Hence, scheduling is easier for institutions and industries with extended production cycles.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Movable holidays celebrated on the <i>n</i>th certain weekday of a month, such as U.S. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_day" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thanksgiving day">Thanksgiving day</a>, would be able to have a fixed date while keeping their traditional weekday.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Statistical comparisons by months are more accurate, since all months contain exactly the same number of business days and weekends; likewise for comparisons by 13-week quarters.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Supporters of the International Fixed Calendar have argued that thirteen equal divisions of the year are superior to twelve unequal divisions in terms of monthly cash flow in the economy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Fixed_Calendar&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Disadvantages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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This section <b>possibly contains <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Fixed_Calendar&action=edit" style="background: none !important; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none;">improve it</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <small style="font-size: 11.9px;"><i>(February 2017)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact" style="font-size: 11.9px;"><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Thirteen, being prime, is not evenly divisible, putting all activities currently done on a quarterly basis out of alignment with the months; each quarter would be 13 weeks instead.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judaism">Jewish</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> groups<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have been historically opposed to the calendar because their tradition of worshiping every seventh day would result in either the day of the week of worship changing from year to year or eight days passing when Year Day or Leap Day occurs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> Others<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have contended that Year Day and Leap Day could be counted as additional days of worship.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Birthday">Birthdays</a> and other significant anniversaries may be recalculated as a result of a calendar reform and would always be on the same day of the week (of a given year). If the recalculated day is a weekend, it cannot be designated a holiday and causes difficulty in celebrating this day. This is readily solved by making the following weekday a holiday, as is often currently done when a holiday falls on a weekend during a given year.</li>
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Perennial calendar</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<span class="mw-redirectedfrom"> (Redirected from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perennial_Calendar&redirect=no" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Perennial Calendar">Perennial Calendar</a>)</span></div>
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A <b>perennial calendar</b> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calendar">calendar</a> that applies to any <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Year">year</a>, keeping the same <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_date" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calendar date">dates</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekdays" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Weekdays">weekdays</a> and other features.</div>
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Perennial calendar systems differ from most widely used calendars which are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Annual calendar">annual calendars</a>. Annual calendars include features particular to the year represented, and expire at the year's end. A perennial calendar differs also from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Perpetual calendar">perpetual calendar</a>, which is a tool or reference to compute the weekdays of dates for any given year, or for representing a wide range of annual calendars.</div>
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For example, most representations of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> year include weekdays and are therefore annual calendars, because the weekdays of its dates vary from year to year. For this reason, proposals to perennialize the Gregorian calendar typically introduce one or another scheme for fixing its dates on the same weekdays every year.</div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 12.502px; user-select: none;"> [<a class="togglelink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#History_and_background" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History and background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#Calendar_reform" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Calendar reform</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#Blank-day_calendars" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Blank-day calendars</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#Leap-week_calendars" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Leap-week calendars</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#Easter_in_Leap-week_calendars" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Easter in Leap-week calendars</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#Determining_Leap_Weeks" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Determining Leap Weeks</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#Objections" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Objections</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#Other_options" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Other options</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="History_and_background">History and background</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perennial_calendar&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: History and background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The term <i>perennial calendar</i> appeared as early as 1824, in the title of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ignatius_Maria_Forster" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster">Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster</a>'s <i>Perennial calendar and companion to the almanack.</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> In that work he compiled "the events of every day in the year, as connected with history, chronology, botany, natural history, astronomy, popular customes and antiquities, with useful rules of health, observations on the weather, explanations of the feasts and festivals of the church and other miscellaneous useful information." The data listed there for each date in the calendar apply in every year, and supplement data to be found in annual almanacs. Often printed in perennial-calendar format also are book blanks for diaries, ledgers and logs, for use in any year. Entries on the blank pages of these books are organized by calendar dates, without reference to weekdays or year numbers.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Calendar_reform">Calendar reform</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perennial_calendar&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Calendar reform">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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A goal of modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_reform" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Calendar reform">calendar reform</a> has been to achieve universal acceptance of a perennial calendar, with dates fixed always on the same weekdays, so the same calendar table serves year after year. Advantages claimed for a perennial over an annualized calendar like the Gregorian are simplicity and regularity. Scheduling is simplified for institutions and industries with extended production cycles. School terms and breaks, for example, can fall annually on the same dates. Month-based ordinal dating ("Fourth Thursday in November", "Last Monday in May") will be obsolete. Two methods favored for perennializing the calendar are the introduction of so-called "blank days," and of a periodic "leap week."</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Blank-day_calendars">Blank-day calendars</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perennial_calendar&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Blank-day calendars">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Blank-day calendars remove a day or two from the weekday cycle, resulting in a year length of 364 weekdays. Since this number is evenly divisible by 7, every year can begin on the same weekday. In the twelve-month plan of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The World Calendar">The World Calendar</a>, for example, the Gregorian year-end date of December 31 is sequestered from the cycle of the week and celebrated as "Worldsday." December 30 falls on a Saturday, Worldsday follows next, and then January 1 begins every new year on a Sunday. The extra day in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leap year">leap year</a> is treated similarly. Blank-day calendars with thirteen months have also been developed. Among them are: The Georgian calendar, by Hirossa Ap-Iccim (=<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jones_(reverend)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hugh Jones (reverend)">Rev. Hugh Jones</a>) (1745);<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivist_calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist calendar</a>, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> (1849); and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed Calendar</a>, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_B._Cotsworth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moses B. Cotsworth">Moses B. Cotsworth</a> (1902),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> and championed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eastman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George Eastman">George Eastman</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Blank-day reform proposals face a religious objection, however. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Sabbatarianism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seventh-day Sabbatarianism">Sabbatarians</a>, who are obliged to regard every seventh day as a day of rest and worship, must observe their holy day on a different weekday each year.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Leap-week_calendars">Leap-week calendars</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perennial_calendar&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Leap-week calendars">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_week_calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leap week calendar">Leap week calendar</a> plans often restrict common years to 364 days, or 52 weeks, and expand leap years to 371 days, or 53 weeks. The added week may extend an existing month, or it may stand alone as an inserted seven-day month.</div>
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The leap-week calendar may have been conceived originally by <a class="external text" href="http://myweb.ecu.edu/mccartyr/Searle.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Rev. George M. Searle</a> (1839-1918), around 1905. In 1930, James A. Colligan, S.J. proposed a thirteen-month reform, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pax Calendar">Pax Calendar</a>. By 1955, Cecil L. Woods proposed the twelve-month Jubilee Calendar which inserts an extra week called "Jubilee" before January in specified years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup>The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanke-Henry_Permanent_Calendar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hanke-Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke-Henry Permanent Calendar</a> (2003) inserts an extra year-end month of seven days called "Xtra," and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry454" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a> calendar (circa 2004) lengthens the month of December by one week on leap years.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Easter_in_Leap-week_calendars">Easter in Leap-week calendars</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perennial_calendar&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Easter in Leap-week calendars">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4>
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The Christian celebration of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter#Date" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Easter">Easter</a> is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computus">historically calculated</a> to occur on the first Sunday after the first ecclesiastical full moon falling on or after 21 March. In leap-week calendars, March 21 is less likely to match astronomical spring equinox than in the Gregorian calendar.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> The Symmetry454 calendar proposes Sunday, April 7 as a permanently fixed date for Easter, based on the median date of the Sunday after the day of the astronomical lunar opposition that is on or after the day of the astronomical northward equinox, calculated for the meridian of Jerusalem.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> In 1963 the Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican declared:</div>
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"[The Vatican] would not object if the feast of Easter were assigned to a particular Sunday of the Gregorian Calendar... [and] does not oppose efforts designed to introduce a perpetual calendar into civil society."</div>
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— <cite style="font-style: inherit;">Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, <i>CONSTITUTION ON THE SACRED LITURGY SACROSANCTUM CONCILIUM SOLEMNLY PROMULGATED BY HIS HOLINESS POPE PAUL VI ON DECEMBER 4, 1963<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></i></cite></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Determining_Leap_Weeks">Determining Leap Weeks</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perennial_calendar&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Determining Leap Weeks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4>
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In the Pax Calendar, the extra week is added in every year having its last number, or its last two numbers, divisible by 6, and in every year ending with the number 99, and every centennial year not divisible by 400. The Hanke-Henry Permanent Calendar's leap week occurs every year that either begins or ends in a Thursday on the corresponding Gregorian calendar. The Symmetry454 calendar's leap week formula was chosen over others based on 10 criteria, including smoothest distribution of weeks, minimal "jitter" and predicted accuracy of 4-5 millennia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_calendar#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Objections">Objections</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perennial_calendar&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Objections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4>
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Objections to leap weeks include the inconvenience of a periodic extra week for billing and payment cycles, and for dividing the leap year into halves and quarters. Another objection is that anniversaries, such as birthdays, are more likely on average to occur on a leap week than a leap day.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Other_options">Other options</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perennial_calendar&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Other options">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Besides blank-day and leap-week reforms only a few other options for achieving a perennial calendar have been suggested. <a class="external text" href="http://myweb.ecu.edu/mccartyr/lspc.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">The Long-Sabbath Calendar</a>, by Rick McCarty (1996), extends to thirty-six hours the last Saturday of the year and the subsequent first Sunday of the new year. Seventy-two hours are thereby covered with two weekdays instead of the usual three, which shortens the year to 364 calendar days without interrupting the weekday cycle. Another option would trim every year to exactly 364 days, allowing the calendar months to drift relative to the seasons. January would move from mid-winter to mid-summer, in the northern hemisphere, after approximately 150 years. The calendar year can be reckoned to drift though all the seasons once every 294 calendar years equal to 293 years of 365.2423208... days.</div>
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Al Franken</h1>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="font-size: 16.016px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span class="fn">Al Franken</span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al_Franken,_official_portrait,_114th_Congress.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Al Franken, official portrait, 114th Congress.jpg" data-file-height="4805" data-file-width="3844" height="275" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Al_Franken%2C_official_portrait%2C_114th_Congress.jpg/220px-Al_Franken%2C_official_portrait%2C_114th_Congress.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Al_Franken%2C_official_portrait%2C_114th_Congress.jpg/330px-Al_Franken%2C_official_portrait%2C_114th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Al_Franken%2C_official_portrait%2C_114th_Congress.jpg/440px-Al_Franken%2C_official_portrait%2C_114th_Congress.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a></td></tr>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="background: lavender; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></th></tr>
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<b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div>
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<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: none; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Assumed office</b></span><br />July 7, 2009<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[note 1]</a></sup><br />Serving with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">Preceded by</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Coleman" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Norm Coleman">Norm Coleman</a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background: lavender; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Personal details</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Born</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nickname">Alan Stuart Franken</span><br />May 21, 1951 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age 66)</span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Political party</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Spouse(s)</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span itemscope="" itemtype="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al Franken">Franni Bryson <span style="font-size: 11.088px;">(<abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="married">m.</abbr> 1975)</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Children</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">2</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Education</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> <small style="font-size: 10.472px;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</small></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Signature</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al_Franken_Signature.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Al Franken's signature"><img alt="" data-file-height="43" data-file-width="182" height="30" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Al_Franken_Signature.svg/128px-Al_Franken_Signature.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Al_Franken_Signature.svg/192px-Al_Franken_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Al_Franken_Signature.svg/256px-Al_Franken_Signature.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="128" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Website</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="http://franken.senate.gov/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">franken<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>.senate<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>.gov</a></span></td></tr>
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<b>Alan Stuart "Al" Franken</b> (born May 21, 1951) is an American comedian, producer, and politician serving as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">junior</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senator">United States Senator</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> since 2009. He became well known in the 1970s and 1980s as a performer on the television comedy show <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i> (SNL). After decades as an actor and satirical writer, he became a prominent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> political activist before running for a seat in the U.S. Senate as the nominee of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party</a> (DFL), an affiliate of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.</div>
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Franken was first elected to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota,_2008" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2008">2008</a>, defeating incumbent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Coleman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Norm Coleman">Norm Coleman</a> by a narrow margin of 312 votes out of nearly three million cast. He was a popular Senator and easily won <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota,_2014" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2014">reelection in 2014</a> over Republican challenger <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McFadden" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mike McFadden">Mike McFadden</a>. On December 7, 2017, after several accusations of sexual misconduct, Franken announced his intention to resign from the Senate.</div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 12.502px; user-select: none;"> [<a class="togglelink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#Early_life_and_education" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early life and education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#Saturday_Night_Live" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;"><i>Saturday Night Live</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#Post-SNL" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Post-<i>SNL</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#Political_activism_prior_to_election" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Political activism prior to election</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#U.S._Senate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">U.S. Senate</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#2008_elections" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2008 elections</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#2014_elections" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">2014 elections</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#Tenure" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Tenure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#Sexual_misconduct_allegations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Sexual misconduct allegations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#Committee_assignments" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Committee assignments</span></a></li>
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</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#Works" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Works</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#Filmography" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Filmography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#Electoral_history" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Electoral history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#Personal_life" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Personal life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#Notes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">12</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">13</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</span></h2>
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Franken was born on May 21, 1951, in New York City, to Joseph Franken, a printing salesman, and Phoebe Franken (born Kunst), a real estate agent. His paternal grandparents emigrated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Germany">Germany</a>; his maternal grandfather came from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grodno">Grodno</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>; and his maternal grandmother's parents were also from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> Both of his parents were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jews">Jews</a>, and Franken was raised in a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Jewish" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reform Jewish">Reform Jewish</a> home.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The Frankens moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lea,_Minnesota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Albert Lea, Minnesota">Albert Lea, Minnesota</a> when he was four years old.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> His father opened a quilting factory, but it failed after just two years. The family then moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Park,_Minnesota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="St. Louis Park, Minnesota">St. Louis Park, Minnesota</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Suburb">suburb</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_New_Yorker_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-The_New_Yorker-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Franken graduated from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blake_School_(Minneapolis,_Minnesota)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Blake School (Minneapolis, Minnesota)">The Blake School</a> in 1969, where he was a member of the wrestling team.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> He attended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, where he majored in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Political science">political science</a>, graduating <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cum_laude" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cum laude">cum laude</a></i> with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> in 1973.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-about.com_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-about.com-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> His older brother Owen is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photojournalist" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Photojournalist">photojournalist</a>, and his cousin <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Franken" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bob Franken">Bob</a> is a journalist for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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Franken began performing in high school, where he and his longtime friend and writing partner <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Davis_(comedian)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tom Davis (comedian)">Tom Davis</a> were known for their comedy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Davis_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-Davis-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> The duo first performed on stage at Minneapolis's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_Workshop" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brave New Workshop">Brave New Workshop</a> theater, specializing in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_satire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Political satire">political satire</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> They soon found themselves in what was described as "a life of near-total failure on the fringes of show business in Los Angeles."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Saturday_Night_Live"><i>Saturday Night Live</i></span></h2>
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Franken and Tom Davis were recruited as two of the original writers and occasional performers on <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i> (<i>SNL</i>) (1975–1980, 1985–1995). In <i>SNL</i>'s first season<i>,</i> the two apprentice writers shared a salary of $350 per week.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Davis_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-Davis-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> Franken received seven <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emmy Award">Emmy nominations</a> and three awards for his television writing and producing while creating such characters as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Self-help">self-help</a> guru <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Smalley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stuart Smalley">Stuart Smalley</a>. Another routine proclaimed the 1980s the <i>Al Franken Decade</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Call_Me_Senator_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-Call_Me_Senator-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> Franken and Davis wrote the script of the 1986 comedy film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_More_Saturday_Night_(film)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="One More Saturday Night (film)">One More Saturday Night</a>,</i> appearing in it as rock singers in a band called Bad Mouth. They also had minor roles in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_You_Need_Is_Cash" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="All You Need Is Cash">All You Need Is Cash</a></i> and the film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Places" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trading Places">Trading Places</a></i>, starring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a> .</div>
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On <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekend_Update" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Weekend Update">Weekend Update</a></i> near the end of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_(season_5)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saturday Night Live (season 5)">Season 5</a>, Franken delivered a commentary called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Limo_For_A_Lame-O" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="A Limo For A Lame-O">A Limo for a Lame-O</a>". He mocked controversial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NBC">NBC</a> president <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Silverman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fred Silverman">Fred Silverman</a> as "a total unequivocal failure" and displayed a chart showing the poor ratings of NBC programs. As a result of this sketch, Silverman declined <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorne_Michaels" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lorne Michaels">Lorne Michaels</a>'s recommendation that Franken succeed him as producer, and Franken left the show when Michaels did, at the end of the 1979–80 season.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> Franken returned to the show in 1985 as a writer and occasional performer. He has acknowledged using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and other illegal drugs while working in television, and stated that he stopped after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Belushi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Belushi">John Belushi</a> died of an overdose.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> In 1995, Franken left the show in protest over losing the role of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekend_Update" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Weekend Update">Weekend Update</a></i> anchor to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Macdonald" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Norm Macdonald">Norm Macdonald</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Post-SNL">Post-<i>SNL</i></span></h2>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_v._Franken" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fox v. Franken">Fox v. Franken</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Al_Franken_Show" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Al Franken Show">The Al Franken Show</a></div>
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Franken entertaining troops at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramstein_Air_Base" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ramstein Air Base">Ramstein Air Base</a> in December 2000</div>
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In 1995, Franken wrote and starred in the film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Saves_His_Family" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stuart Saves His Family">Stuart Saves His Family</a>,</i> which was based on his <i>SNL</i> character Stuart Smalley. Franken became depressed as a result of the film's critical and commercial failure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> <i>Stuart Saves His Family</i> has an aggregate rating of 27% on Rotten Tomatoes,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> but received favorable reviews from <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Siskel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gene Siskel">Gene Siskel</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></div>
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Franken is the author of four books that made <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New York Times Best Seller list"><i>The New York Times</i> Best Seller list</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> In 2003, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> published his <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lies_and_the_Lying_Liars_Who_Tell_Them:_A_Fair_and_Balanced_Look_at_the_Right" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right">Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right</a></i>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Satire">satirical</a> book on American politics and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatism</a>. The book's title incorporated the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> slogan "Fair and Balanced", and had a cover photo of Fox News commentator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">Bill O'Reilly</a>; that August Fox News sued, claiming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_infringement" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trademark infringement">infringement</a> of its registered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trademark">trademark</a> phrase.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> A federal judge found the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> "wholly without merit." The incident focused media attention on Franken's book and, according to him, greatly increased its sales.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-NYT-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> The publicity resulting from the lawsuit propelled Franken's yet-to-be-released book to number 1 on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></div>
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Franken signed a one-year contract in early 2004 to host a talk show for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_America_Radio" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Air America Radio">Air America Radio</a>'s flagship program with co-host <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Lanpher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Katherine Lanpher">Katherine Lanpher</a>, who remained with the show until October 2005. The network was launched on March 31, 2004. Originally named <i>The O'Franken Factor</i> but renamed <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Al_Franken_Show" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Al Franken Show">The Al Franken Show</a></i>on July 12, 2004, the show aired three hours a day, five days a week for three years. Its stated goal was to put more progressive views on the public airwaves to counter what Franken perceived as the dominance of conservative syndicated commentary on the radio: "I'm doing this because I want to use my energies to get <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a> unelected," he told a <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> reporter in 2004.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> Franken's last radio show on Air America Radio was on February 14, 2007, at the end of which he announced his candidacy for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Departure_29-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-Departure-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup></div>
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Franken also co-wrote the film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_a_Man_Loves_a_Woman_(film)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="When a Man Loves a Woman (film)">When a Man Loves a Woman</a></i>, co-created and starred in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NBC">NBC</a> sitcom <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LateLine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LateLine">LateLine</a></i>, and appeared in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate_(2004_film)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)">2004 remake</a> of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate_(1962_film)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Manchurian Candidate (1962 film)">The Manchurian Candidate</a></i>.</div>
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In 2003, Franken served as a Fellow at Harvard's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_School_of_Government" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kennedy School of Government">Kennedy School of Government</a> at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Shorenstein_Center_on_the_Press,_Politics_and_Public_Policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy">Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Call_Me_Senator_12-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-Call_Me_Senator-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> Since 2005, he has been a contributor to <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></div>
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Franken toured <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> several times with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Service_Organizations" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Service Organizations">United Service Organizations</a> (USO).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> On March 25, 2009, he was presented with the USO Metro Merit Award for his 10 years of involvement with the organization.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Political_activism_prior_to_election">Political activism prior to election</span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senator_Paul_Simon_and_comedian_Al_Franken.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3564" data-file-width="5247" height="149" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Senator_Paul_Simon_and_comedian_Al_Franken.jpg/220px-Senator_Paul_Simon_and_comedian_Al_Franken.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Senator_Paul_Simon_and_comedian_Al_Franken.jpg/330px-Senator_Paul_Simon_and_comedian_Al_Franken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Senator_Paul_Simon_and_comedian_Al_Franken.jpg/440px-Senator_Paul_Simon_and_comedian_Al_Franken.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Franken with Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul Simon (politician)">Paul Simon</a> in 1991</div>
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According to an article by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Corliss" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Corliss">Richard Corliss</a> published in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine, "In a way, Franken has been running for office since the late '70s." Corliss also hinted at Franken's "possibly ironic role as a relentless self-promoter" in proclaiming the 1980s "The Al Franken Decade" and saying, "Vote for me, Al Franken. You'll be glad you did!"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Corliss_34-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-Corliss-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> In 1999, Franken released a parody book, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Not_Me%3F_(novel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Why Not Me? (novel)">Why Not Me?</a>,</i> detailing his hypothetical campaign for president in 2000. He had been a strong supporter of Minnesota Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul Wellstone">Paul Wellstone</a> and was deeply affected by Wellstone's death in a plane crash shortly before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_2002" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate elections, 2002">2002 election</a>. Wellstone was a mentor<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> and political and personal role model for Franken, who stated his hopes of following in Wellstone's footsteps.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cnn-senator_38-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-cnn-senator-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup></div>
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Franken said he learned that 21% of Americans received most of their news from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a>, an almost exclusively conservative medium.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Corliss_34-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-Corliss-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> "I didn't want to sit on the sidelines, and I believed Air America could make a difference", he said.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Corliss_34-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-Corliss-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> In November 2003, Franken talked about moving back to his home state of Minnesota to run for the Senate. At the time the seat once held by Wellstone was occupied by Republican <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Coleman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Norm Coleman">Norm Coleman</a>. At a 2004 Democratic presidential campaign event, Franken tackled a man who was allegedly threatening other attendees and heckling Governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Dean" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> In 2005, Franken announced his move to Minnesota: "I can tell you honestly, I don't know if I'm going to run, but I'm doing the stuff I need to do in order to do it."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> In late 2005, he started his own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Political action committee">political action committee</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Values_PAC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Midwest Values PAC">Midwest Values PAC</a>. By early 2007, the PAC had raised more than $1 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup></div>
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Franken was the subject of the 2006 documentary film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken:_God_Spoke" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Al Franken: God Spoke">Al Franken: God Spoke</a></i>, which <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> called "an investigation of the phenomenon of ideological celebrity."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup></div>
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Franken initially supported the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> but opposed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">2007 troop surge</a>. In an interview with <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>'</i>s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Scarborough" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joe Scarborough">Joe Scarborough</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> he said that he "believed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>", whose presentation at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> convinced him that the war was necessary, but that he had since come to believe that "we were misled into the war" and urged the Democratic-controlled Congress to refuse to pass appropriations bills to fund the war if they did not include timetables for leaving Iraq. In an interview with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Marshall" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Josh Marshall">Josh Marshall</a>, Franken said of the Democrats, "I think we've gotta make <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> say, 'OK, I'm cutting off funding because I won't agree to a timetable.'"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup></div>
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Franken favors transitioning to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> with the provision that every child in America should receive health care coverage immediately. He objects to efforts to privatize <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> or cut benefits, and favors raising the cap on wages to which Social Security taxes apply.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> On his 2008 campaign website, he voiced support for cutting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a> for oil companies, increasing money available for college students, and cutting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Interest rate">interest rates</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_loan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Student loan">student loans</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup></div>
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During the 2008 election, New York state officials asserted that Al Franken Inc. had failed to carry required <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Insurance">insurance</a> for employees who assisted him with his comedy and public speaking from 2002 to 2005. Franken paid a $25,000 fine to the state of New York upon being advised his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Corporation">corporation</a> was out of compliance with the state's workers' compensation laws.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-comp_51-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-comp-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup> At the same time, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Franchise_Tax_Board" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="California Franchise Tax Board">California Franchise Tax Board</a> reported that the same corporation owed more than $4,743 in taxes, fines, and associated penalties in the state of California for 2003 through 2007, because the corporation did not file tax returns in the state for those years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-round_52-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-round-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> A Franken representative said that it followed the advice of an accountant who believed when the corporation stopped doing business in California that no further filing was required.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> Subsequently, Franken paid $70,000 in back <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Income tax">income taxes</a> in 17 states dating back to 2003, mostly from his speeches and other paid appearances. Franken said he paid the income tax in his state of residence, and he would seek retroactive credit for paying the taxes in the wrong states.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70k_54-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-70k-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="U.S._Senate">U.S. Senate</span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="2008_elections">2008 elections</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota,_2008" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2008">United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2008</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlFranken.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2083" data-file-width="1562" height="227" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/AlFranken.JPG/170px-AlFranken.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/AlFranken.JPG/255px-AlFranken.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/AlFranken.JPG/340px-AlFranken.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlFranken.JPG" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22%3E%0A %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E%0A %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22/%3E%0A %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E%0A %3C/g%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Franken campaigning for the U.S. Senate in 2008</div>
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On January 29, 2007, Franken announced his departure from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_America_Radio" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Air America Radio">Air America Radio</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Departure_29-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-Departure-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> and on the day of his final show, February 14, he formally announced his candidacy for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> in 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> Challenging him for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party</a>endorsement was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nelson-Pallmeyer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer">Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer</a>, a professor, author, and activist; trial lawyer <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ciresi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mike Ciresi">Mike Ciresi</a>; and attorney and human rights activist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cohen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jim Cohen">Jim Cohen</a>, who dropped out of the race early.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup> Franken won the nomination with 65% of the vote.</div>
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On July 8, 2007, Franken's campaign stated that it expected to announce that he had raised more money than his Republican opponent, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Coleman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Norm Coleman">Norm Coleman</a>, during the second quarter of the year, taking in $1.9 million to Coleman's $1.6 million,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-q2_57-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-q2-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mulcahy_58-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-mulcahy-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup> although in early July 2007, Coleman's $3.8 million cash on hand exceeded Franken's $2 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mulcahy_58-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-mulcahy-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup></div>
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In late May 2008, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Republican_Party" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minnesota Republican Party">Minnesota Republican Party</a> released a letter about an article Franken had written for <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Playboy">Playboy</a></i> magazine in 2000 titled "Porn-O-Rama!" The letter, signed by six prominent GOP women, including a state senator and state representative, called on Franken to apologize for what they called a "demeaning and degrading" article.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-playboy_59-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-playboy-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup> His campaign spokesman responded, "Al had a long career as a satirist. But he understands the difference between what you say as a satirist and what you do as a senator. And as a Senator, Norm Coleman has disrespected the people of Minnesota by putting the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exxon">Exxons</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Halliburton">Halliburtons</a> ahead of working families. And there's nothing funny about that."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-playboy_59-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-playboy-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></div>
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On June 7, 2008, Franken was endorsed by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic-Farmer-Labor_Party" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party">DFL</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup> In a July 2008 interview with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CNN">CNN</a>, he was endorsed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stein" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ben Stein">Ben Stein</a>, a noted entertainer, speechwriter, lawyer and author known for his conservative views, who generally supported Republican candidates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BenSteins_61-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-BenSteins-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> Stein said of Franken, "He is my pal, and he is a really, really capable smart guy. I don't agree with all of his positions, but he is a very impressive guy, and I think he should be in the Senate."</div>
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During his campaign, Franken was criticized for advising <i>SNL</i> creator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorne_Michaels" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lorne Michaels">Lorne Michaels</a> on a political sketch ridiculing Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>'s ads attacking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008 presidential election</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-martin_62-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-martin-62" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup> Coleman's campaign reacted, saying, "Once again, he proves he's more interested in entertainment than service, and ridiculing those with whom he disagrees."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-scheck_63-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-scheck-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup></div>
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Preliminary reports on election night, November 4, were that Coleman was leading by over 700 votes, but the official results, certified on November 18, 2008, had Coleman leading by only 215 votes. As the two candidates were separated by less than 0.5 percent of the votes cast, the Minnesota <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Minnesota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Secretary of State of Minnesota">Secretary of State</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ritchie" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mark Ritchie">Mark Ritchie</a>, authorized the automatic recount provided for in Minnesota election law. In the recount, ballots and certifying materials were examined by hand, and candidates could file challenges to the legality of ballots or materials for inclusion or exclusion. On January 5, 2009, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Minnesota#Minnesota_State_Canvassing_Board" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elections in Minnesota">Minnesota State Canvassing Board</a> certified the recounted vote totals, with Franken ahead by 225 votes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup></div>
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On January 6, 2009, Coleman's campaign filed an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota,_2008#Election_contest" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2008">election contest</a>, which led to a trial before a three-judge panel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-contest_65-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-contest-65" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup> The trial ended on April 7, when the panel ruled that 351 of 387 disputed absentee ballots were incorrectly rejected and ordered them counted. Counting those ballots raised Franken's lead to 312 votes. Coleman appealed to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Supreme_Court" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minnesota Supreme Court">Minnesota Supreme Court</a> on April 20.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mn_sc_appeal_66-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-mn_sc_appeal-66" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-court_67-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-court-67" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-68" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup> On April 24, the Minnesota Supreme Court agreed to hear the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota,_2008#Appeal_to_Minnesota_Supreme_Court" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2008">case</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Court_date_69-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-Court_date-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MNSC-ruling-Apr24_70-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-MNSC-ruling-Apr24-70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup> Oral arguments were conducted on June 1.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Court_date_69-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-Court_date-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MSC-Docket_71-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-MSC-Docket-71" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup></div>
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On June 30, 2009, the Minnesota Supreme Court unanimously rejected Coleman's appeal and said that Franken was entitled to be certified as the winner. Shortly after the court's decision, Coleman conceded.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-72" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup> Governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tim Pawlenty">Tim Pawlenty</a> signed Franken's election certificate that same evening.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="2014_elections">2014 elections</span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota,_2014" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2014">United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2014</a></div>
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Franken was reelected to a second term in 2014. He won the August 12 primary election, in which he was challenged by Sandra Henningsgard, with 94.5% of the vote.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-primaryresults_74-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-primaryresults-74" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup> He won the general election against the Republican candidate, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McFadden" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mike McFadden">Mike McFadden</a>, with 53.2% of the vote.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-75" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-76" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Tenure">Tenure</span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joe_Biden_meets_with_Al_Franken_in_DC_5-6-09.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1333" data-file-width="2000" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Joe_Biden_meets_with_Al_Franken_in_DC_5-6-09.jpg/220px-Joe_Biden_meets_with_Al_Franken_in_DC_5-6-09.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Joe_Biden_meets_with_Al_Franken_in_DC_5-6-09.jpg/330px-Joe_Biden_meets_with_Al_Franken_in_DC_5-6-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Joe_Biden_meets_with_Al_Franken_in_DC_5-6-09.jpg/440px-Joe_Biden_meets_with_Al_Franken_in_DC_5-6-09.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Franken meeting with Vice President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in May 2009</div>
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Franken was sworn into the Senate on July 7, 2009, 246 days after the election.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT-Huls-2009-07-07_77-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-NYT-Huls-2009-07-07-77" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-First_Read-Montanaro-2009-07-07_78-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-First_Read-Montanaro-2009-07-07-78" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup> He took the oath of office with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bible">Bible</a> of late Minnesota Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul Wellstone">Paul Wellstone</a>, whose old seat was set aside for Franken by Senate leaders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stassen-Berger_79-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-Stassen-Berger-79" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-80" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup></div>
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On August 6, 2009, Franken presided over the confirmation vote of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> to be an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court">Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> On August 5, 2010, Franken presided over the confirmation vote of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>. His first piece of legislation, the Service Dogs for Veterans Act, which he wrote jointly with Republican Senator <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Johnny Isakson">Johnny Isakson</a>, passed the Senate by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unanimous_consent" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unanimous consent">unanimous consent</a>, establishing a program with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">United States Department of Veterans Affairs</a> to pair <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disabled" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Disabled">disabled</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Veterans">veterans</a> with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_dogs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Service dogs">service dogs</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-82" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al_Franken_Official_Senate_Portrait.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1400" data-file-width="1105" height="279" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Al_Franken_Official_Senate_Portrait.jpg/220px-Al_Franken_Official_Senate_Portrait.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Al_Franken_Official_Senate_Portrait.jpg/330px-Al_Franken_Official_Senate_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Al_Franken_Official_Senate_Portrait.jpg/440px-Al_Franken_Official_Senate_Portrait.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al_Franken_Official_Senate_Portrait.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22%3E%0A %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E%0A %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22/%3E%0A %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E%0A %3C/g%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
2009 official portrait</div>
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A video of Franken at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Fair" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minnesota State Fair">Minnesota State Fair</a> on September 2, 2009, engaging in a discussion with a group of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tea Party protests">Tea Party protesters</a> on health care reform, began circulating on the Internet and soon went <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_video" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Viral video">viral</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-blogs.usatoday.com_83-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-blogs.usatoday.com-83" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-84" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup> The discussion was noted for its civility, in contrast to the explosive character of several other discussions between members of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111th_Congress" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="111th Congress">111th Congress</a> and their constituents that had occurred over the summer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-blogs.usatoday.com_83-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-blogs.usatoday.com-83" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-85" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-86" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup></div>
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During the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_reform_debate_in_the_United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Health care reform debate in the United States">debate on health care reform</a>, Franken was one of the strongest supporters of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-payer_health_care" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Single-payer health care">single-payer system</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-headdown_87-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-headdown-87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup> He authored an amendment to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_ratio" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Loss ratio">Medical Loss Ratio</a>, which required that insurance companies spend at least 80% of premiums on actual health care costs, rising to 85% for large group plans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup> On September 30, 2013, Franken voted to remove a provision that would repeal the medical device tax in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obamacare" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Obamacare">Obamacare</a> from a government funding bill,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-89" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-90" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup> saying that though he supported the provision, he disagreed with its being used as a condition for preventing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_government_shutdown_of_2013" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States federal government shutdown of 2013">2013 federal government shutdown</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-91" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup></div>
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Citing the case of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Leigh_Jones" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jamie Leigh Jones">Jamie Leigh Jones</a>, Franken introduced a limit to the arbitration policy of the 2010 Defense Appropriations bill that withheld defense contracts from companies that restrict their employees from taking workplace <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>, battery, and discrimination cases to court. It passed the Senate in November 2010, 68 to 30 in a roll-call vote.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-92" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup> <a class="external free" href="https://www.franken.senate.gov/?P=Issue&Id=211" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%2336c%22 d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22/%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">https://www.franken.senate.gov/?P=Issue&Id=211</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017AlFranken.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3200" data-file-width="2103" height="259" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2017AlFranken.jpg/170px-2017AlFranken.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2017AlFranken.jpg/255px-2017AlFranken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/2017AlFranken.jpg/340px-2017AlFranken.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Franken in 2017</div>
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In May 2010, Franken proposed a financial-reform amendment that created a board to select which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_rating_agency" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Credit rating agency">credit rating agency</a> would evaluate a given security. At the time, any company issuing a security could select the company that evaluated the security.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-93" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup> The amendment was passed, but the financial industry lobbied to have it removed from the final bill.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup>Negotiations between the Senate and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_House_of_Representatives" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="US House of Representatives">House</a>, whose version of financial reform did not include such a provision, resulted in the amendment's being watered down to require only a series of studies being done on the issue for two years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup> After the studies, if the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> had not implemented another solution to the conflict-of-interest problem, Franken's solution would go into effect.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-96" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-97" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup></div>
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In August 2010, Franken made faces and hand gestures and rolled his eyes while Senate Minority Leader <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> delivered a speech in opposition to the confirmation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Kagan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-daileda_98-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-daileda-98" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-snl_100-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-snl-100" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup> Franken's actions prompted McConnell to remark, "This isn't <i>Saturday Night Live</i>, Al."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-snl_100-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-snl-100" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup> After Kagan's confirmation, Franken delivered a handwritten apology to McConnell and issued a public statement saying that McConnell had a right "to give his speech with the presiding officer just listening respectfully."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-daileda_98-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-daileda-98" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup></div>
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The <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Journal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Journal">National Journal</a></i> reported in 2013 that Franken supports the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>'s data mining programs, believing they have saved lives, and that "I can assure you, this is not about spying on the American people."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-101" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup></div>
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When Franken declared his intention to seek reelection in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota,_2014" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2014">2014</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-franken_st_102-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-franken_st-102" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup> his seat was thought to be a top target for the Republicans because of his very slim margin of victory in the previous election. But <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Politico">Politico</a></i> reported that his high approval rating, his large campaign fund, and the Republicans' struggle to find a top-tier candidate meant he was a "heavy favorite" to win reelection,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-103" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[102]</a></sup> and Franken won the race comfortably.</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Associated Press">The Associated Press</a> has noted that contrary to expectations, Franken has not sought out the media spotlight: "He rarely talks to the Washington press corps, has shed his comedic persona and focused on policy, working to be taken seriously."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-104" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[103]</a></sup> In interviews he has expressed his desire to be known for a focus on constituency work, keeping his head down, and working hard.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-headdown_87-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-headdown-87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-105" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[104]</a></sup></div>
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Franken has been an effective fundraiser for the Democrats.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-startribune_2017-11-27_106-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-startribune_2017-11-27-106" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-minnpost_2017-11-17_107-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-minnpost_2017-11-17-107" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[106]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-politico_2015-11-03_108-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-politico_2015-11-03-108" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[107]</a></sup> By late 2015, his political action committee had raised more than $5 million in donations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-politico_2015-11-03_108-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-politico_2015-11-03-108" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[107]</a></sup> In 2016, his PAC raised $3.3 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-minnpost_2017-11-17_107-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-minnpost_2017-11-17-107" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[106]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-109" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[108]</a></sup> According to <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_Tribune" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Star Tribune">The Star Tribune</a></i>, Franken has been able to "draw crowds and donations across the country".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-startribune_2017-11-27_106-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-startribune_2017-11-27-106" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[105]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Sexual_misconduct_allegations"><span id="Allegations_of_inappropriate_sexual_conduct"></span>Sexual misconduct allegations</span></h3>
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See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_Too_(hashtag)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Me Too (hashtag)">Me Too (hashtag)</a></div>
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On November 16, 2017, conservative<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-110" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[109]</a></sup> media personality <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeann_Tweeden" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leeann Tweeden">Leeann Tweeden</a> alleged in a blog post and an interview with her radio station, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/790_KABC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="790 KABC">790 KABC</a>, that Franken kissed her on a 2006 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USO" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="USO">USO</a> tour during a rehearsal for a skit. She wrote, "I said 'OK' so he would stop badgering me. We did the line leading up to the kiss and then he came at me, put his hand on the back of my head, mashed his lips against mine and aggressively stuck his tongue in my mouth."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tweeden16Nov2017_111-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-Tweeden16Nov2017-111" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[110]</a></sup> She said she pushed him away, feeling "disgusted and violated".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tweeden16Nov2017_111-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-Tweeden16Nov2017-111" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[110]</a></sup> Franken was also photographed appearing to place his hands above or on her breasts while she was asleep on an aircraft wearing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptor_Body_Armor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Interceptor Body Armor">body armor</a> and a helmet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wapo_groped_112-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-wapo_groped-112" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[111]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nytimes_groped_113-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-nytimes_groped-113" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[112]</a></sup> In response Franken said, "I certainly don't remember the rehearsal for the skit in the same way, but I send my sincerest apologies to Leeann ... As to the photo, it was clearly intended to be funny but wasn't. I shouldn't have done it."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-variety_groped_114-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-variety_groped-114" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[113]</a></sup> A few hours later, Franken issued a longer apology,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CNN20171116_115-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-CNN20171116-115" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[114]</a></sup> which Tweeden accepted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-116" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[115]</a></sup></div>
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On November 20, 2017, a 33-year-old woman named Lindsay Menz accused Franken of touching her clothed buttocks while they posed for a photo at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_Fair" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minnesota State Fair">Minnesota State Fair</a> in 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-117" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[116]</a></sup> In a statement responding to the allegation, Franken said, "I take thousands of photos at the state fair surrounded by hundreds of people, and I certainly don't remember taking this picture. I feel badly that Ms. Menz came away from our interaction feeling disrespected."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-118" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[117]</a></sup></div>
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On November 22, 2017, Huffington Post reported that two additional women who insisted upon anonymity said that Franken had subjected them to very similar misconduct during political events in 2007 and 2008 (before he took office), incidents Franken also said he did not remember.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-119" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[118]</a></sup> Franken issued another apology on November 23, 2017, stating, "I've met tens of thousands of people and taken thousands of photographs, often in crowded and chaotic situations. I'm a warm person; I hug people. I've learned from recent stories that in some of those encounters, I crossed a line for some women — and I know that any number is too many."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-120" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[119]</a></sup></div>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
On November 30, 2017, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezebel_(website)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jezebel (website)">Jezebel</a> reported that another anonymous woman said that after she was a guest on Franken's radio show in 2006, Franken leaned in toward her face during a handshake and gave her "a wet, open-mouthed kiss" on the cheek when she turned away.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-121" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[120]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-122" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[121]</a></sup> That same day, an army veteran named Stephanie Kemplin told CNN that Franken held the side of her breast for 5 to 10 seconds "and never moved his hand" while posing for a photo with her during a 2003 USO tour in Iraq.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-123" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[122]</a></sup></div>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
On December 6, 2017, Politico reported that an anonymous former Democratic congressional staffer said, and Franken denied, that Franken had tried to kiss her (but failed to do so) as she exited the studio after an interview on his radio show in 2006.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-124" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[123]</a></sup> The same day, another former Democratic congressional staffer, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Dupuy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tina Dupuy">Tina Dupuy</a>, wrote a piece in <i>The Atlantic</i>alleging that Franken squeezed her waist while posing for a photo at a presidential inauguration party in early 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-politico-dupuy_125-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-politico-dupuy-125" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[124]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dupuy_126-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-dupuy-126" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[125]</a></sup></div>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Senate leaders <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> sent Tweeden's accusations to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Ethics_Committee" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Senate Ethics Committee">Senate Ethics Committee</a> for review, a decision supported by members of both parties, including Franken himself.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nytimes_groped_113-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-nytimes_groped-113" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[112]</a></sup> On November 30, the committee announced that it was investigating allegations against Franken.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-127" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[126]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-128" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[127]</a></sup> Some liberal groups and commentators, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indivisible_movement" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indivisible movement">Indivisible movement</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Kohn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sally Kohn">Sally Kohn</a>, called on Franken to resign because of the allegations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-129" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[128]</a></sup> On December 6, more than two dozen Democratic senators called on him to resign.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-POLITICO_December_6,_2017_130-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-POLITICO_December_6,_2017-130" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[129]</a></sup></div>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
On December 7, 2017, Franken announced that he will resign his Senate seat<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-131" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[130]</a></sup> and also made comparisons to Republican politicians, saying he was "aware of the irony" that President Donald Trump remains in office despite the comments Trump made in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_Billy_Bush_recording" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Donald Trump and Billy Bush recording">Access Hollywood tape</a> released a month before his election, and that the Republican Party supports <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Moore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Alabama,_2017" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate special election in Alabama, 2017">Senate campaign</a> despite the many allegations of harassment and molestation against Moore.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-132" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-132" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[131]</a></sup></div>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Committee_assignments">Committee assignments</span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%09%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Committee on Energy and Natural Resources</a></li>
</ul>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%09%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Energy_Subcommittee_on_Energy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate Energy Subcommittee on Energy">Subcommittee on Energy</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Energy_Subcommittee_on_Public_Lands,_Forests_and_Mining" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate Energy Subcommittee on Public Lands, Forests and Mining">Subcommittee on Public Lands, Forests and Mining</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Energy_Subcommittee_on_Water_and_Power" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate Energy Subcommittee on Water and Power">Subcommittee on Water and Power</a></li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%09%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions">Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions</a></li>
</ul>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%09%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Health_Subcommittee_on_Children_and_Families" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Children and Families">Subcommittee on Children and Families</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Health_Subcommittee_on_Employment_and_Workplace_Safety" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety">Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety</a> (Ranking Member)</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%09%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs">Committee on Indian Affairs</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Committee on the Judiciary</a></li>
</ul>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%09%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Administrative_Oversight_and_the_Courts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts">Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Antitrust,_Competition_Policy_and_Consumer_Rights" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights">Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_the_Constitution,_Civil_Rights_and_Human_Rights" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights">Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Privacy,_Technology_and_the_Law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law">Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology, and the Law</a> (Ranking Member)</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
The following are works authored by Al Franken.</div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%09%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh_Is_a_Big_Fat_Idiot_and_Other_Observations" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rush Limbaugh Is a Big Fat Idiot and Other Observations">Rush Limbaugh Is a Big Fat Idiot and Other Observations</a></i> (Delacorte Press, 1996) <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-31474-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-31474-4">0-385-31474-4</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Not_Me%3F_(novel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Why Not Me? (novel)">Why Not Me?: The Inside Story of the Making and Unmaking of the Franken Presidency</a></i> (Delacorte Press, 1999) <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-31809-X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-31809-X">0-385-31809-X</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh,_the_Things_I_Know!" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oh, the Things I Know!">Oh, the Things I Know!</a>: A Guide to Success, or Failing That, Happiness</i> (Plume Books, 2003) <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-28450-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-28450-3">0-452-28450-3</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lies_and_the_Lying_Liars_Who_Tell_Them" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them">Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them</a>: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right</i> (Dutton Books, 2003) <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-94764-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-94764-7">0-525-94764-7</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Truth_(With_Jokes)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Truth (With Jokes)">The Truth (With Jokes)</a></i> (Dutton Books, 2005) <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-94906-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-94906-2">0-525-94906-2</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Al Franken, Giant of the Senate</i> (Grand Central Publishing, 2017) <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1455540412" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1455540412">1455540412</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Filmography">Filmography</span></h2>
<table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px;"><thead>
<tr style="background: rgb(176, 196, 222); text-align: center;"><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zM14.5 4l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Year</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zM14.5 4l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Work</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zM14.5 4l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Writer</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zM14.5 4l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Actor</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zM14.5 4l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Cameo</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zM14.5 4l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Notes</th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1976</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Vision_(1976_film)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tunnel Vision (1976 film)">Tunnel Vision</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Role: Al</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1977–1980</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1977</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i>The Paul Simon Special</i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1978</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_You_Need_is_Cash" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="All You Need is Cash">All You Need is Cash</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Role: Extra</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1981</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead:_Dead_Ahead" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grateful Dead: Dead Ahead">Grateful Dead: Dead Ahead</a></i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Concert video<br />Role: Host</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1981</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i>Steve Martin's Best Show Ever</i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1981</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i>Bob and Ray, Jane, Laraine and Gilda</i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1981</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coneheads" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Coneheads">The Coneheads</a></i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1983</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_Places" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trading Places">Trading Places</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Role: Baggage handler</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1984</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i>Franken and Davis at Stockton State</i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1984</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Show" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New Show">The New Show</a></i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1986</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i>Saturday Night Live</i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1986</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_More_Saturday_Night_(film)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="One More Saturday Night (film)">One More Saturday Night</a></i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Role: Paul Flum</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1988–1995</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i>Saturday Night Live</i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1994</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_a_Man_Loves_a_Woman_(film)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="When a Man Loves a Woman (film)">When a Man Loves a Woman</a></i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1995</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Saves_His_Family" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stuart Saves His Family">Stuart Saves His Family</a></i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Role: Stuart Smalley</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1997</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Rock_from_the_Sun" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="3rd Rock from the Sun">3rd Rock from the Sun</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Episode: "Dick the Vote"</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1997</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Larry_Sanders_Show" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Larry Sanders Show">The Larry Sanders Show</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Episode: "The Roast"</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1998</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LateLine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LateLine">LateLine</a></i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1998</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">TV miniseries<br />Role: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerome Wiesner">Jerome Wiesner</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2002</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Man" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harvard Man">Harvard Man</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2004</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfoxed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Outfoxed">Outfoxed</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Role: Air America host</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2004</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate_(2004_film)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)">The Manchurian Candidate</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2004–2007</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Al_Franken_Show" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Al Franken Show">The Al Franken Show</a></i></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Host of radio talk show</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2004</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_on_Tanner" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tanner on Tanner">Tanner on Tanner</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2006</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken:_God_Spoke" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Al Franken: God Spoke">Al Franken: God Spoke</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Documentary</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2011</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Coffee_(film)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hot Coffee (film)">Hot Coffee</a></i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td class="table-yes" style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Yes</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Documentary</td></tr>
</tbody><tfoot></tfoot></table>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</span></h2>
<table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" role="presentation" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="415" data-file-width="759" height="22" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></td><td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 156.844px;">Wikinews has related news: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Minnesota_court_declares_Franken_winner;_Coleman_considers_appeal" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikinews:Minnesota court declares Franken winner; Coleman considers appeal">Minnesota court declares Franken winner; Coleman considers appeal</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">2008 Minnesota U.S. Senate Democratic–Farmer–Labor primary election</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Party</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Candidate</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Votes</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>%</b></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>DFL</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Al Franken</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>164,136</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>65.34%</b></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DFL</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Priscilla Lord Faris</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">74,655</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">29.72%</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DFL</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">"Dick" Franson</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3,923</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1.56%</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DFL</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Bob Larson</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3,152</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1.25%</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DFL</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Rob Fitzgerald</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3,095</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1.23%</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DFL</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ole Savior</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1,227</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">0.49%</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DFL</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Alve Erickson</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1,017</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">0.40%</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 13.3px; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0px;"><caption style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: -1px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2008 Minnesota U.S. Senate election<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MNSOS_133-0" style="font-size: 10.64px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-MNSOS-133" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[132]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-134" style="font-size: 10.64px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-134" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[133]</a></sup></caption><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 15em;">Party</th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 17em;">Candidate</th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 5em;">Votes</th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 3.5em;">%</th></tr>
<tr class="vcard"><td style="background-color: #0055a5; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 2px;"></td><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">DFL</a></td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Al Franken</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><b>1,212,629</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><b>41.994%</b></td></tr>
<tr class="vcard"><td style="background-color: #e81b23; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 2px;"></td><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Republican</a></td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Coleman" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Norm Coleman">Norm Coleman</a> (incumbent)</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">1,212,317</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">41.983%</td></tr>
<tr class="vcard"><td style="background-color: #ffc14e; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 2px;"></td><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Independence Party of Minnesota">Independence</a></td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Barkley" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dean Barkley">Dean Barkley</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">437,505</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">15.151%</td></tr>
<tr class="vcard"><td style="background-color: #ecc850; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 2px;"></td><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Aldrich_(Libertarian)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles Aldrich (Libertarian)">Charles Aldrich</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">13,923</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.482%</td></tr>
<tr class="vcard"><td style="background-color: #a356de; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 2px;"></td><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a></td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">James Niemackl</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">8,907</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.308%</td></tr>
<tr class="vcard"><td style="background-color: #e9e9e9; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 5px;"></td><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;">Write-ins</td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">2,365</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.082%</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f6f6f6;"><td colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); margin-right: 0.5em; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><b>Margin of victory</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); margin-right: 0.5em; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">312</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); margin-right: 0.5em; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.011%</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f6f6f6;"><td colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><b>Total votes</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><b>2,887,646</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><b>100</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="4" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">2014 Minnesota U.S. Senate Democratic–Farmer–Labor primary election</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Party</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Candidate</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Votes</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>%</b></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>DFL</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Al Franken (incumbent)</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>182,720</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>94.50%</b></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">DFL</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Sandra Henningsgard</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10,627</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5.50%</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 13.3px; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0px;"><caption style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: -1px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2014 Minnesota U.S. Senate election<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-135" style="font-size: 10.64px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-135" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[134]</a></sup></caption><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 15em;">Party</th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 17em;">Candidate</th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 5em;">Votes</th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 3.5em;">%</th></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: #0055a5; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 2px;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">DFL</a></b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><b>Al Franken (incumbent)</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><b>1,053,205</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><b>53.15</b></td></tr>
<tr class="vcard"><td style="background-color: #e81b23; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 2px;"></td><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McFadden" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mike McFadden">Mike McFadden</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">850,227</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">42.91</td></tr>
<tr class="vcard"><td style="background-color: #ffc14e; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 2px;"></td><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Independence Party of Minnesota">Independence</a></td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Steve Carlson</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">47,530</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.4</td></tr>
<tr class="vcard"><td style="background-color: #ecc850; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 2px;"></td><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Heather Johnson</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">29,685</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.5</td></tr>
<tr class="vcard"><td style="background-color: #e9e9e9; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 5px;"></td><td class="org" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 130px;">Write-ins</td><td class="fn" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Others</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">881</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.04</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f6f6f6;"><td colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); margin-right: 0.5em; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><b>Margin of victory</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); margin-right: 0.5em; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">202,978</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); margin-right: 0.5em; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;">10.24%</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f6f6f6;"><td colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><b>Total votes</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><b>1,981,528</b></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><b>100</b></td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: #f6f6f6;"><td style="background-color: #0055a5; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td><td colspan="4" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">DFL</a> <b>hold</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Franken met his wife, Franni Bryson, in his first year at Harvard. In 2005, they moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-136" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[135]</a></sup> Together they have two children. Their daughter, Thomasin,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_New_Yorker_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-The_New_Yorker-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup>has degrees from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Culinary_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Culinary Center">French Culinary Institute</a>; she is the director of extended learning at DC Prep, an organization in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, that manages <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charter schools in the United States">charter schools</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thomasinfrankenbio_137-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-thomasinfrankenbio-137" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[136]</a></sup> Their son, Joseph, works in the finance industry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_New_Yorker_5-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-The_New_Yorker-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Franken is a second cousin of the actor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Franken" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080;" title="Steve Franken">Steve Franken</a>, known for his appearances in the television series <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Many_Loves_of_Dobie_Gillis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis">The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-138" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[137]</a></sup> In 2013, Franken received the Stewart B. McKinney Award for his work fighting homelessness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Franken#cite_note-139" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[138]</a></sup></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also??</span></h2>
</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-37873737565332020192017-10-30T01:10:00.001-07:002017-10-30T01:15:42.986-07:00I Often Wondered What the 'End of Watch Call' Meant, However Today It Is Showing For Those Whom Cannot Counter The Depth To Each Foot Stride Of A Cop And Now May 'The Watch' Be Understood To Known!!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisNj0YbXcmrvrZYeyof-v14-7IEUeMwf4hd5GNgjHNlgIzwJMXPm28DnbfgayW1Pzx1J_GFuAtR6Q1S8t3VrHw_0pUdFWYTawwk29m1zQDr9KdvpVwRDTJ-5sjGJGbTVojYxxd66N66kQ/s1600/a-thought-on-deployment-during-the-holidays-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="504" data-original-width="600" height="536" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisNj0YbXcmrvrZYeyof-v14-7IEUeMwf4hd5GNgjHNlgIzwJMXPm28DnbfgayW1Pzx1J_GFuAtR6Q1S8t3VrHw_0pUdFWYTawwk29m1zQDr9KdvpVwRDTJ-5sjGJGbTVojYxxd66N66kQ/s640/a-thought-on-deployment-during-the-holidays-2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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I dream of the face that would have known? Know that love surrounds my life it is the grace of a man on the Times, it is the love that surpasses any that I can say that gave with such a hug that reality to I is the shoulders of he in every dream that cascades this life to just right!! Love is not a calendar to date the day of a year in the pockets of money on a belt, it is the wheel well of just love knowing that in this I can smile a grand. Just fact to I is a hello in silent evolution.<br />
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Mars must say to the Milky Way that Cosmos has a friend and it is not in a religion bell, it is the ream of books to chapter a tour. So to those that have no wealth of strength life is more than a Niagara on the falls of Autumn, life is not what you make it for it made you, life gave you the desire to do more than a job. Life is the smile that you miss while trails are not heads. Rather is not a force to be tangled in strings of theory. Clouds are not often, skies sometimes darken in paths of clause to signals. Suns have an horizon as Events have moons to say friend.<br />
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Heavy are the shallow graves that fences tend. Texas to the loan star, Marconi is not on a rinse or a once upon a time in the state of stature, he is the man that said to hold the tongue and not of language. You as Police in this Country of the U.S. may not believe as well you should not without the evidence to support your self eyes with blinking to tax nothing but to know without a shadow of a doubt but yet is that just a job then? Should the inevitable bite as you lay your head down to rest, should the day weigh heavily on your mind, should wake be of eyes certain than why is it just a job to be on the line? Is it then the convenience of tax to mind the brain at what you don't complete?<br />
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Surely is not a word of use here for it is not the cave of man that made a Valley, nor is it the Mountain that said a bridge. Grand Canyon to the river rushing at it's skirt is not a hemming to the lombard of it's desire to stretch to any ocean on it's way from the dust up to each clock of minute it took to absorb. Even the cacti is in a needle of the desert on the sand of what is a flash flood in the dry beds of representation, tack complete at that being said.<br />
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For the from to the actual your boots to your vest of belts that hold the hand that may know of more than a verb to a noun at this adjective? No, this is just a message for a note's return.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-48470402939900809842017-10-29T05:17:00.000-07:002017-10-29T05:17:46.633-07:00Stone Bruises<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/9mkGyuXL5js/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9mkGyuXL5js?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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Tree Spook Birch,</div>
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Redwood never Sway,</div>
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breeze wind.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hey man, somebody should do a study on reincarnation, incarnation, you know the go around shit, as out here in Monterey/San Francisco back when it used to be totally cool to be a musician during the 1960s there were slogan's, "Peace, love and tiedye"!! Bam! Then there was Woodstock. Abortion illegal, birth control not available and yet we all know that everyone back East was doing the free love and tie die thing as the films did show in proof evidence. Maybe all those people now will know that it skipped a generation making the new opiate problem a junkie in reviewed to that happens when people have so many abortions and/or the entire event just gets swept under the carpet or totally shot down, dismissed and ignored as a West Coast thing. </span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Science could in theory see if the entire 'go 'round' thing is indeed real and/or if the drug habit of obviously at Woodstock too rounded the edge at jumping a generation.</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">There was the Vietnam War following the Korean War and men were scarce (I guess) so I could very well be a Cops kid from the City of San Francisco as the population of the United States was barreling due to World War II anyway and I've heard that that is why Cops don't marry, you know the 'just in case factory' to provide the Summer of Love thing with more than a reckoning but due to the out-of-control Timothy O'Leary things just went nuts, I had first hand experience on that one. Plus, I was raised to believe that babies came from the hospital and the guy on my birth certificate said that we actually came when the Stork delivered us, funny you may laugh however now V.P. Pence is screaming for everyone to have babies. Also since that time of the abortion in the U.S. being made legal all this country is done is fight even though the Supreme Court passed the law making abortion legal, Rowe vs. Wade. Case study brings the United Kingdom to term for the 1967 debacle and now you can study the aspect or the reach so that the opiate kids can possibly live and not die due to you just cutting them off at the pass so to speak because I know from Dr. Zacharias that you cannot cold-turkey opiates or you'll die of the flu.</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">San Francisco 'Summer of Love'</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">New York 'Woodstock'</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">U.K. bounced to James Blunt 1973??</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Abortion Act 1967 - Wikipedia</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><a class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_Act_1967" jslog="10929; track:click" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: #2962ff; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_Act_1967</a><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Abortion Act 1967 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom legalising abortions by registered practitioners, and regulating the tax-paid provision of ...</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Amended by: The Human Fertilisation and Em... Citation: 1967 c. 87</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Introduced by: David Steel Royal assent: 27 October 1967</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Abortion Act 1967 - </span><a class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" dir="ltr" href="http://legislation.gov.uk/" jslog="10929; track:click" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: #2962ff; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">Legislation.gov.uk</a><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><a class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" dir="ltr" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87/contents" jslog="10929; track:click" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: #2962ff; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87/contents</a><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Abortion Act 1967 is up to date with all changes known to be in force on or before 19 October 2017. There are changes that may be brought into force at a future ...</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Top stories</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fifty years on, the Abortion Act should be celebrated – and updated | Wendy Savage</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Guardian · 1 day ago</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Abortion Act was supposed to protect the unborn child, and it failed</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><a class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" dir="ltr" href="http://telegraph.co.uk/" jslog="10929; track:click" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: #2962ff; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">Telegraph.co.uk</a><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> · 1 day ago</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The 1967 Abortion Act: one of the strangest pieces of legislation</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">iNews · 2 days ago</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">More for abortion act 1967</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Abortion Act 1967 - </span><a class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" dir="ltr" href="http://legislation.gov.uk/" jslog="10929; track:click" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: #2962ff; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">Legislation.gov.uk</a><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><a class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" dir="ltr" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87" jslog="10929; track:click" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: #2962ff; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87</a><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Abortion Act 1967 is up to date with all changes known to be in force on or before 22 October 2017. There are changes that may be brought into force at a future ...</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[PDF]Britain's Abortion Law What it says, and why - Abortion Review</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><a class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" dir="ltr" href="http://www.reproductivereview.org/images/uploads/Britains_abortion_law.pdf" jslog="10929; track:click" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: #2962ff; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">www.reproductivereview.org/images/uploads/Britains_abortion_law.pdf</a><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">being 'badly drafted', the 1967 Abortion Act was very carefully worded to ... Since the 1967 Abortion Act became law in April 1968, millions of women have had ...</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Abortion Act's paternalism belongs to the 1960s | Sally Sheldon ...</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><a class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" dir="ltr" href="https://www.theguardian.com/" jslog="10929; track:click" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: #2962ff; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com</a><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> › Lifestyle › Abortion</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mar 22, 2012 - The Abortion Act 1967 was introduced in response to widespread evidence of unsafe illegal abortion and the maternal mortality and morbidity ...</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">[PDF]Abortion Act 1967 - SRHR</span><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><a class="ot-anchor aaTEdf" dir="ltr" href="https://srhr.org/abortion.../01-UNITED-KINGDOM-ABORTION-ACT-1967.pdf" jslog="10929; track:click" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: #2962ff; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: pre-wrap;" target="_blank">https://srhr.org/abortion.../01-UNITED-KINGDOM-ABORTION-ACT-1967.pdf</a><br style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">(See end of Document for details). Abortion Act 1967. 1967 CHAPTER 87. An Act to amend and clarify the law relating to termination of pregnancy by registered.</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-15189799685821956852017-10-28T23:11:00.001-07:002017-10-28T23:11:17.038-07:00Just for a Cop on the Paradise Drive in a park and measuring the road of the why would that be empathy for a spring in the mid-summer of hot August Knights!!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKRN9lNpV2mcNJFxKAnhiKits2Y2QRIfC293_bIIyNbsDJYKWfWROyBUeZ2iNgJF75GJex2wWnwd4H_vxo_KatVS6MU4NvPe8BeHE-w0bkUKJm6bvL-9WJgU96IphaoNl_5svYaGdq3rw/s1600/cheetah_pack.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="220" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKRN9lNpV2mcNJFxKAnhiKits2Y2QRIfC293_bIIyNbsDJYKWfWROyBUeZ2iNgJF75GJex2wWnwd4H_vxo_KatVS6MU4NvPe8BeHE-w0bkUKJm6bvL-9WJgU96IphaoNl_5svYaGdq3rw/s640/cheetah_pack.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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I got my mind on a burn that I drove by with a wave in the counter of oh yea,</div>
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for I that is the memory of the funny knee of a Cheetah,</div>
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as the sex with a stream on that is the vista of humanity to dust a brain,</div>
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ousted are the stupid to the great foundation of the best of life to say hello.</div>
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Once upon a story Kathleen would be in the venture of an explain,</div>
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as that Rebecca would simply say oh know,</div>
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and Lauren would say it's not my fault in an excited version of cheetah cubs about!!</div>
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Johno of the venue is in the Watch,</div>
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owe in the pen to throw that morning with that's a man,</div>
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I know the clatter went to the burn and I said I guess that is what the crocodile said to hippo too.</div>
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From that drive just the other fling of a hand to that man on the mechanic of a streamed,</div>
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fun stun to this is that man does not remember a life with Africa as elephant in common ground,</div>
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the thunder and the feed.</div>
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Out to the field without him not to this family as progression did find exploration in evolutions sigh'd,</div>
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round to the rinse of the flower and the rein bare role,</div>
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cheese to that is the wheat on the sway of so much that the rhino is a laughing jingle today,</div>
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the wind is in a breeze to sing the songs of this verse as a wonderful melody,</div>
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for we are all on this side of the earth sounding the tones of whales and dolphins neigh't,</div>
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to grasp anything other than that same mistake I keep to the truth of navigated,</div>
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I floor that man to what he is as a badge is a badge to I the kid of Janis Joplin,</div>
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knowing the wing.</div>
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I don't partake however forever are the digs on the ground of coffee sparkling kind,</div>
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the needle in the haystack to the bale that marks the shirt,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
slanted to the trousers that strip to a making,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
fire in the bellow!!</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
First to the fern of read would grove a Forest for this tile of chortle,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
stagger that man for the uniform is the honest Kathleen,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
she must breathe a harness of a rest as she changed the birth order to obscure his bridle of reed,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
it worked to the trust,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
the womb of now one at a time makes that wild shirt to bones and faxed.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Heave this to never being shared with any of this World now as Plato missed the Fossil Stone,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
in the common cold people feel it is the sniffles when it's just that blast of iced freeze,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
the dirt goes to below and the temperature now is at a cooling he would scrub us to find,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
in that to the mountain of his serious but wise he was as look at us we are in the Times,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Ages in the Clocks to Universe on Solar of Cosmos,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
he would be proud and it is good to know goodbye's in this quiet nature of compass.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
May the bright wealth marry another to his friendly nut of nature,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
might the hand of Sun give a warmth of more than a bedroom of covered,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
in the blankets of sheets might the staff of ready be of truth not of lie,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
for from the too is the cause and that is just I saying thanks said, it's been a stream.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-70496648951664254242017-10-28T22:42:00.002-07:002017-10-28T22:42:57.807-07:00Birch Ice<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWD4Y8hKnxSXCMCqQLghRjI-clP0g0wxiuoco1wqe2E3DWTMb1h3TCoxRp2QehO0dXvYodXpB_ZrTb2cmfSIVOfEAq3krnocTR2ONTOqliO5IuSDxvRrTq9T-jeZgIMXyPof8qyVfwrik/s1600/RR_WRAITH_facebook_1200x630.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWD4Y8hKnxSXCMCqQLghRjI-clP0g0wxiuoco1wqe2E3DWTMb1h3TCoxRp2QehO0dXvYodXpB_ZrTb2cmfSIVOfEAq3krnocTR2ONTOqliO5IuSDxvRrTq9T-jeZgIMXyPof8qyVfwrik/s640/RR_WRAITH_facebook_1200x630.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<h2 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Gill Alt One MT", SimHei, "Microsoft YaHei", "Hiragino Sans GB", sans-serif; font-size: 3.9rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.02em; line-height: 4.5rem; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 0px;">
This is Wraith</h2>
<div class="introtext h4 " style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Gill Alt One MT", SimHei, "Microsoft YaHei", "Hiragino Sans GB", sans-serif; font-size: 1.7rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.02em; line-height: 2.2rem;">
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: "Gill Alt One MT Light", SimHei, "Microsoft YaHei", "Hiragino Sans GB", sans-serif; font-size: 1.7rem; font-weight: lighter; letter-spacing: 0.02em; line-height: 2.2rem;">
Wraith is the result of constant reinvention. The desire to push for more. To go beyond the expected. This is your chance to experience ultimate Grand Touring in a motor car born to the role. This is Wraith. This is Power. Style. Drama. <a href="https://www.rolls-roycemotorcars.com/en-GB/wraith.html">https://www.rolls-roycemotorcars.com/en-GB/wraith.html</a></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
World full of people that tribe to Tribute,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
the Cosmic round of what is your Tree may not be your Osiris,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
you are not technology,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
for before the automotive it was just the bowl of dust.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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Shed not that to your understanding as you lie in denial of River in inch of Streamed,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
you change no word you just make the language to your new stab of humanities rib,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
with all the gods on no sky of your shallow shaved,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
leg in thigh to the turkey of key.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Animals stride with clouds to Ancient Trails with exitement?,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
you have killed the earth and the Planets screamed,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
go to Mars while Pluto left,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
people of Earth you have troubled nothing notable,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
you use users used.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Shift on to gears that virus the computer why's the Brain,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
in every station to identification the Solar System remained?,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Big Bang is what to the shadow of go black?,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
is it the shade to you and your family?,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
digs.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Grave hard's to Moons that have the carve of Melon's,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
cantelope with dreams and which is real to your connection of sin naps?,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
is it the dial of a soap,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
does Myth challenge your Bible or your Oral tale of fittings?</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Yippee!!</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Once anxious now be Fried by the burning of the Eternal fires in libraries you can no-longer reach,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
that is the score of the chapter review in what is The End of which Proverb of Psalms,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
washing your hands in New York knew York,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Darwin danced while Da Vinci painted drew to Vase of Lean?</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
My the good Nest,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
comfort for the third rock,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
all while the three had told.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Deep in Inch to Mileage of your Footprint,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
wild is the card that Poker gave 21 an ounce of that Cup of measured,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
then even at odd the numbers divide,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
to tacks the cork is Wine with the Water being duh Vine.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Grape of Rath or is it Wraith,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
you change with Spelling,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
at Times it is Ages.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Wall to build to Chisel a Nine is as the Math said a nut in an,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
that crib,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
kits and electric to Tesla first noun Nikola for the country of Strip,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
the morn kneeing.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-53943038301838488272017-10-28T00:06:00.001-07:002017-10-28T00:48:23.908-07:00What Is Difference Between A Vending Machine And A Game Console??<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1VAbgZZWiKJ3CR0_dOgKX_xM_wHhyHUTNo7D5lDPi8XpN-xpjMzxSJxmOY8N041zTxup-GwMgrjK7a3xYOgTRE3EHnDN4sJN0s4eYk9HDs_r1thACDhw31FsmeH7e54Xs3001vV6w7ls/s1600/sensorama_full.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1014" data-original-width="1600" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1VAbgZZWiKJ3CR0_dOgKX_xM_wHhyHUTNo7D5lDPi8XpN-xpjMzxSJxmOY8N041zTxup-GwMgrjK7a3xYOgTRE3EHnDN4sJN0s4eYk9HDs_r1thACDhw31FsmeH7e54Xs3001vV6w7ls/s640/sensorama_full.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
I will not play the game of how is the for to example a card from the book of stature,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
should the verse go to a soar than the proverb is to ship,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
in never is the inch as the measure is the ink.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
As lend is the file to word off the keen is the wild mirrored or the key note,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
dip Well with a stuck to bucket owned,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
bigger than shore is the land or that sand that river of sift?</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Rise to a rib at the Riddle,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
type skeet,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
arm to elbow is a bend at the wrist,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
did then pail more too?</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Handle of a connection as the swing is it's pivot,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
ground did more to mud as the floor,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
tile is the crockery that plates Oil to drill's screw,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
which is the path that bricks is it forge?</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Heave rock to Salt,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
gear that with a water called Ocean or bay,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
vocal language echoes at what to a wave,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
with clay.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Bubble dot is a pencil frame,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
puzzle is a lane,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
pieces are the usage,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
yet what of the grave.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Sim aye coal lens Mark,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
a capital changes with Len and yet plural is only glasses?,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
place the knows?</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5TcWfk5gSAPAIpVFJgyAKY_VjVsImfwVul-HetD12BVkq_g49tKidWP0ipyoQsp56CvwtLwUEw6n3aAuI2uUbVlCRAF7n0d-g62f44nn0-9FauoHwIDkGQX8M9lwOVdSGBED9rfgmg8A/s1600/abeaa029e751ed8401687c6187d4953e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="404" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5TcWfk5gSAPAIpVFJgyAKY_VjVsImfwVul-HetD12BVkq_g49tKidWP0ipyoQsp56CvwtLwUEw6n3aAuI2uUbVlCRAF7n0d-g62f44nn0-9FauoHwIDkGQX8M9lwOVdSGBED9rfgmg8A/s640/abeaa029e751ed8401687c6187d4953e.jpg" width="516" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
What's black and white and read all over.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Sensorama</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sensorama_patent_fig5.png" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1416" data-file-width="1216" height="256" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sensorama_patent_fig5.png/220px-Sensorama_patent_fig5.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sensorama_patent_fig5.png/330px-Sensorama_patent_fig5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sensorama_patent_fig5.png/440px-Sensorama_patent_fig5.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sensorama_patent_fig5.png" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22%3E%0A %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E%0A %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22/%3E%0A %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E%0A %3C/g%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The Sensorama, from U.S. Patent #3050870</div>
</div>
</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sensorama-morton-heilig-virtual-reality-headset.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="625" height="282" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sensorama-morton-heilig-virtual-reality-headset.jpg/220px-Sensorama-morton-heilig-virtual-reality-headset.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sensorama-morton-heilig-virtual-reality-headset.jpg/330px-Sensorama-morton-heilig-virtual-reality-headset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sensorama-morton-heilig-virtual-reality-headset.jpg/440px-Sensorama-morton-heilig-virtual-reality-headset.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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The Sensorama machine (scriptanime.wordpress.com)</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
The <b>Sensorama</b> was a machine that is one of the earliest known examples of immersive, multi-sensory (now known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimodal_interaction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Multimodal interaction">multimodal</a>) technology. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Heilig" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morton Heilig">Morton Heilig</a>, who today would be thought of as a "multimedia" specialist, in the 1950s saw theater as an activity that could encompass all the senses in an effective manner, thus drawing the viewer into the onscreen activity. He dubbed it "Experience Theater", and detailed his vision of multi-sensory theater in his 1955 paper entitled "The Cinema of the Future" (Robinett 1994). In 1962 he built a prototype of his vision, dubbed the Sensorama, along with five short films for it to display. The Sensorama was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mechanics">mechanical</a> device, which still functions today.</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Rheingold" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Howard Rheingold">Howard Rheingold</a> (in his 1991 book <i>Virtual Reality</i>) spoke of his trial of the Sensorama using a short film piece that detailed a bicycle ride through Brooklyn, created in the 1950s, and still seemed quite impressed by what it could do more than 40 years later. The Sensorama was able to display <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stereoscopic">stereoscopic</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-D_film" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="3-D film">3-D</a> images in a wide-angle view, provide body tilting, supply <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_sound" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stereo sound">stereo sound</a>, and also had tracks for wind and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aroma">aromas</a> to be triggered during the film. Oddly enough in hindsight, Heilig was simply unable to obtain financial backing for his visions and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Patent">patents</a>, and so the Sensorama work was halted.<br />
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Surely practicing law is not a pass from the State Bar of California to part what was my family. This cannot be the true fast of what my mother said and yet here in black and white and read all over seems somehow complete and only applicable to the years that have been removed bringing envelope to nothing more than and nothing less than this notation for my two youngest to real eyes and say to only themselves.<br />
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For I it is not and this will not be an address to Steven L. Wessels of Sacramento, California in any manner other than this finally explains in plain newsprint the why Mr. Steven L. Wessels, attorney at-law in Sacramento, California was able to maintain only a post office box and not only brag about it but in process bring my court case to such a horror that today his client, the father of my two youngest children may be full to brim of pride. May all the guilt be by conviction.<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify;">ABOUT ME</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 17px;">I was raised on a farm in East Central Illinois with six siblings, and enlisted in the Army for four years in late 1966 to avoid the draft. I was trained as a North Vietnamese Linguist, and spent a year in Viet Nam, with a year in Japan and a side-trip to Thailand for three months. After the service I worked for three years as a deputy sheriff in Northern California, which triggered my desire to become an attorney.<br /><br />While I am no longer practicing law, I was involved in all aspects of family law litigation since early 1981, with the primary emphasis on custody cases, and I’ve helped a number of families with parental terminations / step-parent and private adoption issues. With the lack of legislative guidelines, I created on-demand drug testing standards for family law cases in 1986 and began suggesting them in several counties. I also hosted an hour-long weekly call-in talk show on a local Christian AM radio station from 1987 to 1994, and have occasionally testified in the legislature on varying issues. I’ve also hosted a number of parental rights seminars, and should have my first book on family law litigation in print by the end of 2015. It’s titled The Lighted Switch and should be available on my website shortly.<br /><br />Professionally, I’ve been a member of the nationwide Christian Legal Society since 1976, and was the Sacramento area lead attorney in the 1994 statewide lawsuits against the California Department of Education to stop the wholesale invasion of parental and children’s rights with the California Learning Assessment Tests, known as the CLAS tests.<br />Personally, I’ve helped launch two children and three step-children, and began writing poetry in February of 1997. I learned the absolute necessity of surrendering my will to God in 1976 and currently attend a local Covenant church with my family. I’m currently working on four more books for strengthening marriages.<br /><br />My second book to be titled Great Foundations should be in print before the end of 2016. My deepest desire is to show teens and young married couples the path to great marital relationships that thrive the way God intended for us to live.<br /></span><br /> </div>
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<span style="color: #eeeedd; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 17px;"> Phone: (916) 359-0307 <br />Copyright © 2015 Steve Wessels. All rights Reserved.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #eeeedd; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 17px;">Steve Wessels is no longer practicing law, and the general information contained within this website should not be relied on in any jurisdiction for legal advice. Every case turns on different facts and circumstances within the vastly different laws and procedures of each jurisdiction, and everyone who is seeking legal advice should consult an experienced attorney where they live.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-82379302561756333882017-10-26T17:08:00.001-07:002017-10-26T17:22:50.826-07:00For Whom Is In Interest Off The Draw Of Motions Resistance To Current<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz2WFmmTNqAWX641EDAkc9YzmIVNq888TMH06UKzcj8XnatIApdljPpBpJdTd3rSvpKViluX7OckCBS6bbxfM9fsjXZe28CjjAq39yL-vpYWo4nso4-qr1f9QHoZeWWpjAvu8VDFVpMQ4/s1600/blue-whale1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="1600" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz2WFmmTNqAWX641EDAkc9YzmIVNq888TMH06UKzcj8XnatIApdljPpBpJdTd3rSvpKViluX7OckCBS6bbxfM9fsjXZe28CjjAq39yL-vpYWo4nso4-qr1f9QHoZeWWpjAvu8VDFVpMQ4/s640/blue-whale1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Should the after life be living and the upside down aspect be respected than the 666 would indeed be 999 at the book of one before a thousand. To evident of just our eyes as the study has provided that human beings see in an interesting avenue to reality of seeing the standing. As Stephen Hawking ventured the theory of everything being the truth to navigated it should prove to seed that growth is the Being. Inch a human education with that length upon the mile is it than only a dimension that describes the thresholds as the doors to aspect?<br />
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Every ankle to that is the shadow of a shade in the ghost of what is alive. Stephen Hawking has brought to the World an explanation of the Black Hole. To engage the perfection to my degree of school of thought it is the suns in round as the twist is scene in a galaxy at natural swirl. Then the planet expectation of the actual rotation of the sun in our sky so to candor as the light of such is on the mileage in obvious, in touch to a more specific and better galaxy of just the sand in a communication of the wave. Bringing the beach to shore would be a verb in noun for this as a sentence.<br />
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Numbers on dates to the global system would the repeat the procession act as a swing in a coil? These electrical rip tides to more the shore in viable as the continents of this world have moved breaking free of one mass creating land masses and yet in the puzzle of seen can be fit back to the puzzle of knowing the whole.<br />
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The referral to searching for water albeit a pleasant thought to ground is it not the salt of the Sea that would bring greater breadth to plankton as that would deliver life not ice. The chill of reserve beacon as light begets wright is it then only the suns that moon a reflection? Dial to again the numbers of reach should the Space Exploration be as a thermal tile?<br />
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Scroll of thought to education would deed be as the Inca and Aztec knew of the grid by merely the Sun, respects to the Inca in league of map to Earth and let us not forge the Mayan to only a cave dwelling community. Egypt therefrom forms a method of more than ramps as the structure to shape in sound still envelopes sonar.<br />
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Humpback whales feeding in Alaska</div>
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Photo by Scott Methvin</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-17341201462709649622017-10-26T10:44:00.002-07:002017-10-26T10:44:54.961-07:00As The Dimension Said, The Knock On Would, Would Owe Pen??<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Should the line between enter an Ages in Time,</div>
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does the ankle to the hip bone say today,</div>
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as it is a month in a year of a day on the number,</div>
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that would rather or quest chin to an?</div>
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Knickers and Rice,</div>
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a row knee!!</div>
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The Dante of in Fern know,</div>
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said to the cucumber of Fresh Heir,</div>
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what is the providence of a providential laugh,</div>
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it is the answer of that door made of door wringer.</div>
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Knock on would the answer to the math,</div>
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these are the bays of a howling Wolf,</div>
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in clothes the ghost will shade to a shadows main,</div>
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in frame it is merely a threshold.</div>
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<i>Divine Comedy</i></h1>
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"The Divine Comedy" redirects here. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Divine Comedy (disambiguation)">The Divine Comedy (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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"La commedia" redirects here. For other uses, see <a class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Commedia (disambiguation)">Commedia (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> shown holding a copy of the <i>Divine Comedy</i>, next to the entrance to Hell, the seven terraces of Mount Purgatory and the city of Florence, with the spheres of Heaven above, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_di_Michelino" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Domenico di Michelino">Michelino</a>'s fresco</div>
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<span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></span>'s <i>Divine Comedy</i></div>
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<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i> <small style="font-size: 10.472px;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_hell" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Christian views on hell">Hell</a>)</small></li>
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<tr><td style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-top: 0.4em;">Part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_mysticism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Category:Christian mysticism">a series</a> on</td></tr>
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The <i><b>Divine Comedy</b></i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>Divina Commedia</i></span> <span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none !important;" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[diˈviːna komˈmɛːdja]</a></span>) is a long <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_poetry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Narrative poetry">narrative poem</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, begun c. 1308 and completed in 1320, a year before his death in 1321. It is widely considered the preeminent work in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_literature" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> and is seen as one of the greatest works of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_literature" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World literature">world literature</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The poem's imaginative vision of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> is representative of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval world-view</a> as it had developed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Catholic Church">Western Church</a> by the 14th century. It helped establish the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tuscan language">Tuscan language</a>, in which it is written, as the standardized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Italian language">Italian language</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> It is divided into three parts: <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorio" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i>, and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a></i>.</div>
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The narrative describes Dante's travels through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_views_on_hell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian views on hell">Hell</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>, and Paradise or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_(Christianity)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heaven (Christianity)">Heaven</a>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup>, while <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory_in_the_Middle_Ages" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allegory in the Middle Ages">allegorically</a>the poem represents the soul's journey towards God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup>. Dante draws on medieval Christian theology and philosophy, especially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomism">Thomistic philosophy</a> and the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Theologica" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Consequently, the <i>Divine Comedy</i> has been called "the <i>Summa</i> in verse".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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The work was originally simply titled <i>Comedìa</i> and the word <i>Divina</i> was added by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>. The first printed edition to add the word <i>divina</i> to the title was that of the Venetian <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Humanism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renaissance Humanism">humanist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodovico_Dolce" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lodovico Dolce">Lodovico Dolce</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> published in 1555 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Giolito_de%27_Ferrari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gabriele Giolito de' Ferrari">Gabriele Giolito de' Ferrari</a>.</div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 12.502px; user-select: none;"> [<a class="togglelink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Structure_and_story" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Structure and story</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Inferno" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;"><i>Inferno</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Purgatorio" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;"><i>Purgatorio</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Paradiso" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;"><i>Paradiso</i></span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#History" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Manuscripts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Manuscripts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Early_printed_editions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early printed editions</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Thematic_concerns" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Thematic concerns</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Scientific_themes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Scientific themes</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Theories_of_influence_from_Islamic_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Theories of influence from Islamic philosophy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Literary_influence_in_the_English-speaking_world_and_beyond" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Literary influence in the English-speaking world and beyond</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#English_translations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">English translations</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#In_the_arts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">In the arts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Gallery" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Gallery</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Notes_and_references" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Notes and references</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Structure_and_story">Structure and story</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Structure and story">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The <i>Divine Comedy</i> is composed of 14,233 lines that are divided into three <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantica" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cantica">canticas</a> (Italian plural <i>cantiche</i>) – <i>Inferno</i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hell">Hell</a>), <i>Purgatorio</i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>), and <i>Paradiso</i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heaven">Paradise</a>) – each consisting of 33 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canto">cantos</a> (Italian plural <i>canti</i>). An initial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canto" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canto">canto</a>, serving as an introduction to the poem and generally considered to be part of the first cantica, brings the total number of cantos to 100. It is generally accepted, however, that the first two cantos serve as a unitary prologue to the entire epic, and that the opening two cantos of each cantica serve as prologues to each of the three canticas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></div>
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The number "three" is prominent in the work, represented in part by the number of canticas and their lengths. Additionally, the verse scheme used, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terza_rima" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Terza rima">terza rima</a></i>, is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendecasyllabic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hendecasyllabic">hendecasyllabic</a> (lines of eleven syllables), with the lines composing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tercet">tercets</a> according to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyme_scheme" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rhyme scheme">rhyme scheme</a> <i>aba, bcb, cdc, ded, ...</i>.</div>
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Written in the first person, the poem tells of Dante's journey through the three realms of the dead, lasting from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maundy Thursday">the night before</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> to the Wednesday after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Easter">Easter</a> in the spring of 1300. The Roman poet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> guides him through Hell and Purgatory; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Portinari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beatrice Portinari">Beatrice</a>, Dante's ideal woman, guides him through Heaven. Beatrice was a Florentine woman whom he had met in childhood and admired from afar in the mode of the then-fashionable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtly_love" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Courtly love">courtly love</a> tradition, which is highlighted in Dante's earlier work <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vita_Nuova" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="La Vita Nuova">La Vita Nuova</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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The structure of the three realms follows a common <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Numerology">numerical pattern</a> of 9 plus 1, for a total of 10: 9 circles of the Inferno, followed by Lucifer contained at its bottom; 9 rings of Mount Purgatory, followed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> crowning its summit; and the 9 celestial bodies of Paradiso, followed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empyrean" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Empyrean">Empyrean</a> containing the very essence of God. Within each group of 9, 7 elements correspond to a specific moral scheme, subdivided into three subcategories, while 2 others of greater particularity are added to total nine. For example, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seven deadly sins">seven deadly sins</a> of the Catholic Church that are cleansed in Purgatory are joined by special realms for the Late repentant and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a> by the church. The core seven sins within Purgatory correspond to a moral scheme of love perverted, subdivided into three groups corresponding to excessive love (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lust">Lust</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluttony" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gluttony">Gluttony</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greed">Greed</a>), deficient love (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_(deadly_sin)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sloth (deadly sin)">Sloth</a>), and malicious love (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrath" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wrath">Wrath</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Envy">Envy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pride">Pride</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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In central Italy's political struggle between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a>, Dante was part of the Guelphs, who in general favored the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papacy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> over the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Florence's Guelphs split into factions around 1300: the White Guelphs and the Black Guelphs. Dante was among the White Guelphs who were exiled in 1302 by the Lord-Mayor Cante de' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielli" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gabrielli">Gabrielli</a> di <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubbio" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gubbio">Gubbio</a>, after troops under <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Valois" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles of Valois">Charles of Valois</a> entered the city, at the request of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a>, who supported the Black Guelphs. This exile, which lasted the rest of Dante's life, shows its influence in many parts of the <i>Comedy,</i> from prophecies of Dante's exile to Dante's views of politics, to the eternal damnation of some of his opponents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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The last word in each of the three canticas is <i>stelle</i> ("stars").</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Inferno"><i>Inferno</i></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Inferno">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Dante_Alighieri_-_Inferno_-_Plate_9_(Canto_III_-_Charon).jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="6458" data-file-width="4696" height="303" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Dante_Alighieri_-_Inferno_-_Plate_9_%28Canto_III_-_Charon%29.jpg/220px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Dante_Alighieri_-_Inferno_-_Plate_9_%28Canto_III_-_Charon%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Dante_Alighieri_-_Inferno_-_Plate_9_%28Canto_III_-_Charon%29.jpg/330px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Dante_Alighieri_-_Inferno_-_Plate_9_%28Canto_III_-_Charon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Dante_Alighieri_-_Inferno_-_Plate_9_%28Canto_III_-_Charon%29.jpg/440px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Dante_Alighieri_-_Inferno_-_Plate_9_%28Canto_III_-_Charon%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>'s engravings illustrated the <i>Divine Comedy</i> (1861–1868); here <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon_(mythology)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charon (mythology)">Charon</a> comes to ferry souls across the river <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheron" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acheron">Acheron</a> to Hell.</div>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno (Dante)</a></div>
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The poem begins on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maundy Thursday">night before Good Friday</a> in the year 1300, "halfway along our life's path" (<i>Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita</i>). Dante is thirty-five years old, half of the biblical lifespan of 70 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalms" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> 89:10, Vulgate), lost in a dark <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Forest">wood</a>(understood as sin),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> assailed by beasts (a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lion">lion</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, and a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wolf">she-wolf</a>) he cannot evade, and unable to find the "straight way" (<i>diritta via</i>) – also translatable as "right way" – to salvation (symbolized by the sun behind the mountain). Conscious that he is ruining himself and that he is falling into a "low place" (<i>basso loco</i>) where the sun is silent ('<i>l sol tace</i>), Dante is at last rescued by Virgil, and the two of them begin their journey to the underworld. Each sin's punishment in <i>Inferno</i>is a <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrapasso" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Contrapasso">contrapasso</a></i>, a symbolic instance of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_justice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Poetic justice">poetic justice</a>; for example, in Canto XX, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune-telling" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fortune-telling">fortune-tellers</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divination" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Divination">soothsayers</a> must walk with their heads on backwards, unable to see what is ahead, because that was what they had tried to do in life:</div>
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they had their faces twisted toward their haunches<br />and found it necessary to walk backward,<br />because they could not see ahead of them.<br />... and since he wanted so to see ahead,<br />he looks behind and walks a backward path.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></div>
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Allegorically, the <i>Inferno</i> represents the Christian soul seeing sin for what it really is, and the three beasts represent three types of sin: the self-indulgent, the violent, and the malicious.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> These three types of sin also provide the three main divisions of Dante's Hell: Upper Hell, outside the city of Dis, for the four sins of indulgence (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lust">lust</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluttony" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gluttony">gluttony</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Avarice">avarice</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anger">anger</a>); Circle 7 for the sins of violence; and Circles 8 and 9 for the sins of malice (fraud and treachery). Added to these are two unlike categories that are specifically spiritual: Limbo, in Circle 1, contains the virtuous pagans who were not sinful but were ignorant of Christ, and Circle 6 contains the heretics who contradicted the doctrine and confused the spirit of Christ. The circles number 9, with the addition of Satan completing the structure of 9 + 1 = 10.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Purgatorio"><i>Purgatorio</i></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Purgatorio">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorio" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></div>
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Dante gazes at Mount Purgatory in an allegorical portrait by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnolo_Bronzino" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Agnolo Bronzino">Agnolo Bronzino</a>, painted c. 1530</div>
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Having survived the depths of Hell, Dante and Virgil ascend out of the undergloom to the Mountain of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a> on the far side of the world. The Mountain is on an island, the only land in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, created by the displacement of rock which resulted when Satan's fall created Hell<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> (which Dante portrays as existing underneath <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup>). The mountain has seven terraces, corresponding to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seven deadly sins">seven deadly sins</a> or "seven roots of sinfulness."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> The classification of sin here is more psychological than that of the <i>Inferno</i>, being based on motives, rather than actions. It is also drawn primarily from Christian theology, rather than from classical sources.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> However, Dante's illustrative examples of sin and virtue draw on classical sources as well as on the Bible and on contemporary events.</div>
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Love, a theme throughout the Divine Comedy, is particularly important for the framing of sin on the Mountain of Purgatory. While the love that flows from God is pure, it can become sinful as it flows through humanity. Humans can sin by using love towards improper or malicious ends (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrath" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wrath">Wrath</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Envy">Envy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pride">Pride</a>), or using it to proper ends but with love that is either not strong enough (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth_(deadly_sin)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sloth (deadly sin)">Sloth</a>) or love that is too strong (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lust">Lust</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluttony" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gluttony">Gluttony</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greed">Greed</a>). Below the seven purges of the soul is the Ante-Purgatory, containing the Excommunicated from the church and the Late repentant who died, often violently, before receiving rites. Thus the total comes to nine, with the addition of the Garden of Eden at the summit, equaling ten.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></div>
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Allegorically, the <i>Purgatorio</i> represents the Christian life. Christian souls arrive escorted by an angel, singing <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_114" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psalm 114">In exitu Israel de Aegypto</a></i>. In his <i>Letter to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangrande_I_della_Scala" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cangrande I della Scala">Cangrande</a></i>, Dante explains that this reference to Israel leaving Egypt refers both to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemption_(religious)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Redemption (religious)">redemption</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ">Christ</a> and to "the conversion of the soul from the sorrow and misery of sin to the state of grace."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> Appropriately, therefore, it is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Sunday" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a> when Dante and Virgil arrive.</div>
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The <i>Purgatorio</i> is notable for demonstrating the medieval knowledge of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_Earth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spherical Earth">spherical Earth</a>. During the poem, Dante discusses the different stars visible in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_hemisphere" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Southern hemisphere">southern hemisphere</a>, the altered position of the sun, and the various <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timezone" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Timezone">timezones</a> of the Earth. At this stage it is, Dante says, sunset at Jerusalem, midnight on the River <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, and sunrise in Purgatory.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Paradiso"><i>Paradiso</i></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Paradiso">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso (Dante)</a></div>
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<i>Paradiso</i>, Canto 3: Dante and Beatrice speak to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccarda" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Piccarda">Piccarda</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_of_Sicily" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Constance of Sicily">Constance of Sicily</a>, in a fresco by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Veit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philipp Veit">Philipp Veit</a>.</div>
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After an initial ascension, Beatrice guides Dante through the nine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_spheres" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Celestial spheres">celestial spheres</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>. These are concentric and spherical, as in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aristotle">Aristotelian</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemaic</a> cosmology. While the structures of the <i>Inferno</i> and <i>Purgatorio</i> were based on different classifications of sin, the structure of the <i>Paradiso</i> is based on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_cardinal_virtues" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Four cardinal virtues">four cardinal virtues</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_theological_virtues" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Three theological virtues">three theological virtues</a>.</div>
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The first seven spheres of Heaven deal solely with the cardinal virtues of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudence" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prudence">Prudence</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cardinal virtues">Fortitude</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Justice">Justice</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a>. The first three describe a deficiency of one of the cardinal virtues – the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moon">Moon</a>, containing the inconstant, whose vows to God waned as the moon and thus lack fortitude; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, containing the ambitious, who were virtuous for glory and thus lacked justice; and Venus, containing the lovers, whose love was directed towards another than God and thus lacked Temperance. The final four incidentally are positive examples of the cardinal virtues, all led on by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sun">Sun</a>, containing the prudent, whose wisdom lighted the way for the other virtues, to which the others are bound (constituting a category on its own). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mars">Mars</a> contains the men of fortitude who died in the cause of Christianity; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> contains the kings of Justice; and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> contains the temperate, the monks who abided by the contemplative lifestyle. The seven subdivided into three are raised further by two more categories: the eighth sphere of the fixed stars that contain those who achieved the theological virtues of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Faith">faith</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hope">hope</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Love">love</a>, and represent the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Triumphant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church Triumphant">Church Triumphant</a> – the total perfection of humanity, cleansed of all the sins and carrying all the virtues of heaven; and the ninth circle, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primum_Mobile" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Primum Mobile">Primum Mobile</a> (corresponding to the Geocentricism of Medieval astronomy), which contains the angels, creatures never poisoned by original sin. Topping them all is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empyrean" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Empyrean">Empyrean</a>, which contains the essence of God, completing the 9-fold division to 10.</div>
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Dante meets and converses with several great saints of the Church, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventure" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Apostle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John the Apostle">St. John</a>. The <i>Paradiso</i> is consequently more theological in nature than the <i>Inferno</i> and the <i>Purgatorio</i>. However, Dante admits that the vision of heaven he receives is merely the one his human eyes permit him to see, and thus the vision of heaven found in the Cantos is Dante's personal vision.</div>
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The <i>Divine Comedy</i> finishes with Dante seeing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trinity">Triune God</a>. In a flash of understanding that he cannot express, Dante finally understands the mystery of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ">Christ</a>'s divinity and humanity, and his soul becomes aligned with God's love:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DLS33_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-DLS33-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></div>
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But already my desire and my will<br />were being turned like a wheel, all at one speed,<br />by the Love which moves the sun and the other stars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Manuscripts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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According to the Italian Dante Society, no original manuscript written by Dante has survived, although there are many manuscript copies from the 14th and 15th centuries – more than 825 are listed on their site.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_printed_editions">Early printed editions</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Early printed editions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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First printed edition, 11 April 1472</div>
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First edition to name the poem <i>Divina Comedia</i>, 1555</div>
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Illustration of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> in the first fully illustrated print edition. Woodcut for <i>Inferno</i>, canto 33. Pietro di Piasi, Venice, 1491.</div>
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The first printed edition was published in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foligno" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Foligno">Foligno</a>, Italy, by Johann Numeister and Evangelista Angelini da <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevi,_Umbria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trevi, Umbria">Trevi</a> on <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">11 April</span>1472.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> Of the 300 copies printed, fourteen still survive. The original printing press is on display in the <i>Oratorio della Nunziatella</i> in Foligno.</div>
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<tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Date</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Title</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Place</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Publisher</th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Notes</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1472</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i>La commedia</i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Foligno</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Johann Numeister and Evangelista Angelini da Trevi</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">First printed edition</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1477</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i>La commedia</i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Venice</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_and_Wendelin_of_Speyer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Johann and Wendelin of Speyer">Wendelin of Speyer</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1481</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i>Comento di Christophoro Landino fiorentino sopra la Comedia di Dante Alighieri</i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Florence</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Laurentii" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicolaus Laurentii">Nicolaus Laurentii</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">With <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo_Landino" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cristoforo Landino">Cristoforo Landino</a>'s commentary in Italian, and some engraved illustrations by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccio_Baldini" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Baccio Baldini">Baccio Baldini</a> after designs by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1491</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i>Comento di Christophoro Landino fiorentino sopra la Comedia di Dante Alighieri</i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Venice</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Pietro di Piasi</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">First fully illustrated edition</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1506</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i>Commedia di Dante insieme con uno diagolo circa el sito forma et misure dello inferno</i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Florence</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Philippo di Giunta</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1555</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><i>La Divina Comedia di Dante</i></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Venice</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Gabriel Giolito</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">First use of "Divine" in title</td></tr>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Thematic_concerns">Thematic concerns</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Thematic concerns">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The <i>Divine Comedy</i> can be described simply as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory_in_the_Middle_Ages" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allegory in the Middle Ages">allegory</a>: each canto, and the episodes therein, can contain many alternative meanings. Dante's allegory, however, is more complex, and, in explaining how to read the poem – see the <i>Letter to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangrande_I_della_Scala" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cangrande I della Scala">Cangrande</a></i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> – he outlines other levels of meaning besides the allegory: the historical, the moral, the literal, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagoge" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anagoge">anagogical</a>.</div>
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The structure of the poem, likewise, is quite complex, with mathematical and numerological patterns arching throughout the work, particularly threes and nines, which are related to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. The poem is often lauded for its particularly human qualities: Dante's skillful delineation of the characters he encounters in Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise; his bitter denunciations of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Florence">Florentine</a> and Italian politics; and his powerful poetic imagination. Dante's use of real characters, according to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Sayers" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dorothy Sayers">Dorothy Sayers</a> in her introduction to her translation of the <i>Inferno</i>, allows Dante the freedom of not having to involve the reader in description, and allows him to "[make] room in his poem for the discussion of a great many subjects of the utmost importance, thus widening its range and increasing its variety."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></div>
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Dante called the poem "Comedy" (the adjective "Divine" was added later in the 16th century) because poems in the ancient world were classified as High ("Tragedy") or Low ("Comedy").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> Low poems had happy endings and were written in everyday language, whereas High poems treated more serious matters and were written in an elevated style. Dante was one of the first in the Middle Ages to write of a serious subject, the Redemption of humanity, in the low and "vulgar" Italian language and not the Latin one might expect for such a serious topic. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boccaccio" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>'s account that an early version of the poem was begun by Dante in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latin">Latin</a> is still controversial.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Scientific_themes">Scientific themes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Scientific themes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Albert Ritter sketched the Comedy's geography from Dante's Cantos: Hell's entrance is near Florence with the circles descending to Earth's centre; sketch 5 reflects Canto 34's inversion as Dante passes down, and thereby up to Mount Purgatory's shores in the southern hemisphere, where he passes to the first sphere of Heaven at the top.</div>
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Although the <i>Divine Comedy</i> is primarily a religious poem, discussing sin, virtue, and theology, Dante also discusses several elements of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_the_Middle_Ages" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Science in the Middle Ages">science of his day</a> (this mixture of science with poetry has received both praise and blame over the centuries<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup>). The <i>Purgatorio</i> repeatedly refers to the implications of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_Earth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spherical Earth">spherical Earth</a>, such as the different stars visible in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_hemisphere" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Southern hemisphere">southern hemisphere</a>, the altered position of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sun">sun</a>, and the various <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timezone" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Timezone">timezones</a> of the Earth. For example, at sunset in Purgatory it is midnight at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ebro">Ebro</a>, dawn in Jerusalem, and noon on the River Ganges:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup></div>
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Just as, there where its Maker shed His blood,<br />the sun shed its first rays, and Ebro lay<br />beneath high Libra, and the ninth hour's rays<br /><br />were scorching Ganges' waves; so here, the sun<br />stood at the point of day's departure when<br />God's angel—happy—showed himself to us.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup></div>
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Dante travels through the centre of the Earth in the <i>Inferno</i>, and comments on the resulting change in the direction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gravity">gravity</a> in Canto XXXIV (lines 76–120). A little earlier (XXXIII, 102–105), he queries the existence of wind in the frozen inner circle of hell, since it has no temperature differentials.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup></div>
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Inevitably, given its setting, the <i>Paradiso</i> discusses <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> extensively, but in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geocentric model">Ptolemaic</a> sense. The <i>Paradiso</i> also discusses the importance of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Experiment">experimental method</a> in science, with a detailed example in lines 94–105 of Canto II:</div>
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Yet an experiment, were you to try it,<br />could free you from your cavil and the source<br />of your arts' course springs from experiment.<br /><br />Taking three mirrors, place a pair of them<br />at equal distance from you; set the third<br />midway between those two, but farther back.<br /><br />Then, turning toward them, at your back have placed<br />a light that kindles those three mirrors and<br />returns to you, reflected by them all.<br /><br />Although the image in the farthest glass<br />will be of lesser size, there you will see<br />that it must match the brightness of the rest.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup></div>
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A briefer example occurs in Canto XV of the <i>Purgatorio</i> (lines 16–21), where Dante points out that both theory and experiment confirm that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reflection (physics)">angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection</a>. Other references to science in the <i>Paradiso</i> include descriptions of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clock">clockwork</a> in Canto XXIV (lines 13–18), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales%27_theorem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thales' theorem">Thales' theorem</a> about triangles in Canto XIII (lines 101–102).</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> is known to have lectured on the <i>Inferno</i>, and it has been suggested that the poem may have influenced some of Galileo's own ideas regarding mechanics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Theories_of_influence_from_Islamic_philosophy">Theories of influence from Islamic philosophy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Theories of influence from Islamic philosophy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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In 1919, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Asin_Y_Palacios" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Miguel Asin Y Palacios">Miguel Asín Palacios</a>, a Spanish scholar and a Catholic priest, published <i>La Escatología musulmana en la Divina Comedia</i> (<i>Islamic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a> in the Divine Comedy</i>), an account of parallels between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early Islamic philosophy">early Islamic philosophy</a> and the <i>Divine Comedy</i>. Palacios argued that Dante derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter from the spiritual writings of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> and from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra and Mi'raj</a> or night journey of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> to heaven. The latter is described in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i> and the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al_Miraj" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kitab al Miraj">Kitab al Miraj</a></i> (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Heullant_39-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-Heullant-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> as <i>Liber Scalae Machometi</i>, "The Book of Muhammad's Ladder"), and has significant similarities to the <i>Paradiso</i>, such as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Heavens" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seven Heavens">sevenfold division of Paradise</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> although this is not unique to the <i>Kitab al Miraj</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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Some "superficial similarities"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> of the <i>Divine Comedy</i> to the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resalat_Al-Ghufran" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Resalat Al-Ghufran">Resalat Al-Ghufran</a></i> or <i>Epistle of Forgiveness</i> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Al-Ma'arri">Al-Ma'arri</a> have also been mentioned in this debate. The <i>Resalat Al-Ghufran</i> describes the journey of the poet in the realms of the afterlife and includes dialogue with people in Heaven and Hell, although, unlike the <i>Kitab al Miraj</i>, there is little description of these locations,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> and it is unlikely that Dante borrowed from this work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></div>
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Dante did, however, live in a Europe of substantial literary and philosophical contact with the Muslim world, encouraged by such factors as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Averroism">Averroism</a> ("Averrois, che'l gran comento feo" Commedia, Inferno, IV, 144, meaning "Averrois, who wrote the great comment") and the patronage of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a>. Of the twelve wise men Dante meets in Canto X of the <i>Paradiso</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and, even more so, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a> were strongly influenced by Arabic commentators on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-copleston_45-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-copleston-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup>Medieval <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mysticism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a> also shared the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a> influence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufis</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>. Philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a> argued in 1950 that Dante's respectful treatment of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, and Siger of Brabant indicates his acknowledgement of a "considerable debt" to Islamic philosophy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-copleston_45-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-copleston-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup></div>
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Although this philosophical influence is generally acknowledged, many scholars have not been satisfied that Dante was influenced by the <i>Kitab al Miraj</i>. The 20th century Orientalist <a class="extiw" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Gabrieli" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="it:Francesco Gabrieli">Francesco Gabrieli</a> expressed skepticism regarding the claimed similarities, and the lack of evidence of a vehicle through which it could have been transmitted to Dante. Even so, while dismissing the probability of some influences posited in Palacios' work,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> Gabrieli conceded that it was "at least possible, if not probable, that Dante may have known the <i>Liber scalae</i> and have taken from it certain images and concepts of Muslim eschatology". Shortly before her death, the Italian philologist <a class="extiw" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Corti" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="it:Maria Corti">Maria Corti</a> pointed out that, during his stay at the court of Alfonso X, Dante's mentor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunetto_Latini" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brunetto Latini">Brunetto Latini</a> met Bonaventura de Siena, a Tuscan who had translated the <i>Kitab al Miraj</i> from Arabic into Latin. Corti speculates that Brunetto may have provided a copy of that work to Dante.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a>, a Sufi convert and scholar of Ibn Arabi, rejected in <i>The Esoterism of Dante</i> the theory of his influence (direct or indirect) on Dante.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Literary_influence_in_the_English-speaking_world_and_beyond">Literary influence in the English-speaking world and beyond</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Literary influence in the English-speaking world and beyond">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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A detail from one of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>'s illustrations for <i>Inferno</i>, Canto XVIII, 1480s. Silverpoint on parchment, completed in pen and ink.</div>
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The <i>Divine Comedy</i> was not always as well-regarded as it is today. Although recognized as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpiece" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Masterpiece">masterpiece</a> in the centuries immediately following its publication,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> the work was largely ignored during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, with some notable exceptions such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Vittorio Alfieri</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Antoine de Rivarol</a>, who translated the <i>Inferno</i> into French; and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a>, who in the <i>Scienza nuova</i> and in the <i>Giudizio su Dante</i> inaugurated what would later become the romantic reappraisal of Dante, juxtaposing him to Homer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup> The <i>Comedy</i> was "rediscovered" in the English-speaking world by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blake" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> – who illustrated several passages of the epic – and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> writers of the 19th century. Later authors such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Pound" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> have drawn on it for inspiration. The poet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a> was its first American translator,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> and modern poets, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pinsky" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Pinsky">Robert Pinsky</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ciardi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Ciardi">John Ciardi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._S._Merwin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="W. S. Merwin">W. S. Merwin</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Lombardo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanley Lombardo">Stanley Lombardo</a>, have also produced translations of all or parts of the book. In Russia, beyond <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pushkin">Pushkin</a>'s translation of a few tercets,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Osip Mandelstam">Osip Mandelstam</a>'s late poetry has been said to bear the mark of a "tormented meditation" on the <i>Comedy</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup>In 1934, Mandelstam gave a modern reading of the poem in his labyrinthine "Conversation on Dante".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup> In T. S. Eliot's estimation, "Dante and Shakespeare divide the world between them. There is no third."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> For <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> the <i>Divine Comedy</i> was "the best book literature has achieved".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="English_translations">English translations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: English translations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_translations_of_Dante%27s_Divine_comedy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="English translations of Dante's Divine comedy">English translations of Dante's Divine comedy</a></div>
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New English translations of the <i>Divine Comedy</i> continue to be published regularly. Notable English translations of the complete poem include the following.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></div>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><b>Year</b></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><b>Translator</b></th><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;"><b>Notes</b></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1805–1814</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Francis_Cary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Francis Cary">Henry Francis Cary</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">An older translation, widely available <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990420170609/http://www.divinecomedy.org/divine_comedy.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">online</a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1867</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">The first U.S. translation, raising American interest in the poem. It is still widely available, including <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="s:The Divine Comedy">online</a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1891–1892</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles Eliot Norton">Charles Eliot Norton</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Translation used by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a>. Available <a class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/n#a778" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">online</a> at Project Gutenberg.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1933–1943</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Binyon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Laurence Binyon">Laurence Binyon</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">An English version rendered in <i>terza rima</i>, with some advisory assistance from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Pound" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1949–1962</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Translated for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Classics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>, intended for a wider audience, and completed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Reynolds" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Barbara Reynolds">Barbara Reynolds</a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1969</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_G._Bergin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas G. Bergin">Thomas G. Bergin</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Cast in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_verse" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a> with illustrations by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Baskin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leonard Baskin">Leonard Baskin</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-59" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1954–1970</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ciardi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Ciardi">John Ciardi</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">His <i>Inferno</i> was recorded and released by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkways_Records" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Folkways Records">Folkways Records</a> in 1954.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1970–1991</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_S._Singleton" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles S. Singleton">Charles S. Singleton</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Literal prose version with extensive commentary; 6 vols.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1981</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._H._Sisson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C. H. Sisson">C. H. Sisson</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Available in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_World%27s_Classics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oxford World's Classics">Oxford World's Classics</a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1980–1984</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Mandelbaum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allen Mandelbaum">Allen Mandelbaum</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Available <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990420170609/http://www.divinecomedy.org/divine_comedy.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">online</a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1967–2002</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Musa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mark Musa">Mark Musa</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">An alternative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Classics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a> version.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2000–2007</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Robert and Jean Hollander</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="external text" href="http://etcweb.princeton.edu/dante/pdp/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Online</a> as part of the Princeton Dante Project.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2002–2004</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_M._Esolen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anthony M. Esolen">Anthony M. Esolen</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Library" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a> Classics edition.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2006–2007</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Robin Kirkpatrick</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">A third <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Classics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a> version, replacing Musa's.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2010</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Raffel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Burton Raffel">Burton Raffel</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">A Northwestern World Classics version.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2013</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_James" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clive James">Clive James</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">A poetic version in quatrains.</td></tr>
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A number of other translators, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pinsky" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Pinsky">Robert Pinsky</a>, have translated the <i>Inferno</i> only.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="In_the_arts">In the arts</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&action=edit&section=13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: In the arts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rodin_TheKiss_20050609.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1384" data-file-width="1105" height="213" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rodin_TheKiss_20050609.JPG/170px-Rodin_TheKiss_20050609.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rodin_TheKiss_20050609.JPG/255px-Rodin_TheKiss_20050609.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rodin_TheKiss_20050609.JPG/340px-Rodin_TheKiss_20050609.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="170" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rodin_TheKiss_20050609.JPG" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22%3E%0A %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E%0A %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22/%3E%0A %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E%0A %3C/g%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kiss_(Rodin_sculpture)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)">The Kiss</a></i>represents <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Malatesta" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paolo Malatesta">Paolo</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Francesca da Rimini">Francesca</a> from the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-musee_60-0" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy#cite_note-musee-60" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup></div>
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Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_and_his_Divine_Comedy_in_popular_culture" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture">Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture</a></div>
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The <i>Divine Comedy</i> has been a source of inspiration for countless artists for almost seven centuries. There are many references to Dante's work in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_and_his_Divine_Comedy_in_popular_culture#Literature" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture">literature</a>. In <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_and_his_Divine_Comedy_in_popular_culture#Music" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture">music</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> was one of many composers to write <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Symphony" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dante Symphony">works</a> based on the <i>Divine Comedy</i>. In <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_and_his_Divine_Comedy_in_popular_culture#Sculpture" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture">sculpture</a>, the work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a> includes themes from Dante, and many <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_and_his_Divine_Comedy_in_popular_culture#Visual_arts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture">visual artists</a> have illustrated Dante's work, as shown by the examples above. There have also been many references to the <i>Divine Comedy</i> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_and_his_Divine_Comedy_in_popular_culture#Performing_arts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture">cinema</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_and_his_Divine_Comedy_in_popular_culture#Digital_arts_and_computer_games" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture">computer games</a>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&action=edit&section=14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<tr><th style="text-align: center;">Series of woodcuts illustrating Dante's Hell by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Manetti" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antonio Manetti">Antonio Manetti</a> (1423–1497):<br />From <i>Dialogo di Antonio Manetti, cittadino fiorentino, circa al sito, forma, et misure dello inferno di Dante Alighieri poeta excellentissimo</i> (Florence: F. Giunta, 1510?)</th></tr>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manetti_Everything_Reduced_to_One_Plan_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_01.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;" title=""Everything Reduced to One Plan", 1506"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="6049" data-file-width="3706" height="150" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Manetti_Everything_Reduced_to_One_Plan_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_01.jpg/92px-Manetti_Everything_Reduced_to_One_Plan_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Manetti_Everything_Reduced_to_One_Plan_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_01.jpg/138px-Manetti_Everything_Reduced_to_One_Plan_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Manetti_Everything_Reduced_to_One_Plan_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_01.jpg/184px-Manetti_Everything_Reduced_to_One_Plan_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_01.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="92" /></a></div>
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"Everything Reduced to One Plan", 1506 </div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manetti_The_Chamber_of_Hell_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_02.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;" title=""The Chamber of Hell", 1506"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="6061" data-file-width="3675" height="150" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Manetti_The_Chamber_of_Hell_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_02.jpg/91px-Manetti_The_Chamber_of_Hell_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_02.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Manetti_The_Chamber_of_Hell_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_02.jpg/136px-Manetti_The_Chamber_of_Hell_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Manetti_The_Chamber_of_Hell_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_02.jpg/182px-Manetti_The_Chamber_of_Hell_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_02.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="91" /></a></div>
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"The Chamber of Hell", 1506 </div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manetti_Overview_of_Hell_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_03.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;" title=""Overview of Hell", 1506"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="6070" data-file-width="3683" height="150" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Manetti_Overview_of_Hell_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_03.jpg/91px-Manetti_Overview_of_Hell_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_03.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Manetti_Overview_of_Hell_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_03.jpg/136px-Manetti_Overview_of_Hell_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Manetti_Overview_of_Hell_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_03.jpg/182px-Manetti_Overview_of_Hell_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_03.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="91" /></a></div>
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"Overview of Hell", 1506 </div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manetti_Circles_Six_and_Seven_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_05.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;" title=""Circles Six and Seven", 1506"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="6038" data-file-width="3698" height="150" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Manetti_Circles_Six_and_Seven_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_05.jpg/92px-Manetti_Circles_Six_and_Seven_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_05.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Manetti_Circles_Six_and_Seven_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_05.jpg/138px-Manetti_Circles_Six_and_Seven_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Manetti_Circles_Six_and_Seven_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_05.jpg/184px-Manetti_Circles_Six_and_Seven_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_05.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="92" /></a></div>
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"Circles Six and Seven", 1506 </div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manetti_The_Lair_of_Geryon_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_06.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;" title=""The Lair of Geryon", 1506"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="6206" data-file-width="3765" height="150" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Manetti_The_Lair_of_Geryon_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_06.jpg/91px-Manetti_The_Lair_of_Geryon_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_06.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Manetti_The_Lair_of_Geryon_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_06.jpg/136px-Manetti_The_Lair_of_Geryon_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Manetti_The_Lair_of_Geryon_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_06.jpg/182px-Manetti_The_Lair_of_Geryon_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_06.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="91" /></a></div>
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"The Lair of Geryon", 1506 </div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manetti_The_Tomb_of_Lucifer_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_07.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;" title=""The Tomb of Lucifer", 1506"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="6382" data-file-width="3675" height="150" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Manetti_The_Tomb_of_Lucifer_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_07.jpg/86px-Manetti_The_Tomb_of_Lucifer_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_07.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Manetti_The_Tomb_of_Lucifer_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_07.jpg/129px-Manetti_The_Tomb_of_Lucifer_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Manetti_The_Tomb_of_Lucifer_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_07.jpg/173px-Manetti_The_Tomb_of_Lucifer_1506_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1004_07.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="86" /></a></div>
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"The Tomb of Lucifer", 1506 </div>
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<tr><th style="text-align: center;"><i>La materia della Divina commedia di Dante Alighieri, dichiarata in VI tavole</i>, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Caetani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michelangelo Caetani">Michelangelo Caetani</a> (1804–1882)</th></tr>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Caetani,_The_Divine_Comedy_Described_in_Six_Plates,_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_07.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1855 title page"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="7039" data-file-width="4799" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Divine_Comedy_Described_in_Six_Plates%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_07.jpg/100px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Divine_Comedy_Described_in_Six_Plates%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_07.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Divine_Comedy_Described_in_Six_Plates%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_07.jpg/150px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Divine_Comedy_Described_in_Six_Plates%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Divine_Comedy_Described_in_Six_Plates%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_07.jpg/200px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Divine_Comedy_Described_in_Six_Plates%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_07.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="100" /></a></div>
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1855 title page </div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Caetani,_Overview_of_the_Divine_Comedy,_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_01.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plate I: "Overview of the Divine Comedy""><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="6391" data-file-width="4748" height="135" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_Overview_of_the_Divine_Comedy%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_01.jpg/100px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_Overview_of_the_Divine_Comedy%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_01.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_Overview_of_the_Divine_Comedy%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_01.jpg/150px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_Overview_of_the_Divine_Comedy%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_Overview_of_the_Divine_Comedy%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_01.jpg/200px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_Overview_of_the_Divine_Comedy%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_01.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="100" /></a></div>
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Plate I: "Overview of the Divine Comedy" </div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Caetani,_Map_of_Hell,_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_03.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plate III: "Map of Hell""><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="6322" data-file-width="4775" height="132" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_Map_of_Hell%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_03.jpg/100px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_Map_of_Hell%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_03.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_Map_of_Hell%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_03.jpg/150px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_Map_of_Hell%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_Map_of_Hell%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_03.jpg/200px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_Map_of_Hell%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_03.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="100" /></a></div>
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Plate III: "Map of Hell" </div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Caetani_Cross_Section_of_Hell_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_04.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plate IV: "Cross Section of Hell""><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="4632" data-file-width="6467" height="72" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Michelangelo_Caetani_Cross_Section_of_Hell_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_04.jpg/100px-Michelangelo_Caetani_Cross_Section_of_Hell_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_04.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Michelangelo_Caetani_Cross_Section_of_Hell_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_04.jpg/150px-Michelangelo_Caetani_Cross_Section_of_Hell_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Michelangelo_Caetani_Cross_Section_of_Hell_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_04.jpg/200px-Michelangelo_Caetani_Cross_Section_of_Hell_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_04.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="100" /></a></div>
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Plate IV: "Cross Section of Hell" </div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Caetani,_The_Ordering_of_Purgatory,_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_05.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plate V: "The Ordering of Purgatory""><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="4722" data-file-width="6620" height="71" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Ordering_of_Purgatory%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_05.jpg/100px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Ordering_of_Purgatory%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_05.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Ordering_of_Purgatory%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_05.jpg/150px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Ordering_of_Purgatory%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Ordering_of_Purgatory%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_05.jpg/200px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Ordering_of_Purgatory%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_05.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="100" /></a></div>
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Plate V: "The Ordering of Purgatory" </div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Caetani,_The_Ordering_of_Paradise,_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_06.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plate VI: "The Ordering of Paradise""><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="6610" data-file-width="4730" height="140" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Ordering_of_Paradise%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_06.jpg/100px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Ordering_of_Paradise%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_06.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Ordering_of_Paradise%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_06.jpg/150px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Ordering_of_Paradise%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Ordering_of_Paradise%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_06.jpg/200px-Michelangelo_Caetani%2C_The_Ordering_of_Paradise%2C_1855_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1071_06.jpg 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="100" /></a></div>
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Plate VI: "The Ordering of Paradise" </div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-31907351050651830922017-10-26T05:29:00.002-07:002017-10-27T03:08:35.624-07:00Coast to Coast And Ancient Aliens Explained!!!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/3NPRuXO9z58/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3NPRuXO9z58?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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Coast to Coast on last nights show October 25, 2017 as I just got up at the end of the show with George Noory, George Knapp and Linda Moulten Howe author of Earth Files. The subject matter is a bit disappointing as the laser lights showing in the sky or waking you at night inside of your homes are easily identified as drones with the lights bought and added to the drone at your local hardware store as just yesterday at Goodman's in Marin had stocked heavily for the first time that particular light.<br />
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Sadly both George Noory and Linda Moulten Howe also anchor Ancient Aliens and that makes the show on The Discovery Channel a clique as the radio sells products and the shows in tandem sell fear. In-addition Linda Moulten Howe was bragging about being now 300 ft underground, weird but true, here are the pictures that she showed on Ancient Aliens boasting that it wasn't that bad. She did not mention where it was located though yet I know that with the laser light show that connects to peoples devices being run from unknown underground locales would be difficult for the Police to identify, so maybe this small post along with last nights Coast to Coast show will enable The Cops to find the location without a problem.<br />
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It is kind of like playing boogle with Linda Moulten Howe and the Ancient Alien stars as the this google search of the rest of the pictures talks for itself and it was referred to as the 'Home Away' or something to that effect as it was just a weird or odd addition to their Ancient Alien Series, and all I found was <a href="https://www.homeaway.com/vacation-rental/p3469599">https://www.homeaway.com/vacation-rental/p3469599</a> so it didn't really match up at the time but may be pertinent now for The Police Departments around the U.S..<br />
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Should you wish in the interim enjoy looking at the pictures that were shown on The Discovery Channel on the Series Ancient Aliens with hosts George Noory and Linda Moulten Howe just look at the attached link and know that Linda Moulten Howe spoke of the entire underground City as fanciful caves with a terrace, pools and a bunch of other stuff. Here is the link; <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Linda+Moulton+Howe+300+ft+in+an+under+ground+spa+place&safe=active&tbm=isch&tbs=rimg:CWY84LwZ_1TjWIjgxs2QVnYET9KrzCmHQ89Kx_1iv9ywV4IqyyCU-A9kuPM4622bsembGJ_1FNlE1K5UjcCCshoGTQLBSoSCTGzZBWdgRP0EUTYXehgoZXfKhIJqvMKYdDz0rERO8VzY7i4-joqEgn-K_13LBXgirBEhFoXUDL5YGCoSCbIJT4D2S48zEXdd8JyGuOaZKhIJjrbZux6ZsYkRFIsMxJmlvNsqEgn8U2UTUrlSNxHgMZ8QNmyEjSoSCQIKyGgZNAsFEdb_1EgVqytT7&tbo=u&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZte-6n47XAhUP9WMKHU5CDa0Q9C8IHw&biw=1273&bih=608&dpr=1#imgrc=sglPgPZLjzOF8M:">https://www.google.com/search?q=Linda+Moulton+Howe+300+ft+in+an+under+ground+spa+place&safe=active&tbm=isch&tbs=rimg:CWY84LwZ_1TjWIjgxs2QVnYET9KrzCmHQ89Kx_1iv9ywV4IqyyCU-A9kuPM4622bsembGJ_1FNlE1K5UjcCCshoGTQLBSoSCTGzZBWdgRP0EUTYXehgoZXfKhIJqvMKYdDz0rERO8VzY7i4-joqEgn-K_13LBXgirBEhFoXUDL5YGCoSCbIJT4D2S48zEXdd8JyGuOaZKhIJjrbZux6ZsYkRFIsMxJmlvNsqEgn8U2UTUrlSNxHgMZ8QNmyEjSoSCQIKyGgZNAsFEdb_1EgVqytT7&tbo=u&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZte-6n47XAhUP9WMKHU5CDa0Q9C8IHw&biw=1273&bih=608&dpr=1#imgrc=sglPgPZLjzOF8M:</a></span><br />
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Essentially this should be fairly self-explanatory but the fisher of the tackle is really all the con and then the sales. Events often have an horizon but it really takes time and patience to sort it out and until it is you that is targeted the problem never gets solved.<br />
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So here you go as last night the show Coast to Coast spoke with Linda Moulten Howe on-air and in the conversation she spoke of an altitude of 14,000 ft, that is the ringer. Now all that has to be done is use the navigated altitude of space to look and see via a computer to see if this is reality of the con-artists or just the public at-large perpetrating further the con to have that five minutes of fame. Think about the Purchase to Wall Street in sales and futures, the dollar would have boom and investments would be certain to be identified as inside trading, big stuff.<br />
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Linda Moulton Howe, Reporter and Editor, Earthfiles.com.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="LindaMoultonHoweLIVEearthfilesCoastRadioTonight102517" name="LindaMoultonHoweLIVEearthfilesCoastRadioTonight102517" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>October 26, 2017 -</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— M</span><span class="NEWtitle18bold">ore Mysterious Booms and Sky Flashes in North Carolina<br />and Australia.</span> <span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2573&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></span></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “I </span>talked to a police officer and told him that I heard the boom<br />
(after son saw a sky flash) and it sounded like a bomb had actually gone off.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Rebecca, Manoora, Qld, Cairns resident, October 7, 2017</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— B</span><span class="NEWtitle18bold">loodless Mutilation of Cats, Rabbits and Foxes Ongoing in U. K.</span> <span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><br /><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2574&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Real X-File.</a></span></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “T</span>he rabbit had been all cut up. And it had been decapitated —<br />
all four limbs had been removed. ... there was very little<br />
or no blood on the fur, or at the scene.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Tony Jenkins, Co-Founder, SNARL, Norwood, England</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— A</span><span class="NEWtitle18bold">delie Penguins in East Antarctica</span> “Suffer Catastrophic<br />
Breeding Event.” <span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2575&category=2575&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></span></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“W</span>e've witnessed a catastrophic breeding failure at one Adelie<br />
penguin colony on Petrel Island in East Antarctica in 2017.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Rod Downie, Director, WWF UK<br />
Polar Program, London, UK </div>
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<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/AntarcticaAdeliePenguinsDivingHeadline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="254" /></div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— H</span><span class="NEWtitle18bold">ow Many UFOs Pretend to Be Stars?</span> <span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2576&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></span></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“A</span>s I zoom in on the star, I started to see an image<br />
of a craft. It looks like a UFO craft.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Tony Velez, 61, retired NY Park Police Officer<br />
<img border="1" height="115" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/U/UFOStarCamouflage2016LaurieVelezWaldenNY.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="265" /><br />
<span class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; padding-top: 5px;">Retired New York park police officer, Tony Velez,<br />sent to Earthfiles this blow-up he made from his<br />daughter Laurie's iPhone video image of what she thought<br />was a “ bright star” that repeatedly flashed. iPhone video<br />frame enhancement © 2016 by Laurie Velez.</span></div>
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October 20, 2017 - Mysterious Georgia Guidestones. <a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2572&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“B</span>e not a cancer on the earth. Leave room for nature.<br />
Leave room for nature.”</div>
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<span class="NEWtextLeftNoBold18" style="font-size: 18px; text-align: left;">- S</span>pring Equinox, March 22, 1980,<br />
unveiling of the mysterious Georgia Guidestones</div>
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<img border="1" height="200" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/G/GeorgiaGuidestonesHeadline2.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="339" /><span class="centerheadlinetitletext14" style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span><span class="centerheadlinetitletext14" style="font-size: 14px;">Five blue granite panels 19 feet 3 inches tall, each weighing<br />237,746 pounds, were mysteriously unveiled on the Spring<br />Equinox of March 22, 1980, with different inscribed Earth<br />languages. The granite mystery is on a hill in an Elberton, Ga.<br />cow pasture northeast of Atlanta. Image by Will Folsom.</span></div>
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October 17, 2017 - Why Has A Maine-Sized Gigantic Hole<br />
Opened in Antarctic Weddell Sea? <span class="NEWplumLink18" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2571&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></span></div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px; font-style: italic;">“I</span><em>t is quite remarkable. It looks like you just punched<br />a hole in the ice”</em> the size of Maine!</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Kent Moore, Ph.D. Atmospheric Physicist,<br />
Univ. of Toronto-Mississauga, Canada</div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/AntarcticaMysteryHoleWeddellSeaOct2017.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="390" /><br />
<span class="NEWtext18centered" style="font-size: 18px;">A</span>n image of the mysterious Maine-size hole in the sea ice (blue outline<br />
at center) on the edge of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Image:<br />
MODIS-Aqua via NASA Worldview.</div>
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<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="144" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/P/PHENOMENON_RadioByLinda061515smaller.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="420" /></div>
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<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="http://www.kgraradio.com/portfolio-view/phenomenon-radio/" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Live KGRA worldwide web radio Thursday nights -<br />5 -7 PM Pacific / 8 - 10 PM Eastern.</a></div>
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<span class="TuneInBlueberry30" style="color: blue; font-size: 30px;"><strong>T</strong></span><strong><span class="TuneInBlueberry" style="color: blue;">une In </span></strong><span class="TuneInBlueberry" style="color: blue;"><strong><em>PHENOMENON Radio </em>LIVE October 26, 2017 </strong></span><span class="TuneInBlue" style="color: #0080ff;">with host Linda Moulton Howe, Reporter and Editor of Earthfiles.com and best-selling author Nick Redfern, who has produced a dozen books about the UFO and cryptozoology phenomena and the government, economic and political systems that conspire with policies of denial to keep the general public and media from true facts about the manipulation of Earth life by non-human systems in collaboration with an elite 1% of human self-serving power brokers. Nick's latest release is <em>The New World Order Book</em>, which is a compendium of 200 events, organizations, people, symbols and poopular culture that are forces that Nick warns appear to be working toward one world control.</span></div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/R/RedfernNickNewWorldOrderBook100217.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="168" /><br />
© 2018 by Nick Redfern. </div>
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<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #9d449a;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="GravityWavesAndLightInNeutronStarsCollidingSeenForFirstTime101617" name="GravityWavesAndLightInNeutronStarsCollidingSeenForFirstTime101617" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>October 16, 2017 - Astronomical Phenomenon “Never Witnessed Before”</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
— Scientists For First Time Have Seen Gravity Waves and Light from Two Colliding Neutron Stars 130 Million Light-Years from Earth.<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18" href="https://scontent.webcaster4.com/web/nsfligo17" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click here for NSF Press Conference.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">—“T</span>his is the first time the universe has moved from a silent movie<br />
to a talking movie with the chirp sound of gravity waves in the light<br />
from the collision of neutron stars.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- David Reitze, Ex. Dir., LIGO Laboratory, Caltech</div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">—“G</span>amma waves and light waves were moving at exactly the same<br />
speed of light, confirming Albert Einstein yet again.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Julie McEnergy, Fermi Project Scientist,<br />
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland</div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/G/GravityWavesLightCollidingNeutronStars101617.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="280" /><br />
Pair of neutron stars colliding and releasing gravity<br />
waves and light picked up for the first time ever on Earth.<br />
Einstein predicted a century ago that orbiting dense masses such<br />
as neutron stars in collision should release gravity waves and the<br />
violence of such collisions should create heavy metals<br />
such as gold and platinum. Image by LIGO.</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px;">“G</span>roundbreaking observations” were discussed this morning by scientists from the National Science Foundation (NSF) Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and Virgo collaborations, as well as by representatives from some 70 observatories, are at the National Press Club in Washington, D. C.</div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/G/GravityWavesIllustrationjpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="417" /><br />
August 17, 2017, was first measurement of two neutron stars colliding<br />
130 million light-years from Earth. For the first time ever, scientists received data<br />
of light across the entire electromagnetic spectrum plus gravity waves. Location<br />
was the Hydra Constellation in the Southern Hemisphere. Illustration<br />
of gravity waves in the cosmos by Henze / NASA.</div>
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In addition to NSF on Monday, two other press conferences about the unique astronomical phenomena will be held at the European Southern Observatory in Germany, and by the Royal Society in London.</div>
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<span class="red18boldDEEP" style="color: #de0000;">UPDATED -</span> October 13, 2017 - Bloodless Half-Cats Reported in Spokane, WA, While Numbers of Mutilated Animals Continue to Rise in U. K.<br />
<span class="plumlink18" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2570&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Real X-File.</a></span></div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; padding-top: 5px;"><img border="1" height="82" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/H/Half-RabbitM25CatKillerHeadline100917.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="504" /></span><span class="error_message" style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0px;">Click Real X-File report above </span><span class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; padding-top: 5px;">for details. U. K.'s <em>Watford Observer,</em> October 9, 2017.</span></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “O</span>fficers have uncovered two front-ends and two hind-ends,<br />
but say they are all from different cats.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Spokane County Regional Animal Service, Oct. 11, 2017</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “I</span>n some cases they (mutilators) have bloodlessly cut the head off<br />
and then put rabbit back into the hutch before locking it again.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Tony Jenkins, Founder of private South<br />
Norwood Animal Rescue, SNARL</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="144" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/C/CatMuteHalfSilhouetteLo.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="109" /></div>
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<div class="NEWimageFirstLetter18" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="DoDprofessionalsTomDelongeLiveStream101117" name="DoDprofessionalsTomDelongeLiveStream101117" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>October 11, 2017 - Facebook Online Problems, But Tom Delonge<br />
and DoD Professionals Report Effort to Interface with Public —<br />
and Appeal for Public Funding.</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“T</span>he technology we're talking about today will be difficult for humans<br />
to comprehend. But how dare we say it can't be done.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Steve Justice, former Advanced Systems<br />
Director, Lockheed Skunk Works</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="360" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/D/DelongeTomTTSlivestream101117.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="351" /><br />
List of speakers on live-stream produced by<br />
Tom DeLonge, To The Stars on October 11, 2017. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="NEWtitle18bold" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">O</span>ctober 10, 2017 - Real X-Files from Earthfiles Viewers.<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2569&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Real X-Files.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— I</span>t's here that the <em>humanoid creature bolts out</em> of the brush over<br />
the drive way into the side yard and into the woods on the side of the house.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Resident of Georgetown, South Carolina</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="144" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/H/HauntingTreesMistHeadline101017.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="340" /></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “I</span>n the past months I have begun to feel very pressured and this overwhelming<br />
sensation that something terrible is about to transpire. In my dreams I just see<br />
these scenes of being witness to the end to civilised life as I understand it.<br />
I find I have to sleep with the light on.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Resident in North Queensland, Australia</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
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<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="HoneyBeeKillerNeonicotinoidsInHoneyAroundWorld100917" name="HoneyBeeKillerNeonicotinoidsInHoneyAroundWorld100917" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>October 9, 2017 - Global Survey Finds Nicotine-Based<br />
Pesticides in Honey Around the World.</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “O</span>ur global survey showed that 75% of all analyzed honey samples contained at least one neonicotinoid in quantifiable amounts and that these pesticides are found in honey samples from all continents and regions.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- E. Mitchell, Ph.D., Lab of Soil Biodiversity,<br />
Univ. of Neuchatel, Switzerland</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “T</span>o find neuroactive levels in so many samples at many global sites is shocking.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Christopher Connolly, Ph.D., Neurobiologist,<br />
U. K. School of Medicine, Univ. of Dundee</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="198" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/H/ApisMelliferaHeadline121909MaciejCzyzewski.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="253" /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px;">T</span>his new study also confirmed that 48% — nearly HALF — of the contaminated honey samples had neonicotinoid levels that exceeded the smallest dose of the poison known to cause "marked detrimental effects" in honey bees and other pollinators. This result provoked Christopher Connolly, Ph.D., Neurobiologist in the U. K.'s School of Medicine at the University of Dundee to say, “To find neuroactive levels in so many samples at many global sites is shocking.”</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
Earthfiles.com has been reporting about the dangers of neonicotinoid pesticides since the 2007 Colony Collapse Disorder killed 60% to 80% of honey bee colonies in the United States. Pennsylvania beekeeper David Hackenberg told me he and other beekeepers suspectd the nicotine-based pesticides even then in 2007. For original report, see: <em><a class="NEWplumItalic16" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6359/109" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">Science.</a></em></div>
<div class="NEWtextLeftNoBold18" style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px;">A</span>lso see:</div>
<blockquote>
<div class="NEWtextLeftNoBold18" style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<a class="plumlink18" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1808&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">— Leaked EPA Document Says Bayer's Nicotine-Based Clothianidin Kills Honey Bees.</a></div>
<div class="NEWtextLeftNoBold18" style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<a class="plumlink18" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2514&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">— <strong>First Time Nicotine-Based Pesticides Found in Tap Water While A Colorado Honey Beekeeper Loses 100% of His Colonies</strong>.</a></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="NEWimageFirstLetter18" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="MoonVolcanoesAtmosphereWater100517" name="MoonVolcanoesAtmosphereWater100517" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>October 5, 2017 - NASA Data Shows Moon<br />
Had Atmosphere and Lots of Volcanoes.</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“T</span>his work dramatically changes our view of the Moon from an airless<br />
rocky body to one that used to be surrounded by an atmosphere more prevalent<br />
than that surrounding Mars today.”</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
- David A. Kring, Ph.D., Universities Space Research Assoc.</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/MoonBasalticLavaEarthSideDebraNeedham.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="282" /><br />
Map of basaltic lavas that emitted gases on the Earth-facing<br />
side of the moon. Illustration by Debra Needham, Ph.D., NASA.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px;">M</span>arshall Space Flight Center's Debra Needham, Ph.D., and Universities Space Research Assoc.'s David Kring, Ph.D., have calculated the amounts of gases that erupted with lava from lunar volcanoes 3.5 billion years ago that formed an atmosphere around the moon that had lots of water in it. Dr. Needham reports, “The total amount of H2O released during the emplacement of the mare basalts is nearly twice the volume of water in Lake Tahoe. Although much of this vapor would have been lost to space, a significant fraction might have made its way to the lunar poles. This means some of the lunar polar gases we see at the poles might have originated inside the moon.” It also means there might be valuable water ice at the lunar poles for the first human bases on the moon.</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<br />
<img border="1" height="233" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/MoonAtmosphereVolanoesIllus100517.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="332" /><br />
3.5 billion years ago when all the lunar volcanoes were erupting<br />
and an atmosphere surrounded the moon, it was nearly three times closer<br />
to Earth than it is today and would have appeared nearly three times larger<br />
in the sky. Illustration of basaltic lava that emitted gases on<br />
the moon by Debra Needham, Ph.D., NASA.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
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<div class="NEWimageFirstLetter18" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
October 1, 2017 - Animal Mutilation Updates: Argentina and Canada<span class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter"></span>.<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2568&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Real X-File.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“T</span>here is no doubt that it is about extraterrestrial beings.<br />
The same thing has happened for more than 20 years and no one can<br />
provide solutions. The organs must be taken inside an aerial craft<br />
because there is no evidence on the ground around the animal. Some<br />
animals must be lowered or dropped from aerial craft because<br />
their legs are swung back in unnatural positions.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Farmer Julio Zurbrigk, General San Martin<br />
farm west of Buenos Aires, Argentina</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="LindaMoultonHoweCoastEarthfilesNews092817" name="LindaMoultonHoweCoastEarthfilesNews092817" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>September 29, 2017 -</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— S</span>torms Keep Getting Stronger With More and More Water<strong>.</strong><span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2564&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio.</a></span></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I</span>t's a less benign climate. It's a climate now where we'll have more extremes and</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
everywhere will get caught up sooner or later in these extreme events.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Kevin Trenberth, Ph.D. Atmospheric Physicist, Nat'l. Center for Atmospheric Research</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/H/HoustonFloodAfterHurricaneHarvey.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="399" /><br />
“500-Year-Flood” on August 28, 2017, in Houston, Texas, as Hurricane Harvey<br />
released devastating rainfall, the third “500-year-flood” in three years.<br />
Image © 2017 by Richard Carson/Reuters.</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— L</span><span class="NEWtitle18bold">atest Antarctica Volcano Count — </span><span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">138!</span><br />
Another Threat to Sea Level Rise. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2565&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“W</span>e were amazed. We had not expected to find anything like 91 more volcanoes a mile</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
down in the ice! ...West Antarctic rift is the densest region of volcanoes in the world.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Robert Bingham, Ph.D., Glaciology, Univ. of Edinburgh, Scotland</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/AntarcticaWest138VolcanoesNASAjpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="431" /><br />
What is troubling scientists is the ability for these many Antarctic volcanoes,<br />
if they erupted, to cause wide scale melting and breakup of<br />
Antarctica's ice sheets. Image NASA.</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; text-align: left;">— P</span><span class="NEWtitle18bold" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">art </span><span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; text-align: left;">1</span><span class="NEWtitle18bold" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">: </span><span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; text-align: left;">R</span><span class="NEWtitle18bold" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">eptilian Water Creature Seen by Two Army Military Police<br />At Ft. Baker Near San Francisco.</span><span class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;"> <span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2566&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio.</a></span></span></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I</span>t looked like the Creature from the Black Lagoon.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- U. S. Army Specialist 4/ Military Policeman, Fort Baker, California</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/S/SanFranciscoFortBaker1968Creature.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="277" /><br />
Frame from 1954 Hollywood film<br />
<em>"Creature from the Black Lagoon."</em></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; text-align: left;">— P<span class="NEWtitle18bold" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">art </span></span><span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; text-align: left;">2</span><span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; text-align: left;"><span class="NEWtitle18bold" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">: </span>F</span><span class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">iery UFO Seen by Two Army M.P.s<br />At Fort Baker Near San Francisco. <span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2567&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio.</a></span></span></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“T</span>he yellow-orange-white bright light came down from high in the sky<br />
to the bottom of a 100-foot-high cliff at Ft. Baker — no explosion or fire —<br />
but three 'people' suddenly appeared at the top of the cliff!”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- U. S. Army Specialist 4/ Military Policeman, Fort Baker, California</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/S/SanFranciscoFortBakerRedOrangeUFO.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="252" /><br />
Video frame of an orange-yellow-white UFO over<br />
West Palm Beach, FL, © 2015 Jan. 2015 Jennifer Schee.<br />
<em></em></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ChinaDetailsMarsMission2020" name="ChinaDetailsMarsMission2020" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>September 23, 2107 - China Details Its Mars Mission for 2020.</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “T</span>o become a strong space power is our long-pursuing dream.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Xi Jinping, President of China, original 2016 Mars mission announcement</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px; font-style: italic;">— “D</span><em>espite the difficulties, we still hold full confidence.”</em></div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Zhang Rongqiao, Head of China's Mars Mission, during recent Beijing Forum,<br />
explaining the Mars mission difficulties of long data transmission<br />
delays and self-activating rover technology</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px;">S</span>eptember 19-22, 2017, the 3rd Beijing Int'l. Forum on Lunar and Deep space Exploration heard from the head of China's Mars Mission, Zhang Rongqiao, who outlined 13 types of payloads and 3 goals for China's first planned Mars Probe in 2020. The 13 payloads will include 7 orbiters and 6 rovers to conduct research on the space environment, morphology, surface structure and atmosphere of Mars. The three mission goals are to orbit, land and rove the red planet.<br />
Also see: <strong><a class="NEWplumLink18" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2549&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">First “Teleportation” of Entangled Photons from Earth to Space Satellite.</a></strong></div>
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<img border="1" height="360" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/C/ChinaMarsProbe2020.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="189" /><br />
<span class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; padding-top: 5px;">According to China's <em>Xinhua</em> news, the Long March-5<br />carrier rocket will carry out the Mars mission from the<br />Wenchang space launch center in southern China’s Hainan Province.<br />After a seven-month journey, the lander will separate from the<br />orbiter and touch down in the northern hemisphere of Mars.<br />From the landing site, the rover will explore the surface.<br />Image of Long March 5 Y2 was transported from assembly<br />building to 101 launch site in Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Center<br />on June 26, 2017. June 2017 image by Wikimedia Commons.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="FallEquinoxTodaySept22_2017" name="FallEquinoxTodaySept22_2017" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>September 22, 2017 - Fall Equinox Today.</div>
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<img border="1" height="252" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/E/EquinoxHalfEarthGraphic.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="275" /></div>
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Autumn begins today in the Northern Hemisphere, September 22, 2017,<br />
at 22:02 UTC (2:02 PM Mtn) when the sun shines directly on the equator<br />
and the length of day and night everywhere on Earth, except the poles,<br />
is about 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of nighttime. Then our Northern<br />
Hemisphere days grow shorter into fall and winter as the sun moves south over<br />
the Southern Hemisphere where spring is beginning. Image by earthsky.org.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="FirstKnownBinaryAsteroidCometInSolarSystem092117" name="FirstKnownBinaryAsteroidCometInSolarSystem092117" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>September 21, 2017 - First Known “Binary Asteroid-Comet”<br />
in Our Solar System.</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“S</span>urface ice cannot survive in the asteroid belt for the age of the<br />
Solar System, but can be protected for billions of years by a refractory<br />
dust mantle only a few metres thick.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Jessica Agarwal, Ph.D., 288P Team Leader, Max Planck<br />
Institute for Solar System Research, Germany</div>
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<img border="1" height="143" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/B/BinaryAsteroidCometIllustration092117.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="343" /><br />
This is an illustration of a unique solar system object that astronomers<br />
call “asteroid 288P.” It is located in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.<br />
Two asteroids are orbiting each other while surface water ice is sublimating off caused<br />
by the heat of the Sun, creating a glowing coma and long tail like comets emit.</div>
<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px;">T</span>eam Leader Jessica Agarwal, Ph.D., and her Max Planck Institute colleagues have concluded that 288P has existed as a binary system for only about 5000 years. She says, “Surface ice cannot survive in the asteroid belt for the age of the Solar System, but can be protected for billions of years by a refractory dust mantle only a few metres thick.” She and other scientists now think that icy asteroids are what brought water to Earth, not comets.<br />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="MexicoQuakeUpdate092017" name="MexicoQuakeUpdate092017" style="color: #9d449a;"></a><span class="red18boldDEEP" style="color: #de0000;">Update:</span> September 20, 2017 - 32 Years and 6 Hours to the Day<br />
of the 1985 Catastrophic 8.0 Mexico Earthquake — Central Mexico Was Rocked by 7.1 Magnitude Earthquake — <em>After</em> Annual Earthquake Survival Drill. At Least 225 People Dead and Number Rising.</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I</span>s there a relationship between the September 7, 2017, quake of<br />
magnitude 8.1 in state of Chiapas? A lot of people will think that they<br />
are related, and there's going to be a lot of work on that.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Gavin Hayes, Ph.D., Seismologist, USGS, Golden, Colorado</div>
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<img border="1" height="180" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/MexicoCity1985Quake.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="242" /> <img border="1" height="180" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/Mexico091917Quake.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="281" /></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<strong>Left: </strong>32 years ago, on the early morning of September 19, 1985, at 7:17 CST, an 8.0 magnitude<br />
hit Mexico City and was categorized a Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The event destroyed<br />
dozens of buildings and killed at least 5,000 people. <strong>Right:</strong> On September 19, 2017,<br />
at 1:15 PM CST, a 7.1 magnitude quake toppled buildings and the death toll has risen<br />
to 225 and is expected to keep climbing.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="MarsGaleCraterBoronMeansPotentialLife091817" name="MarsGaleCraterBoronMeansPotentialLife091817" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>September 18, 2017 - Discovery of Boron in Martian Gale Crater Means There Once Was Water That Could Have Supported Life.</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“B</span>ecause borates may play an important role in making RNA — one of the building<br />
blocks of life — finding boron on Mars further opens the possibility that life could have once arisen on the planet. Borates are one possible bridge from simple organic molecules to RNA. Without RNA, you have no life. The presence of boron tells us that, if organics were present on Mars, these chemical reactions could have occurred.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Patrick Gasda, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Researcher,<br />
Los Alamos Nat'l. Lab, New Mexico</div>
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<img border="1" height="252" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/MarsBoronDiscoveredGaleCrater091817.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="247" /><br />
On September 5, 2017, in the journal of <em>Geophysical Research Letters,</em><br />
Dr. Patrick Gasda reports that the NASA Curiosity rover's ChemCam instrument<br />
detected boron in calcium sulfate mineral veins. That means the boron was<br />
present in Mars groundwater at temperatures between 32 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit<br />
(0 - 60 degrees C.) and the water had a habitable pH of neutral to alkaline.</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px;">A</span> new Mars 2020 rover will be equipped with an instrument called “SuperCam,” developed by Los Alamos, and another instrument called SHERLOC, which was developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Both instruments will search for signs of past life on Mars.</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px;">A</span>lso see: <strong><a class="NEWplumLink18" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2015&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Why Is NASA Faking Gale Crater Images On Mars?</a></strong></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="CassiniSpacecraftBurnedUpInSaturnToday091517" name="CassiniSpacecraftBurnedUpInSaturnToday091517" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>September 15, 2017 - Earth's Cassini Is Now Part of Saturn.</div>
<div class="NEWtextLeftNoBold18" style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px;">A</span>s predicted, at 4:55 AM Pacific / 7:55 AM Eastern, contact with the Cassini spacecraft was lost after its last minute of breathing in some Saturn atmosphere for data collection and last transmission back to the Deep Space Network. Then Cassini kept diving into Saturn's upper atmosphere where it burned up like a meteor.</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“A</span> superb machine in an amazing place doing everything possible<br />
to reveal the mysteries and secrets of our solar system. This morning,<br />
a lone explorer, a machine made by humankind, finished its mission<br />
900 million miles away. To the very end, the spacecraft did everything<br />
we asked. We believe we got every last second of data. We have<br />
indeed accomplished everything we set out to do.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Earl Maize, Cassini Project Manager</div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/S/SaturnByCassini091317BeforeDeath091517.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="309" /><br />
One of Cassini's final, unprocessed images of Saturn's<br />
rings, taken on September 13, 2017, before its September 15th<br />
death plunge into Saturn's atmosphere. As predicted, contact with<br />
Earth was lost at 4:55 AM Pacific / 7:55 AM Eastern. NASA image.</div>
<div class="NEWtextLeftNoBold18" style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px;">L</span>inda Spilker, Cassini Project Scientist, has been working with the Cassini spacecraft during its 13-year-mission and said sadly, “Things never will be quite the same for those of us on the Cassini team now that the spacecraft is no longer flying. But, we take comfort knowing that every time we look up at Saturn in the night sky, part of Cassini will be there, too.”</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px;">A</span>lso see:</div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<a class="NEWplumLink18" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2291&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">— Saturn's Moon Enceladus Might Have Warm Ocean<br />Water Up to 194 Degrees Fahrenheit.</a></div>
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— <strong><a class="NEWplumLink18" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1387&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Saturn's Titan Moon Has Greater Oil Reserves Than Earth</a></strong></div>
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September 11, 2017 - On This 16th Anniversary of 9/11, Here Is<br />
the Sept. 15, 2001 Earthfiles Report After the Horror. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2563&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
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<img border="1" height="298" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/0-9/091101AnniversaryOn091117TradeCenterBurning.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="248" /></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
A small section of New York's World Trade Center, fragile but still standing,<br />
after the two horrific airliner attacks the morning of September 11, 2001.<br />
The North and South Towers of the WTC both collapsed<br />
into a pile of rubble 100 feet high. Other nearby buildings<br />
also collapsed, destroying 10% of Manhattan's financial office space,<br />
15 million square feet equivalent to ten Empire State buildings.<br />
Photograph © 2001 by Spenser Platt/Getty Images.</div>
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September 10, 2017 - A. I. Threat from Weaponized Robots?<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2562&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “T</span>he worry is that people continue to think of these devices as gimmicks<br />
and toys, not potentially dangerous devices that may be used to spy on their<br />
loved ones or even hurt them. After all, they are not just toys. They are increasingly<br />
capable computers with arms, legs or wheels which will only get<br />
bigger, stronger, faster with each new generation.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Lucas Apa, Principal Security Consultant for IOActive</div>
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<img border="1" height="288" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/AIcyborgAmericanFlag.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="346" /><br />
Cyborg video image by <em>The Daily Conversation.</em></div>
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September 7, 2017 - Is Alien Hybridization the Key to Human Evolution On Earth? <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2210&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for 2-Part Real X-Files.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“S</span>ince humans and these E. T. species all share the same genetic heritage<br />
going back millions of years when Earth was first seeded with life,<br />
humans are the ideal species to interbreed with.” </div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Chisky, Alleged Hybrid Geneticist at Area 51, Nevada</div>
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<img height="198" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/H/HybridsRachealArea51TriangleLogo.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="234" /></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
Triangle emblem of alleged alien intelligences<br />
working underground at S4 and Area 51, Nellis AFB,<br />
Nevada, on human/alien hybridization program.<br />
Source: <em>Raechel's Eyes - The Strange But True Case<br />of A Human-Alien Hybrid</em> © 2005 by Helen Littrell and Jean Bilodeaux.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="NorthKoreaHydrogenBombTest090317" name="NorthKoreaHydrogenBombTest090317" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>September 3, 2017 - 6.3 Magnitude Earthquake in North Korea's<br />
Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site — Hydrogen Bomb Test?</div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“T</span>he shockwaves were at least 10 times as powerful<br />
as the last time Pyongyang exploded an atomic bomb a year ago.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Justin McCurry, U. K. Correspondent for <em>The Guardian</em></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/K/Korea_NorthHydrogenBombTest090317.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="296" /><br />
This image was released by North Korea’s official<br />
Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) on Sunday, September 3, 2017,<br />
described as showing leader Kim Jong-Un pointing at a hydrogen bomb.<br />
USGS has also confirmed a 2nd quake "significantly smaller" and likely to<br />
be a structural collapse after the larger underground bomb test. South Korea<br />
has called for a national security meeting. Image © 2017 by AFP/Getty Images.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AdelaideAustraliaMysteriousTremorsRumbling090217" name="AdelaideAustraliaMysteriousTremorsRumbling090217" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>September 2, 2017 - Mysterious Tremors, Rattling Windows<br />
and Shaking Floors At 2 AM Today in Adelaide, Australia.</div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I</span>t was a strange rumbling noise with shaking windows.<br />
Cat went crazy. Never heard anything like it before. Freaked me out!!!”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- C.J., resident of Adelaide, Australia</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I </span>can confirm that it is definitely not an earthquake — but exactly what it is,<br />
I don't know. But we have recorded it on quite a lot of our seismic instruments.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- David Love, Seismologist, Seismological Assoc. of Australia</div>
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<img border="1" height="238" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/AustraliaAdelaideRumbleRattles090217Map.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="377" /></div>
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Adelaide in Southern Australia (Google pointer) is the 5th-most<br />
populous city in the country with about 1.3 million people.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px;">M</span>ore than 800 people were awakened and contacted various media and authorities when two different rumbles shook people in their beds and loudly rattled windows at 2:07 AM and 2:15 AM on Saturday, September 2, 2017, in Adelaide, Australia, a city of about 1.3 million people. Seismologist David Love with the Seismological Assoc. of Australia said the loud tremors remained a mystery. “I can confirm that it is definitely not an earthquake, but exactly what it is, I don't know, but we have recorded it on quite a lot of our seismic instruments.” Geoscience Australia agreed it was not an earthquake, but hypothesized it might be loud, intense thunder from approaching lightning storms.</div>
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However, residents who experienced the loud, shaking phenomenon disagreed. Bethany Hiska in Adelaide tweeted, “Woke me up!! My whole house shook. Weirdest thing ever.” And another resident, C. J., told the Advertiser.com.au, “Definitely heard it. Woke first at 2 AM — 2nd not long after. Was a strange rumbling noise with shaking windows. Cat went crazy. Never heard anything like it before. Freaked me out!!!”</div>
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August 30, 2017 - Distant Galaxy Emits 15 New Fast Radio Bursts.<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2561&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click on Science Report.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “T</span>hese are the highest frequency and widest bandwidth detections of bursts from<br />
FRB 121102 obtained to-date. Additional fully calibrated full-Stokes analysis employing<br />
coherent de-dispersion on raw voltage data is ongoing. These observations may indicate<br />
FRB 121102 is currently in a heightened activity state, and follow-on observations<br />
are encouraged, particularly at higher radio frequencies.”</div>
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- <em>The Astronomer's Telegram,</em> Aug. 29, 2017</div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “A</span>n artificial origin of fast radio bursts is worth contemplating and checking.”</div>
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- Avi Loeb, Ph.D., Chair, Harvard University Astronomy Dept.</div>
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<img border="1" height="288" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/F/FRBsGreenBankTelescopeWVa083017.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="256" /><br />
Green Bank Telescope, West Virginia.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="UnprecedentedRainInTexas082817" name="UnprecedentedRainInTexas082817" style="color: #9d449a; font-weight: bold;"></a><strong>August 28, 2017 - <span class="red18boldDEEP" style="color: #de0000; font-size: 24px;">50 Inches</span> of Possible Rain Unprecedented in Texas<br />from Hurricane Harvey. Flash Flood Emergency Continues in Houston.</strong></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“W</span>ater rescues are ongoing and widespread flooding will continue, and perhaps<br />
worsen at some locations. Historic flooding is expected to continue in the Houston</div>
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city area through the foreseeable future. ... This event is unprecedented and</div>
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all impacts are unknown and beyond anything experienced.”</div>
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- National Weather Service, Aug. 27, 2017</div>
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<img height="444" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/H/HurricaneHarveyHoustonTX50InchesRain082717.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="504" /><br />
Click here for <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.google.org/publicalerts/alert?aid=45e03a1049db9c0&hl=en&gl=US&source=web" style="color: #9d449a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">NWS Flash Flood Emergency website.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px;">H</span>ouston, Texas, has 6.6 million people, the fourth-largest-city in the U. S., and everyone there is now struggling against unprecedented flood waters as the National Weather Service warns that Hurricane Harvey “is beyond anything experienced” with further rain expected to fall for days. Harvey made landfall as a Category 4 storm near Corpus Christi, Texas, late Friday, August 25, 2017, the strongest to hit the United States in 12 years. Its devastating floods are being compared to Louisiana's Hurricane Katrina in 2005 after the levies broke.</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px;">T</span><span class="NEWtextLeftNoBold16" style="font-size: 16px;">he <em>NYT</em> reported that t</span>eenager Maya Wadler, 17, watched her home fill up with water until rescue workers came in a dump truck. In a corner of the truck, she was holding tightly on to her dad. “I usually just trust my parents that everything is going to be O.K. But I looked up and I saw that my dad was closing his eyes, the water was getting in his eyes. And I just thought: He has absolutely no idea where we are going to go.”</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="SolarEclipseTimeLapseAndSarosCycle082117" name="SolarEclipseTimeLapseAndSarosCycle082117" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>August 21, 2017 - Solar Eclipse Time Lapse and Saros Cycle.</div>
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<img border="1" height="243" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/S/SolarEclipseTimeLapseWyoming082117.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="576" /></div>
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Green River Lake, Wyoming, time lapse image by Ben Cooper of the Sun's beautiful white corona<br />
extending out past the central dark Moon that caused the August 21, 2017, total solar eclipse.<br />
Extending left and right from the Sun at totality are a series of timelapse images of the<br />
partial eclipse phases before and after totality.</div>
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px;">T</span>he last time a total solar eclipse shadow touched only what we call the continental United States was in the year 436, which was 1,581 years ago. The next total solar eclipse that will touch only the U. S. mainland is not until January 25, 2316, which is 299 years from now. This 2017 Great American Eclipse was part of Saros 145. Solar eclipses occur near the moon's descending node and each new saros cycle of eclipses are given a number. Saros 145 began with a partial eclipse in the Northern Hemisphere on January 4, 1639, and won't end until April 17, 3009, which is 1,370 years in the future. The cyclic nature of each saros gives scientists the ability to predict re-occurring solar and lunar eclipses.<br />
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August 18, 2017 - Parts 1 - 12: Private Detective's Encounters<br />
with Non-Humans. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1806&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Part 1 Real X-File.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">A</span> timeline is chosen for genetic change. Genetic material can be<br />
taken from one timeline to the other without disruption to either timeline.<br />
That's the end goal of the entities' genetic program.”</div>
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- Joshua Rhinehall, detective in Spokane region</div>
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<img border="1" height="180" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/J/JoshuaRhinehallAbducteeTimelineChangesGraphic.png" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="431" /><br />
Illustration of alien timeline manipulation for genetic changes on specific<br />
planetary systems © 2011 by Joshua Rhinehall.</div>
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August 15, 2017 - <span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">Part 2:</span> More Half-Cats in Baton Rouge, LA,<br />
Continue Long History of Half-Cats. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2559&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Real X-Files.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“A</span>ll that was remaining was the uppermost part (of black cat),<br />
meaning its front paws, shoulders and head. The rest of that cat was gone.”</div>
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- Bonnie McDaniel, discovered black cat cut bloodlessly in half<br />
in her neighbor's back yard in East Baton Rouge, LA, August 10, 2017</div>
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<img border="1" height="142" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/MutesCatSilhouette070717.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="107" /></div>
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<img border="1" height="210" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/MutesHalfCatsBatonRougeLAJuly-Aug2017.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="359" /><br />
Shenandoah is an unincorporated area in East Baton Rouge Parish,<br />
Louisiana. The population was 18,399 at the 2010 census.<br />
Google map coordinates are: <strong>30°24′5″N 91°0′16″W.</strong></div>
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August 14, 2017 - <span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">Part 1</span><span class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter">: Bizarre, Bloodless Cat and Other</span></div>
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Animal Mutilations in Canada and Florida. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2558&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Real X-File.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “M</span>y cat had been cleanly cut in half and <strong>PLACED tail in the air</strong><br />
in a little clearing between homes. Absolutely no blood around. ”</div>
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- Paul Martinez, resident in Orlando, Florida</div>
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August 11, 2017 - Bloodless Bull Mutilation in Canada.<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2556&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Real X-Files with pristine images and RCMP report.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “B</span>ull was facing south with rectum, testicles and penis removed from<br />
within sheath — extreme precision with cuts and little to no blood.”</div>
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- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Redcliff, Alberta, Canada,<br />
bull mutilation report June 18, 2017</div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/MutesUFObeamCowCartoonHeadline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="226" /><i><br />Greeley Tribune,</i> Greeley, Colorado,<br />
Sunday, November 2, 1980.</div>
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August 8, 2017 - Part 7: Mysterious Micron Layers of Alternating<br />
Bismuth and Magnesium from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO.<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2555&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report that contains 2 videos.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“T</span>he alien in the photo had a lima bean-looking head,<br />
skinny little slits for sunken eyes, hardly any mouth, kind of a baby nose,<br />
no ears that are discernible. It was just really creepy-looking. It was obviously<br />
a reptilian-kind of creature. Looked like whitish-grey snakeskin or something like that.<span class="NEWquoteItalic16noBold">”</span></div>
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- U. S. Navy Chief Petty Officer, Chief Yeoman (Ret.)<em></em></div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/B/BismuthColmanSketchGreyWhiteAlienHeadline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="165" /><br />
Sketch by U. S. Navy Chief Yeoman Thomas Colman<br />
Sheppard (Ret.) of one of the photographs of aliens at Roswell<br />
he saw in a file classified MAJIC in Okinawa on Thanksgiving night 1976.</div>
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August 5, 2017 - <span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">P</span>art 6: Mysterious Micron Layers of Alternating Bismuth<br />
and Magnesium from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2554&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“C</span><span class="NEWquoteItalic16noBold">learly when it comes to engineering warp drive or wormhole solutions,<br />seemingly insurmountable obstacles emerge, such as unattainable energy<br />requirements or the need for exotic matter. Thus, if success is to be achieved,<br />it must rest on some yet unforeseen breakthrough about which we can only<br />speculate, such as a technology to cohere otherwise random vacuum fluctuations.”</span></div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Hal Puthoff, Ph.D., Inst. for Advanced Studies - Austin,<br />
<em>Journal of the British Interplanetary Society</em>, 2005</div>
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<img border="1" height="144" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/B/BismuthMintPhotoHeadline080517.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="396" /><br />
Alleged extraterrestrial metal from bottom of a “wedge-shaped craft”<br />
in late 1940s, made of 26 alternating layers: 1 to 4 microns dark bismuth<br />
and 100 to 200 microns silver magnesium/zinc alloy. Each of six pieces<br />
received from U. S. Army source were "formed" with a curvature<br />
that tapered. Photograph by Tim Bauer.</div>
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<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2557&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">In Memoriam </a><span class="centerheadlinetitletext16" style="font-size: 16px;">(Click)</span></div>
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<u>Jim Marrs</u></div>
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December 5, 1943 - August 2, 2017</div>
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<em class="quoteItalicCenter18" style="font-size: 18px;">“Goddammit, I want to stay in Texas!”</em></div>
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<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="144" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/MarrsJimInMemoriamPhotoThin.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="282" /></div>
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August 2, 2017 - NASA Job Search for “Planetary Protection Officer.”<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2553&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“T</span><span class="NEWquoteItalic16noBold">his position is assigned to Office of Safety and Mission Assurance for Planetary Protection. Planetary protection is concerned with the avoidance of organic-constituent<br />and biological contamination in human and robotic space exploration.”</span></div>
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- NASA Headquarters, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama</div>
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<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="180" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/N/NASAplanetaryProtectionOfficerJobWanted080217Headlinejpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="535" /></div>
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NASA Headquarters, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AsteroidTC4Coming101217" name="AsteroidTC4Coming101217" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>July 31, 2017 - Asteroid 2012 TC4 Comes By October 12, 2017,<br />
So Close NASA's OSIRIS-Rex Planetary Defense Will Be Tested.</div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“T</span>his time we are adding in another layer of effort, using this asteroid fly-by to</div>
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test the worldwide asteroid detection and tracking network, assessing our capability to</div>
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work together in response to finding a potential real asteroid threat.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Michael Kelley, NASA Program Scientist and<br />
NASA Headquarters Lead, TC4 Observation Campaign</div>
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<img border="1" height="226" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/Asteroid2012TC4CloseEarth101217.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="394" /><br />
Asteroid 2012 TC4 is between 30 to 100 feet long, similar to the asteroid<br />
that burned up over Chelyabinsk, Russia, on February 15, 2013. The asteroid<br />
was first discovered five years ago in 2012, and is coming very close to Earth<br />
on October 12, 2017. It could come as close as 4,225 miles of Earth.<br />
But after five years, there is uncertainty about its actual position and minimum<br />
distance. For updates as TC4 approaches, see: NASA Planetary Defense.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="LindaMoultonHoweEarthfilesNewsTonightCoast072717" name="LindaMoultonHoweEarthfilesNewsTonightCoast072717" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>July 28, 2017 -</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— F</span><span class="NEWtitle18bold">irst “Teleportation” of Entangled Photons from<br />Earth to Space Satellite.</span> <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2549&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“W</span>hat China did was enormously impressive.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Brian Greene, Ph.D., Prof. of Physics,<br />
Columbia University, NYC</div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/T/TeleportationChinaEntangledPhotonsJuly2017Illustration.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="295" /><br />
A ground transmitter beams entangled photons toward<br />
China's Micius satellite in space. 2017 illustration by China Academy of Sciences.</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— </span><span class="NEWtitle18bold">Simulated Universe and </span><strong>New Age<br />of Human Transition to Cyborgs? </strong><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2550&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I</span>n the future, our 'cyborg' descendants may look back on us with pity —<br />
how sad it was that there was that phase during which this wondrous thing called</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
consciousness and life were housed in such a delicate constraint.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Brian Greene, Ph.D., Prof. of Physics,<br />
Columbia University, NYC</div>
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<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="180" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/T/TeleportationCyborgHumanAgeJuly2017Headline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="223" /><br />
Superhuman Cyborg. Illustration<br />
by cool.-inventions.tumblr.com</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— <em>“M</em></span></span><em><span class="NEWimageFirstLetter18" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">issing 411,”</span></em><span class="NEWimageFirstLetter18" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">2017 Missing People Update with David Paulides.<br /><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2551&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></span></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“S</span>omething strange is going on because we should be able to determine<br />
the cause of death in almost every instance, but we can't.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Coroners in interviews with investigator David Paulides</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="122" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/Missing411MovieTitleJuly2017.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="350" /></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— <em>“M</em></span></span><em><span class="NEWimageFirstLetter18" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">issing 411”</span></em> <span class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">- Parks to Cities, Why Are Bodies Returned?</span><br />
<a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2552&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
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July 23, 2017 - <span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">P</span>art 5: Mysterious Micron Layers of Alternating Bismuth<br />
and Magnesium from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2548&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“T</span><span class="NEWquoteItalic16noBold">he craft was able to displace gravity through the propagation of magnetic waves,</span></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteItalic16noBold">controlled by shifting the magnetic poles around the craft so as to control, or vector,</span><span class="NEWquoteItalic16noBold"><br />not a propulsion system, but the <em><u>repulsion force</u></em> of like charges.”</span></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
- U. S. Army Lt. Col. Philip J. Corso, author © 1998 <em>The Day After Roswell</em></div>
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<img border="1" height="198" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/R/RoswellWedgeUFO1947byFranklinMintHeadline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="321" /><br />
July 1947 wedge-shaped UFO based on July 1947<br />
military eyewitness illustrations.</div>
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July 19, 2017 - 400-Foot Diameter Metatron's Cube Reported July 18,</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
2017, At Cley Hill Near Warminster, Wiltshire, U. K. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2547&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
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<img border="1" height="310" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/U/UK071817CleyHillMetatronCubeHeadline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="288" /><br />
Reported Tuesday, July 18, 2017, in a wheat field near Cley Hill,</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
Warminster, U. K., this Metatron Cube pattern spans five tramlines</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
or about 400 feet in diameter. Aerial image © 2017 by Cropcircleconnector.com.</div>
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<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
July 19, 2017 - <span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">P</span>art 4: Mysterious Micron Layers of Alternating Bismuth<br />
and Magnesium from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2546&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px; font-style: italic;">“T</span><span class="NEWquoteItalic16noBold" style="font-style: italic;">he Bi-Mg sample gave count rates of positive magnesium ions,<br />which were enhanced <em><strong>sixty times more</strong></em> than in the pure Mg metal standard.”</span></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
- Erik Hauri, Ph.D., Ion Microprobe Tech,<br />
Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C., July 20, 1996</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="198" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/B/BismuthCageIonMicroprobe072096Headline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="320" /><br />
Slice of bismuth and magnesium/zinc layered metal being<br />
placed by Erik Hauri, Ph.D., operator of the ion microprobe,<br />
into container for magnesium isotope ratio analysis on<br />
July 20, 1996, at Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C.<br />
Photograph © 1996 by Linda Moulton Howe.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="Ross128RedDwarfPeculiarSignalsJuly2017" name="Ross128RedDwarfPeculiarSignalsJuly2017" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>July 18, 2017 - What Are “Almost Periodic” Signals Coming<br />
from Ross 128 Red Dwarf Star 11 Light-Years from Earth?</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“P</span>eculiar signals consisted of broadband quasi-periodic nonpolarized pulses with<br />
very strong dispersion-like features. ... We believe that the signals are not local radio frequency interferences (RFI) since they are unique to Ross 128, and observations<br />
of other stars immediately before and after did not show anything similar.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Abel Mendez, Director of the Planetary Habitability<br />
Laboratory, University of Puerto Rico</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="194" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/R/Ross128PeculiarRadioSignalsJuly2017.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="280" /><br />
Image of Ross 128 red dwarf star by<br />
PHL@UPR Arecibo/AladinSkyAtlas.</div>
<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px;">O</span><span class="NEWtextLeftNoBold16" style="font-size: 16px;">n May 12, 2017, researchers picked up mysterious signals using the 1,000-foot-wide Arecibo radio telescope built inside of a Puerto Rican sinkhole. Abel Méndez, an astrobiologist at the University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo, said the star was observed for 10 minutes, during which time the signal was picked up and was “almost periodic.” On July 17, 2017, the strange signals coming from Ross 128 were reported to have been confirmed. Ross 128 is a small star in the equatorial zodiac constellation of Virgo, the virgin. It was first cataloged in 1926 by American astronomer Frank Elmore Ross.</span><br />
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July 17, 2017 - <span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">P</span>art 3: Mysterious Micron Layers<br />
of Alternating Bismuth and Magnesium<br />
from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2545&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“S</span>ample extraction (Bi/Mg) radiated light for a full (3) hours. Originally located<br />
on central underside of Wedge-shaped Disc. ... examinations at Los Alamos Facility. Footlockers subsequently airlifted by Courier to Wright Field, Ohio.”</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
- July 5,1996, 4th typed letter from U. S. Army grandson quoting grandfather's<br />
diary re: observations in Roswell UFO crash security team, 1947.</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="128" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/B/BismuthLayeredMintHeadline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="432" /></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
May 27, 1996, 3rd typed letter from U. S. Army grandson about grandfather<br />
in alleged Roswell UFO crash security team, 1947.</div>
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July 13, 2017 - <span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">P</span>art 2: Mysterious Micron Layers<br />
of Alternating Bismuth and Magnesium<br />
from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2544&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Report.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I </span>now include the enclosed, and can only say that these scrapings came<br />
from the exterior underside of the Disc itself. It literally was a 'shell-like' shielding<br />
of the Disc. Brittle and layered, almost with a prefabricated design and placing.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- U. S. Army grandson about grandfather's diary<br />
and metal scrapings from crashed UFO</div>
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July 12, 2017 - <span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">P</span>art 1: Mysterious Micron Layers<br />
of Alternating Bismuth and Magnesium<br />
from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2543&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Report.</a></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="102" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/B/BismuthArmyGrandsonLetter01Excerpt.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="540" /><br />
April 10, 1996, typed letter from U. S. Army grandson about grandfather<br />
in alleged Roswell UFO crash security team, 1947.</div>
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<span class="red18boldDEEP" style="color: #de0000;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AntarcticLarsenCIcebergFinallyBreaksOff071217" name="AntarcticLarsenCIcebergFinallyBreaksOff071217" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>Update </span>- July 12, 2017 - Larsen C Iceberg Bigger Than Delaware<br />
Finally Breaks Off Antarctic Peninsula.</div>
The final split was detected by NASA's Aqua satellite and announced today, Wednesday, July 12. Now there is worry that the trillion ton iceberg could drift into shipping lanes. This is the third gigantic ice shelf to collapse from the Antarctic Peninsula since 1995.<br />
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“C</span>urrent estimates are that if all the glacier ice that the Larsen C ice shelf<br />
has kept from getting into the ocean is suddenly freed to move forward,<br />
global ocean waters will rise 4 inches (10 cm).”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- The U. K. MIDAS Project</div>
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<img border="1" height="209" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/AntarcticaLarsenCBreaksOff071217.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="367" /></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
NASA Suomi VIIRS panchromatic image from July 12 2017,<br />
confirming the trillion-ton-iceberg has broken off the Antarctic Peninsula.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px;">L</span>arsen C floats on the sea, so the Delaware-size ice chunk ready to calve won't cause sea levels to rise. However, Larsen C has long been fed by glaciers that are on land above sea level on the Antarctic Peninsula. The problem is that when Larsen C splits off, those glaciers can flow more rapidly into the ocean from land and that will cause seas to rise. Current estimates are that if all the glacier ice that the Larsen C ice shelf has kept from getting into the ocean is suddenly freed to move forward, global ocean waters will rise 4 inches (10 cm). Also see <a class="NEWplumLink18" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2492&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">January 2017 Earthfiles background.</a></div>
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<span class="red18boldDEEP" style="color: #de0000;">Updated July 7, 2017</span> - Bloodless Dog and Cat Mutilations Reported In<br />
Portland, Oregon, and San Diego, California. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2542&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Real X-Files.</a></div>
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<img height="142" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/MutesCatSilhouette070717.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="107" /></div>
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<img border="1" height="193" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/Mute2MoreBeheadedCats070717KATUnews.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="461" /><br />
<span class="red18bold" style="color: red;">Update -</span> July 7, 2017, KATU-TV, Channel 2, Portland, Oregon: Two more cats<br />
found beheaded on Thursday, July 6, 2017, in same southeast Portland, OR, region.</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “W</span>hen I picked her up, there wasn't any blood underneath her,<br />
and it struck me as really creepy at that point, as it was such a <strong>clean scene</strong>.”</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
- M<span class="NEWimageCenter">iranda Keenan, </span>Portland, Oreg. neighbor who picked up mutilated 3-year-old cat Button</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “A</span>ll of us are just in shock because we don’t know what happened.”</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
- Mabi Castro, Lincoln Park resident in San Diego, Calif., and owner<br />
of 9-year-old terrier's bloodlessly excised front half, May 31, 2017</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AnotherTenthSolarSystemPlanet070317" name="AnotherTenthSolarSystemPlanet070317" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>July 3, 2017 - Another Mars-Size Planet At Edge of Solar System?</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“T</span>here are orbits 50 and 80 astronomical units from Earth in the Kuiper belt that have orbits offset by something by about 8 degrees. It is significant and the most likely explanation is this object (Mars-sized planet) in the outer solar system.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Kathryn Volk, Ph.D., Lunar and Planetary Lab,<br />
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="238" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/T/TenthPlanetMarsSizeNibiru070317.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="487" /><br />
Scientists Kathryn Volk and Renu Malhotra at the Lunar and Planetary Lab (LPL)<br />
at the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona, will soon have published in the<br />
Astronomical Journal new data about "the curiously warped" distortion in the Kuiper<br />
belt where belt object between 50 and 80 astronomical units (1 unit = 93 million miles)<br />
have perturbed orbits that indicate a gravitational body the size of Mars is<br />
responsible for the mysterious orbit peculiarities. Where could such a planet hide from<br />
all the astronomers studying the Kuiper Belt for years? One hypothesis is that this<br />
new possibly 10th planet can't be easily seen because it is orbiting in the region of the<br />
Kuiper Belt that lines up with the center of the galactic plane that is so bright. (This is<br />
not the 9th gigantic other mysterious and still unseen body out in the middle of the<br />
Oort cloud reported by Caltech a few months ago.) Graphic by Heather Roper/LPL.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px;">A</span>lso see:</div>
<blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<a class="NEWplumLink18" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2496&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">— Search Ongoing for 9th Planet, So Massive It Tilts Solar System Planets 6 Degrees.</a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<a class="NEWplumLink18" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2395&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">— Gravitational Evidence of 9th Planet 10 Times the Mass of Earth!</a></div>
</blockquote>
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<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="LindaMoultonHoweEarthfilesNewsCoastLIVE062917" name="LindaMoultonHoweEarthfilesNewsCoastLIVE062917" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>June 30, 2017 - 4 Coast Segments by Linda.</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><strong>— </strong></span><span class="red18boldDEEP" style="color: #de0000;">F</span><strong><span class="red18boldDEEP" style="color: #de0000;">raud Leak Update:</span> Professional Government Analysts Say<br />Alleged DIA Document “Is Not Real." </strong><span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2538&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio.</a></span></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I </span>have briefed the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research,<br />
Development, and Acquisition, and I can say with certainty that what<br />
I've seen of this alleged 'Ultra Top Secret' memo, it would be considered the <strong>shoddiest</strong><br />
of work and never allowed to get anywhere near the Director of the CIA, DIA or NSA.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Peter Capwell Thomas, retired U. S. Navy NT 5,<br />
acoustic and operations analyst for 26 years</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><strong>— T</strong></span>wo Cows Bloodlessly Mutilated in San Luis, Colorado.<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2539&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click on Real X-File Report with mp3 Audio.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“T</span>he surgical cuts are a mystery. I've never seen something like that.<br />
You've got to be a person who's pretty skilled like a surgeon to do this.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Herminio Martinez, 74, long-time rancher in San Luis, CO</div>
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<img border="1" height="234" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/MutesSanLuisColo2017MAP.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="166" /><br />
On June 3, 2017, 74-year-old rancher<br />
Herminio Martinez found one of his young cows<br />
dead and bloodlessly mutilated on his San Luis, Colorado ranch.<br />
Two miles away on May 31, 2017, another young cow was also<br />
found dead and bloodlessly mutilated on the Manuel Sanchez ranch.</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><strong>— 20%</strong></span> of Earth's Birds Are Threatened with Extinction.<br />
<span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2540&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio.</a></span></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I</span>f I had to choose, I would rather have birds than airplanes.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Charles Lindbergh, June 23, 1969, first human<br />
to fly solo from New York to Paris in 1927</div>
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<img border="1" height="234" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/B/BirdsAreWondrousRobbinsHeadline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="243" /></div>
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<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><strong>— A</strong></span>lien Camouflage in 3-D Holograms<br />
and Screen Memories. <span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2541&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio.</a></span></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I </span>was driving on the Garden State Parkway in New Jersey<br />
when the top of a pine tree appeared in the air keeping pace with my car.”</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
- Craig G., 42, Information Technologist, Connecticut<br />
<img border="1" height="180" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/AlienHologramCamouflagePineTree.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="283" /><br />
Highly strange aerial craft first had the camouflage<br />
of being the top of pine tree to driver on Garden State Parkway, NJ,<br />
before UFO morphed into bubbling "mercury" and then went<br />
straight up in the sky and disappeared.</div>
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<span class="red18boldDEEP" style="color: #de0000;">Update: </span><span class="NEWtitle18bold">Who? or What? Is the Nazca Mummy Covered by White</span></div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWtitle18bold">Unknown? How Many More Are There in An Underground Tomb?</span><br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2537&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I </span>couldn’t find one piece of that (white mummy) body<br />
that looked like it was put together (with hoax glue). There are certain<br />
marks on the bone of how that would happen.’”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; text-align: left;">- M</span>ary Jesse, M.D., Asst. Prof., Radiology-Diagnostics,<br />
School of Medicine, Univ. of Colorado-Denver</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<br />
<img border="1" height="194" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/N/NazcaWhiteMummyHeadline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="355" /></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
Jesus Zalce Benitez, Ph.D., described as a medical examiner and forensic anthropologist,<br />
looks at the “white dust” later identified as "diatomaceous clay," which covers a<br />
5-foot-6-inch female humanoid that has 3 long fingers on each narrow hand and 3 long toes.<br />
The earless head is also more elongated than most <em>Homo sapiens sapiens</em> heads.<br />
The body was allegedly exhumed from a tomb, an underground burial chamber near<br />
Nazca, Peru, where other smaller, 3-fingered and 3-toed bodies<br />
were also covered by the white substance. Video frame by Gaia.com in<br />
June 20, 2017, YouTube<em> “Special Report: Unearthing Nazca.”</em></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="HackersSayNASAtoAnnounceAlienLife" name="HackersSayNASAtoAnnounceAlienLife" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>June 24, 2017 - U.K. <em>Independent</em> Actual Tweet Today.<br />
Does Anonymous Hacker Group Mean Alien Bacteria in Our<br />
Solar System? Or Non-Human Aliens?</div>
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<img border="1" height="497" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/H/HackersAliensIndependentTweet062417.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="432" /><br />
June 24, 2017, tweet at 2:47 AM by U. K.'s <em>The Independent.</em></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="SummerSolsticeBeginsTonightNorthernHemisphere" name="SummerSolsticeBeginsTonightNorthernHemisphere" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>June 20, 2017 - Summer Solstice Begins Tonight.</div>
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<img border="1" height="324" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/S/SummerSolsticeDelawareRiverSunrise060317JohnMead.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="432" /><br />
Delaware River near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania © 2017 by John Mead.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px;">N</span>orthern hemisphere summer arrives at 9:24 PM Pacific this evening, when our sun reaches the Summer Solstice south of us in the constellation Taurus. Tonight will have the shortest hours of 2017. Then slowly the sun will move back further north on the horizon as the Southern Hemisphere's Australia and New Zealand chill down in winter.</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">J</span>une 18, 2017 <span class="red18boldDEEP" style="color: #de0000;">Part 3: Fraud Leak Update:</span> - Professional Government Analysts Say Alleged DIA Document “Is Not Real, But Some Content Might Be Factual.” <span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2536&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></span></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “I </span>have briefed the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research,<br />
Development, and Acquisition, and I can say with certainty that what<br />
I've seen of this alleged 'Ultra Top Secret' memo, it would be considered the <strong>shoddiest</strong><br />
of work and never allowed to get anywhere near the Director of the CIA, DIA or NSA.”</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “B</span>ut it is certain that our radar sensors are<br />
picking up the alien Visitors routinely on a regular basis.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Peter Capwell Thomas, retired U. S. Navy NT 5,<br />
accoustic and operations analyst for 26 years</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">J<span class="NEWinterviews18bold" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">une 17, 2017 -</span> P</span>art 2: Leaked “ULTRA TOP SECRET “READ-AND-DESTROY Assessment of the Situation On Unidentified Flying Objects.”<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2535&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="quoteItalicCenter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“T</span>he wreckage recovered at Roswell consisted of three hundred and twenty-seven (327) fragmented pieces of various structural debris. Most prominent among those were beams<br />
of many lengths and ranging in diameter thickness from just over half an inch to just<br />
under two inches. ... These were found to be composed of a very light and porous<br />
metal alloy composed of extremely pure aluminum and silicon mixed with zirconium in<br />
an unknown crystalline structure. ... Several of these (beams) contained hieroglyphic<br />
and alphabetic writings of unknown type molded onto their surfaces.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Page 15, June 13, 2017, leaked<br />
alleged DIA ULTRA TOP SECRET document</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="180" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/L/LeakMarcelSymbolsHeadline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="262" /><br />
Leaked document: “The beams were flexible and were absolutely<br />
unaffected by both oxyacetylene and oxyhydrogen blowpipe torches.”</div>
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<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">J</span><span class="NEWinterviews18bold">une 15, 2017 -</span><span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"> P</span>art 1: Leaked “ULTRA TOP SECRET “READ-AND-DESTROY Assessment of the Situation On Unidentified Flying Objects.”<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2534&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click on report.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“A</span>dvanced beings of non-human nature are continuously being detected<br />
along with their flying-disc craft in the controlled space of the United States ...”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Page 10, June 13, 2017, leaked DIA ULTRA TOP SECRET document</div>
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<img border="1" height="294" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/L/LeakedDIA061317CoverULTRA.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="360" /><br />
Cover sheet of alleged 47-page document dated January 8, 1989, leaked to<br />
and distributed by Heather Wade, host, Midnight in the Desert on June 13, 2017.<br />
Title: "Assessment of the Situation/Statement of Position on<br />
Unidentified Flying Objects" from Defense Intelligence Agency<br />
Office of Counterintelligence, Washington, D. C. 20535.</div>
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June 13, 2017 - <span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">Final P</span>art 3 - Secret History of CIA, NSA and DIA<br />
Investigations into Extrasensory Perception. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2533&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“W</span>hat was also remarkable about Edgar Mitchell (Apollo 14 astronaut and founder<br />
of the Noetic Institute) was that he was one of the <em><u>first fronts for the CIA</u></em>.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Annie Jacobsen, author of “PHENOMENA:<br />
The Secret History of the U. S. Government's Investigations<br />
into Extrasensory Perception (ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK).”</div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I </span>had, until a year or so ago...only seen<br />
a handful of truly ‘classified’ medical records: those of Adolph Hitler,<br />
John Kennedy's Autopsy, and recently ... John Burroughs.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Christopher “Kit” Green, M.D., long-time CIA Medical Analyst</div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/P/PhenomenaApollo14AstronautMitchellMapReadingHeadline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="278" /><br />
On February 6, 1971, astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell,<br />
Apollo 14 Lunar Module pilot, reading map in search for Cone Crater<br />
Cone Crater and Dr. Mitchell was very disappointed. Image by NASA.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="MarsGiganticMysteryHoleSouthPole060917" name="MarsGiganticMysteryHoleSouthPole060917" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>June 9, 2017 - Gigantic Mystery Hole At Martian South Pole.</div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“N</span>ASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter recently imaged a vast pit<br />
on Mars at south pole and scientists have no idea what caused it.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Science News.com.au</div>
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<img border="1" height="360" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/MarsHugeMysteryHole060917.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="492" /><br />
NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) discovered this gigantic hole in the<br />
south pole of Mars, estimated to be hundreds of feet in diameter surrounded<br />
by frozen carbon dioxide. The MRO has been in Martian orbit since March 2006.</div>
<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px;">T</span>he huge hole in the south pole of Mars is hundreds of feet in diameter and no one knows how deep into the red planet the huge hole goes. And what is the yellow stain in and around the hole? The gigantic mystery hole was discovered by the orbiter’s High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment, or HiRISE camera. It allows NASA to see Martian objects larger than one meter from about 124 miles (200 km) to 248 miles (400 km) above. The camera takes repeated images throughout the Martian seasons to monitor the terrain’s changes. Did something punch its way through the Martian crust? Or the ground is falling into a deep underground cavern? Or something came from below through the crust?<br />
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June 9, 2017 - <span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">P</span>art 2 - Secret History of CIA, NSA and DIA<br />
Investigations into Extrasensory Perception.<br />
<span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2532&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with KGRA PHENOMENON Radio mp3 audio.</a></span></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“<em>T</em></span><em>he discovery of the energy underlying telepathic communications<br />will be the equivalent to the discovery of atomic energy.”</em></div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Leonid Vasiliev, Ph.D., Prof. of Physiology,<br />
Leningrad University, USSR, and author<br />
<em>Experiments in Mental Suggestion</em></div>
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<img border="1" height="144" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/P/PhenomenaStarGateHeadline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="317" /></div>
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June 7, 2017 - <span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">P</span>art 1 - Secret History of CIA, NSA and DIA<br />
Investigations into Extrasensory Perception.<br />
<span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="plumcenter18BOLD" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2531&category=Science" style="color: purple; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with KGRA PHENOMENON Radio mp3 audio.</a></span></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“U</span>APs, UFOs — which your listeners are entirely familiar with and<br />
educated on, far more so than this reporter — those two subjects came<br />
up often in my research in everything from declassified documents<br />
that were with CIA and DoD.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Annie Jacobsen, author, <em>PHENOMENA</em> © 2017</div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/P/PhenomenaBookCoverByJacobsen060117.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="321" /><br />
<em>PHENOMENA: The Secret History of the U. S. Government's<br />Investigations into Extrasensory Perception (ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK)</em><br />
© May 2017 by Annie Jacobsen, available at Amazon and bookstores everywhere.</div>
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June 3, 2017 - Part 1 - Viewer Feedback About High</div>
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Strangeness Encounters. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2530&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “T</span>he darkness began to <em>slowly move towards me</em> from across the room.<br />
That's when I saw a small white, very dull light in the corner of my eye<br />
that I could not focus on. As the cold darkness crept closer,<br />
I prayed as loudly as I could. I still couldn't move. ”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Infantryman, Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, Dec. 1995</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<img border="1" height="144" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/S/StrangeDarknessInBedroomHeadline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="251" /></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “I </span>woke from sleep and found myself being pulled through my bedroom wall.<br />
I was surrounded by small gray creatures about four feet tall.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Male Teenager, Chula Vista, Calif., 1968</div>
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June 1, 2017 - Another Loud, Mysterious Boom — This Time<br />
in Athens, Georgia. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2529&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“T</span>he loud boom is odd. We had some supervisors drive around<br />
and nothing was found. We don’t know what it was.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Athens-Clarke Asst. Fire Chief Mark Melvin</div>
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<img border="1" height="180" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/G/GeorgiaBoomMystery053017AthensClarkeHEADLINE.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="376" /><br />
OnlineAthens Banner-Herald, May 30, 2017.<br />
<span class="ambertext" style="color: maroon; font-weight: bold;">Earwitnesses to the Georgia boom or any others recently, please email:<br /><a class="plumlink16" href="mailto:earthfiles@earthfiles.com" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none;">earthfiles@earthfiles.com. </a>All requests for confidentiality are honored.</span></div>
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May 30, 2017 - Bigelow Aerospace Founder Tells CBS'<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">s </span><em>60 Minutes</em> On May 28th “There Is An Existing Presence, An E.T. Presence” On Earth Now. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2528&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“[T</span>he alien presence] is just like right under people's noses.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Robert Bigelow, Founder, Bigelow Aerospace,<br />
May 28, 2017, CBS <em>60 Minutes</em></div>
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<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="91" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/B/Bigelow60MinutesInterview052817.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="288" /></div>
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<strong class="NEWtitle18bold" style="font-size: 18px;">May 28, 2017 - <span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">P</span>art <span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">1</span>: Lots of 2017 Surprises On Jupiter.</strong> <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2526&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;"><br />Click for report.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“W</span>e knew, going in, that Jupiter would throw us some curves.<br />
...There is so much going on here that we didn’t expect that we have had<br />
to take a step back and begin to rethink of this as a whole new Jupiter.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Scott Bolton, Ph.D., Juno Principal Investigator,<br />
Southwest Research Inst., San Antonio, TX</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">P</span>art <span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">2</span>: CIA Release of 1973 Controlled Remote Viewing of Jupiter.<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2527&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“M</span>aybe the stripes are like bands of crystals,<br />
maybe like rings of Saturn, though not far out like that.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Controlled Remote Viewer Ingo Swann,<br />
April 27, 1973, describing rings around<br />
Jupiter <em>6 years</em> <em>before</em> confirmed by Voyager I</div>
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<img border="1" height="234" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/J/JupiterAuroraHeadline052817.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="235" /><br />
NASA Hubble Space Telescope image of Jupiter<br />
and blue aurora at the massive planet's poles. Jupiter is composed<br />
primarily of gaseous and liquid matter and is the largest planet<br />
in our solar system with a diameter of 88,846 miles (142,984 km)<br />
at its equator, which is <em>eleven times the size of Earth</em>'s<br />
equatorial diameter of 7,917.5 miles (12,756 km).<br />
Credit: 2016 NASA, ESA, J. Nichols, Univ. of Leicester.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="LindaMoultonHoweEarthfilesNewsLiveCoastRadio052517" name="LindaMoultonHoweEarthfilesNewsLiveCoastRadio052517" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>May 26, 2017 -</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— Pt. 1 - <em>A</em></span><span class="NEWtitle18bold"><em>liens:</em> Scientists Search for Extraterrestrial Life.</span><strong><br /></strong><span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2522&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio interview.</a></span></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I </span>would say the odds are even 50/50 that in a year or two, we will<br />
have discovered life elsewhere — and that's pretty big stuff!”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Jim Al-Khalili, Ph.D., Prof. of Physics, Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, U. K.<br />
<img border="1" height="288" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/AliensByJimAlKhaliliMay2017Cover.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="300" /></div>
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© May 2017 in Amazon and bookstores everywhere.</div>
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<span class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— </span></span><span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; text-align: left;">Pt. 2</span><span class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"> - A</span><span class="NEWtitle18bold">liens: Scientists Search for Extraterrestrial Life.</span><strong><br /></strong><span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2523&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio interview.</a></span></span></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I</span>t's almost at the point where there's a race to see where<br />
we will discover life elsewhere first, which is incredible!”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Jim Al-Khalili, Ph.D., Prof. of Theoretical Physics,<br />
Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, U. K.</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— U.</span> S. Army Infantryman At Ft. Richardson, Alaska, Encounter<br />
with Grey Alien.<a class="NEWplumLink18" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2524&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;"> Click for Real X-File with mp3 audio interview.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“I</span>t was a small, thin, grey hand. It was quick<br />
and reached up and grabbed my genitals.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Stephen Mann, Ohio</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— F</span><strong>amily UFO Encounter, Missing Time and Residual Warning.</strong><span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;">Report upcoming.</span></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“</span><span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">I </span>feel some of us are marked, and I think some of us are tracked.<br />
And for some reason, I have a feeling that the ones that have contacted me<br />
and my family are trying to warn us.<br />
... Something has to be done and something's coming. I do feel that<br />
it's going to change the way that life is perceived.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Jerry Brooks, Acworth, Georgia</div>
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<strong>May 17, 2017 - Proxima Centauri, Closest Star to Earth, Has Exoplanet Where Temperature and Water Might Make It Habitable. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2521&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></strong></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“O</span>ne of the main features that distinguishes this planet from Earth<br />
is that the light from its star is mostly in the near infra-red. These frequencies<br />
of light interact much more strongly with water vapour and carbon dioxide<br />
in the atmosphere, which affects the climate that emerges in our model<br />
[of Proxima Centauri and exoplanet.]”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- James Manners, Ph.D., <em>Astronomy & Astrophysics Journal</em>, May 16, 2017</div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/AlphaCentauri&ProximaHubble.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="331" /><br />
The closest star system to the Earth is the famous Alpha Centauri group.<br />
Located 4.3 light-years from Earth, this system is made up of the binary<br />
Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B, plus the third faint red dwarf Alpha<br />
Centauri C, also known as Proxima Centauri. This NASA/ESA Hubble Space<br />
Telescope shows Alpha Centauri on the left and Alpha Centauri B on the right.</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px;">A</span>lso see:</div>
<blockquote>
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<a class="earthfilesblue" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2462&category=Science" style="color: navy; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">• 09/30/2016 — <span class="NEWplumLink18" style="color: #9d449a;">Part 1: Searching for Other Life and Dark Matter in This Universe</span></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2417&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">• 04/05/2016 — <span class="NEWplumLink18">Interstellar Travel with Laser Light Propulsion</span></a></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="SaturnNorthPoleEyeTrueCeruleanBlue051617" name="SaturnNorthPoleEyeTrueCeruleanBlue051617" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>May 16, 2017 - First True-Color Saturn Images from Cassini Dives.</div>
This cerulean blue oval is the true color of the eye of a hurricane at Saturn's North Pole. It is 1,200 miles in diameter and is about 20 times larger than an average hurricane eye on Earth. The yellow clouds are moving around the blue eye at 330 miles per hour. This eye is at the center of the huge “Hexagon” produced by a 6-sided jet stream at Saturn's North Pole. After 22 dives between Saturn and its rings on September 15, 2017, Cassini will plunge into Saturn's thick atmosphere ending its 20-year-long mission — hopefully sending back the first images of whatever is under the thick Saturnian cloud cover.<br />
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<img border="1" height="288" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/S/SaturnVortexApr26th2017.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="355" /><br />
A processed, true-color image of Saturn's polar vortex based on<br />
photos taken by Cassini spacecraft on April 26, 2017, during the<br />
spacecraft's first dive between Saturn and its most inner ring.<br />
Image by NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI/Sophia Nasr.</div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/S/SaturnHexagonNorthPole.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="361" /><br />
Saturn's North Pole hexagon created by 6-sided jet stream.<br />
Image by Cassini/NASA.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="HighStrangenessTimeLimitParts3-6May7th2017" name="HighStrangenessTimeLimitParts3-6May7th2017" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>May 7, 2017 - Parts 3 - 6: High Strangeness from Earthfiles Viewers —<br />
<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">M</span>ystery of Limited Time in Some UFO Encounters?<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=528&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Real X-File reports.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“W</span>e are from a different dimension, a different plane of existence.<br />
We have no boundaries or limits, as you have. We are an anti-log of everything<br />
you see visually. We can travel in any dimension and occupy the same area as say,<br />
Earth, <u>but <em>not the same time</em></u> or space without being observed.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; text-align: left;">- N</span>on-human to human scientist in excerpt from <em>The Cattle Mutilators</em></div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/D/DimensionsOtherTimes.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="223" /></div>
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<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
May 5, 2017 - Part 2: High Strangeness Letters from Earthfiles Viewers.</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2520&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
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<img border="1" height="78" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/AbductionsMissingPregnanciesEmailText050517.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="540" /></div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Abductee after several disappearing pregnancies</div>
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May 4, 2017 - Not Much Dust Between Saturn and Its Nearest Ring.</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2519&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Science Report and NASA/JPL Video.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“N</span>o spacecraft has ever been this close to Saturn before.<br />
We could only rely on predictions, based on our experience with Saturn's<br />
other rings, of what we thought this gap between the rings and Saturn would be like.<br />
I am delighted to report that Cassini shot through the gap just as we planned<br />
and has come out the other side in excellent shape.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Earl Maize, Cassini Project Manager, NASA's<br />
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA</div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/S/SaturnIllusDive02Headline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="416" /><br />
Illustration of NASA's Cassini spacecraft after 20 years in service making its<br />
first 70,000 mph dive on April 26, 2017, between the innermost ring and the big,<br />
gaseous planet with the hexagonal north pole storm. Image by NASA/JPL-Caltech.</div>
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<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
May 3, 2017 - Part 1: High Strangeness Letters from Earthfiles Viewers.</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2518&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report.</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “<em>T</em></span><em>he grey hand reached for my genital area and all I can explain<br />is a very sharp and uncomfortable feeling like I was being fondled very<br />roughly and the sensation of something being pumped out of me.”</em></div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- U. S. Army 172nd Infantry Brigade, Fort Richardson, Anchorage, Alaska, 1985</div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “I</span>t was late, somewhere about 10:00 pm as I recall, when I heard what<br />
sounded like someone pounding in a rhythmic pattern against<br />
either the wood railing or the siding of the house.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Resident of Mena, Arkansas, March 21, 2014</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="CO2hitsNewHigh410ppm" name="CO2hitsNewHigh410ppm" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>May 2, 2017 - Earth's CO2 Hits New High: <span class="NEWcenterBoldPurpleTitle" style="color: #e83dfb;">410.28 PPM.</span></div>
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<img border="1" height="271" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/C/CO2newHighApr19th2017.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="504" /><br />
On April 18, 2017, the Mauna Loa Observatory based in Hawaii recorded the first time in<br />
human history that CO2 has reached 410.28 ppm — the last time on Earth was 3 million<br />
years ago during the mid-Pliocene. Then global average temperature was 3.6 to 5.2 degrees F.<br />
(2-3 degrees C) warmer than today and sea levels were about 49 to 82 feet (15 to 25 m)<br />
higher than now. Data by Scripps Institute of Oceanography.</div>
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April 28, 2017 -</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— F</span>irst Time Nicotine-Based Pesticides Found in Tap Water While A Colorado Honey Beekeeper Loses 100% of His Colonies.</div>
<div class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2514&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio.</a></div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/H/HoneybeeColonyDead.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="370" /></div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— D</span>isappearing Pregnancy in Human Abduction Syndrome:<br />
Update with Debbie Jordan Kauble. <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2515&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio.</a></div>
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<img border="1" height="234" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/H/HumanAbductionDebbieGreyFriendSketch.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="175" /><br />
<br />
<br />
“Familiar grey being” in life of human abductee<br />
Debbie Jordan Kauble before pregnancy at age 17<br />
and after the pregnancy mysteriously disappeared.<br />
Sketch by Debbie, aka "Kathie Davis" in book <em>Intruders:<br />The Incredible Visitations At Copley Woods</em><br />
© 1987 by abductee investigator Budd Hopkins.</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— Part 1: S</span>asquatch That Can't Be Killed with Bullets and<br />
Disappear in A Flash of Light.<span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"> <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2516&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio.</a></span></div>
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<img border="1" height="179" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/B/BigfootSketchByEyewitness.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="196" /><br />
Female camper's sketch of 8-foot-tall Sasquatch<br />
that appeared near her tent in the San Juan National Forest<br />
on August 5, 2000. Sketch by eyewitness Julie Davis.</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— Part 2: W</span>estern Pennsylvania Is Haunted by Eerie Creatures.<br />
<span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2517&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio.</a></span></div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/B/BlackCatMysteryUFOsWhitbyUK.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="296" /><br />
Like Sasquatch that disappear in a flash of light,<br />
large black cats and winged humanoids in western Pennsylvania<br />
disappear without leaving evidence similar to the Whitby coast in<br />
North Yorkshire, U. K., that has a long history of large, black cats<br />
that seem to appear and disappear. Image © 2012 by <em>Whitby Gazette.</em></div>
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April 20, 2017 - Part 1 of 11: Hall of Mirrors with A Quicksand Floor.<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2177&category=Real%20X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click here for Part 1 of 11 from Linda's Real X-Files.</a></div>
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<img border="1" height="180" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/H/HallOfMirrorsWithQuicksandFloor.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="327" /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ShroundTurinDNAanalysisForChrist041717" name="ShroundTurinDNAanalysisForChrist041717" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>April 17, 2017 - Could Shroud of Turin Provide DNA of Christ?</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=26&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for: “The Shroud of Turin - Blood Tests”</a><br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=25&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for: “The Shroud of Turin - An X-Ray?”</a></div>
<div class="NEWquoteItalic16noBoldCenter" style="font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“U</span>sing the latest advances in DNA technology, Oxford University geneticist<br />
George Busby and biblical scholar Pastor Joe Basile are now investigating the world's<br />
most famous holy relics including the Shroud of Turin, the Sudarium of Oviedo<br />
and the bones of John the Baptist” for the DNA strand of Jesus.</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<em>- The Jesus Strand: A Search for DNA</em>, History Channel documentary, April 16, 2017</div>
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<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="229" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/S/shroudheadsposneg.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="400" /><br />
Left: Positive photograph of original linen Shroud of Turin.<br />
Right: Negative photograph of shroud head.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="NASANewConfTODAYonAlienLifeBeyondEarth041317" name="NASANewConfTODAYonAlienLifeBeyondEarth041317" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>April 13, 2017 - See now <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2296&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">“What Heats the Bottom of the Enceladus<br />Moon's Ocean to 194 Degrees Fahrenheit?”</a></div>
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<img border="1" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/E/EnceladusFountainsOceanAroundSaturnIllus.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="374" /></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
Illustration of water ice geysers erupting on the surface of Enceladus,<br />
one of Saturn's 31 moons. Enceladus is the sixth largest moon and in a 2014<br />
NASA gravity study was confirmed to have a 6 mile-deep ocean (10 km) beneath<br />
its south pole ice shell of 19 to 25 miles thick (30-40 km) from where water spouts<br />
rise up. Other research suggests Enceladus's core is heating some ocean floor water<br />
to 190 degrees F. and that would be suitable for living organisms.<br />
Artist's concept © 2006 by Joe Bergeron.</div>
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<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="288" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/E/Europa125MileGeyserJupiterIllus.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="255" /></div>
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<span class="NEWimageFirstLetter18" style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;">See now:</span> <span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2462&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">“Searching for Other Life in This Universe.”</a></span></div>
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Then there is the solar system's deepest ocean on Europa, a moon that<br />
orbits Jupiter. A year ago in May 2016, NASA reported that Europa's deep ocean<br />
of salty liquid water beneath a 60-mile-thick icy shell has the right proportions<br />
of “raw materials and chemical energy to support biological life.” Illustration by NASA.</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="NicotineBasedInsecticidesNowInDrinkingWater041117" name="NicotineBasedInsecticidesNowInDrinkingWater041117" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>April 11, 2017 - Nicotine-based Neurotoxin Insecticides<br />
Detected in Tap Water for the First Time.<br />
See <a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1973&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">"Unprecedented Levels" of Neonic "Highly Toxic to Honey Bees."</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“T</span>he EPA doesn't even have regulations on neonicotinoid concentrations<br />
in drinking water; their explanation is that it's too new and too under-studied”<br />
even though the toxins were being sold in the 1990s!</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- ModernFarmer.com, April 7, 2017</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px;">U</span>niversity of Iowa scientists have tested water from faucets throughout Iowa City for the presence of nicotine-based insecticides first introduced in the 1990s that are now the most widely used chemicals as seed coatings. But the neonicotinoids are lethal to honey bees and other insects. The new report confirms small traces of “neonics” in drinking water, even after filtration treatment — impact on human health unknown. Neonicotinoids are what honey bee keepers have long suspected are the major culprits in the persistent weakening and decline of honey bee colonies since the winter of 2006 in which many beekeepers then — and every year since — have lost up to 80% or more of their bees. Countries in the European Union such as Italy want to ban the neonics entirely.</div>
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<img border="1" height="162" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/N/NeonicsInDrinkingWaterApril2017.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="311" /><br />
Neonics in trace amounts interfere with honey bee nervous<br />
systems and cause death. The U. S. Geological Survey in 2015 also<br />
confirmed that neonicotinoid residues were widespread in water<br />
samples collected from rivers and streams in the U.S.</div>
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April 7, 2017 - Extraterrestrial Materialized Entities, EMEs.<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2513&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Real X-File.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px; font-style: italic;">“ ... </span>the EMEs, extraterrestrial materialized entities, have complete control over UFOs ...<br />
and can materialize and appear at will to anyone at any time any place.”</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
- Page 4, July 7,1999, “IMPORTANT” letter to Timothy Cooper from “S-1”</div>
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<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="234" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/I/IMPORTANTdocOtherDimensionWoodcut.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="270" /><br />
This Flammarion wood engraving by an unknown artist in<br />
1888 depicts a man, clothed in a long robe and carrying a staff.<br />
He kneels down and passes his head, shoulders, and right arm<br />
through a gap between the star-studded sky and earth, discovering<br />
another realm of circling clouds, fires and suns beyond the Earth's matter<br />
realm. The original caption was: “A missionary of the Middle Ages<br />
says he had found the point where the sky and the Earth touch.”</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ChandraMysteryXraysGigantic2014" name="ChandraMysteryXraysGigantic2014" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>April 5, 2017 - Mysterious Flash of Cosmic X-rays With <em>1,000 Times<br />More Energy</em> Than All Stars in Milky Way Galaxy! What Was It?</div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“W</span>e may have observed a completely new type of cataclysmic event.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Kevin Schawinski, of ETH Zurich in Switzerland</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="LindaMoultonHoweEarthfilesOnCoastRadioMarch30th2017" name="LindaMoultonHoweEarthfilesOnCoastRadioMarch30th2017" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>March 31, 2017 -</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— R</span><span class="NEWtitle18bold">epeating Fast Radio Bursts 2.5 Billion Light-Years<br />from Earth - Alien Intelligence? </span><span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2510&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio.</a></span></div>
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<img border="1" class="NEWimageBordered" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/AstronomyRedSailFastRadioBurstsHeadlinejpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="315" /><br />
Illustration of a hypothetical alien intelligence's large transport<br />
sail powered by a radio beam (red) generated from the surface of an<br />
Earth-sized planet a billion light-years from Earth. Credit:<br />
M. Weiss/Center for Astrophysics, Harvard Univ.</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle30noBold" style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— 93% </span>of <span class="NEWtitle18bold">Australia's Great Barrier Reef Suffering Coral Bleaching.</span></div>
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<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2511&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “I</span>'ve been photographing this area of the reef for several years now<br />
and what we’re seeing is unprecedented. ... <strong>nearly 100% </strong><br />
of the corals are bleaching, and who knows how many will recover?”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Brett Monroe Garner, Photographer, Greenpeace Int'l.</div>
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<img border="1" height="180" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/C/CoralBleachWorst2017GreatBarrierReef.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="409" /><br />
The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is suffering its worst coral bleaching<br />
ever recorded with 93% damaged to dying. Image by AFP.</div>
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<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AWAKENINGCrowdsAndAwardToLindaMoultonHowe030417" name="AWAKENINGCrowdsAndAwardToLindaMoultonHowe030417" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>March 12, 2017 - Manchester's 1st <em>AWAKENING</em> Expo About UFOS</div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
and Conscious Life Had 2,100 from U. K. and Europe.</div>
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<img border="1" height="103" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/AWAKENINGManchester030417PartOf1200AudienceBeforeLindaSpoke.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="576" /><br />
Some of the enthusiastic large audience before keynote presentations by Linda Moulton Howe<br />
and Erich Von Daniken, Saturday evening, Mar. 4, 2017, Bowlers Exhibition Centre, Manchester, U.K.</div>
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<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="303" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/AWAKENINGLindaMoultonHoweReceivingAwardFromErichVonDaniken030417ManchesterUK.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="360" /><br />
Linda Moulton Howe was presented by Erich Von Daniken a 2017 Stellar Citizen Award<br />
in crystal for excellence in investigative journalism about UFO phenomena<br />
Saturday evening, March 4, 2017, at the Bowlers Exhibition Centre in Manchester, U. K.<br />
Both were keynote speakers. Erich, author of the classic groundbreaking <em>Chariots<br />of the Gods, </em>presented “Unsolved Mysteries of the Past: the Von Daniken Legacy,”<br />
and Linda, Emmy Award-winning TV producer, author, broadcaster and<br />
Reporter and Editor of Earthfiles.com, presented “Symbols and Binary Code in<br />
High Strangeness Phenomena.” Award and photo by Zohar Entertainment Group.</div>
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March 1, 2017 - <span class="NEWtitle18bold">Part 1: More Mystery About Alaska Underground</span></div>
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<span class="NEWtitle18bold">Dark Pyramid. </span><span class="plumlink" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: medium;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2506&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">C</a></span><span class="NEWtitle18bold"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2506&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">lick for Real X-File.</a></span></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “T</span>his is as super secret a situation as the Manhattan Project was.<br />
Nobody is supposed to know this place even exists. ...This thing is some<br />
kind of power generator and it’s thousands of years old, it’s made out of<br />
stone like a pyramid. They don’t know where it came from, who made it<br />
or how it works. But it can generate enough power to power the whole<br />
North Slope, all of Alaska, and probably the whole country of Canada!”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- USAF Huey helicopter pilot, April 1978</div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">— “T</span>his was no 'normal' pyramid. There was energy coming from it<br />
and it looked like it was made from a black metal. It was HUGE ...”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- Dina Napier, Remote Viewer, age 22, 1995</div>
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<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/A/AlaskaMtDenaliMAP.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="217" /><br />
Huge, ancient, black onyx-like pyramid<br />
allegedly deep underground between Mt. Denali<br />
(aka McKinley) and Lake Minchumina, Alaska.</div>
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<strong><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AudioInterviewsUniverseSimulationFeb25th" name="AudioInterviewsUniverseSimulationFeb25th" style="color: #9d449a;"></a>February Updated with audios Feb. 25, 2017 -</strong></div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— A </span>Physicist Thinks Our Universe Is Simulated.<br />
<span class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a;"><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2502&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio interview.</a></span></div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— I</span>n A Simulated Universe, Why Avatars and Reincarnation?</div>
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<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2503&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio interview.</a></div>
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<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/S/SimulationAvatarsReincarnationHeadline022017.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="217" /></div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— I</span>s Our Universe Also A 3-D Hologram?</div>
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<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2504&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio interview.</a></div>
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<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/S/SimulationHolographiUniverseHeadline022017.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="235" /></div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">— K</span><span class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter">eys to the Cosmos: Fractal Math, Frequencies and Wave Patterns.</span></div>
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<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2505&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for report with mp3 audio interview.</a></div>
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<img height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/S/SimulationFractal022017Headline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="337" /></div>
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February 2, 2017 - Mysteries of Parallel Dimensions.<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2300&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for Real X-Files Parts 1-18.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“</span><em>Not all moving lights are hard physical objects,<br />and in a sense your contact is right in stating that some<br />non-human entities (NHEs) have come into this dimension from another.” </em></div>
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- Whistleblower T.W.</div>
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<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="162" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/M/MazeOtherDimensionIllusHeadline.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="234" /><br />
Parallel dimensions © by DJ Spyros.</div>
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<span class="NEWtitle24noBold" style="font-size: 24px; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="NSAWilliamBinneyWhistleblower070213" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold;"></a></span><span class="NEWtitle18bold">“N</span>SA Whistleblower Tells All”-<em> NYT</em> Op-Doc.</div>
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<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9IwJeBr18s" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">— Click here for June 9, 2013 Interview.</a></div>
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<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59H1vu9IlhM" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">— Click here for July 2012 DEF CON Conf, Las Vegas</a></div>
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a class="NEWplumLink18" href="http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/videos/patriot-act/nsa-whistle-blower-tells-all.html" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">— Click here for 082312 whistleblower video.</a></div>
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Also see: <a class="plumlinkMay" href="http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1962&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 16px; text-decoration-line: none;">033012 Earthfiles - NSA Utah Data Center.</a></div>
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<span class="NEWquoteFirstLetter24" style="font-size: 24px;">“W</span>e can call ourselves a democracy,<br />
but that doesn't mean that we will stay that way.”</div>
<div class="NEWquotedName16noItalic" style="font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
- William Binney, NSA Whistleblower, July 2012</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="144" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/N/NSAbinneySpeakingAug2012.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="207" /><br />
William Binney, NSA whistleblower, says spy agency is<br />
violating U. S. Constitution in gathering phone, email and other digital<br />
information from Americans inside the United States. Binney<br />
worked 32 years for NSA and was considered one of NSA's best<br />
mathematicians and code breakers until he left the agency in protest<br />
after 9/11 and its policy change under Pres. George Bush to spy inside<br />
the U. S. without warrants. William Binney spoke at the 2012 DEF CON<br />
Hacker's Conference, July 26-29, 2012, at the Rio Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada.</div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="NEWtitle18bold" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
Posthumous Testimony About “Alien Visitation Craft”<br />
and Beyond-Black International Control of AVC Back-Engineering.<br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yytSNQ2ogD4" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">Click for video everyone should see.</a></div>
<div class="NEWimageText14" style="font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;">
<img class="NEWimageBordered" height="216" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/images/news/P/Pawelec2000videotape.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="303" /><br />
William Pawelec was a U.S. Air Force computer operations<br />
and programming specialist with numerous credentials in security<br />
technologies and access control systems. He gave this interview to<br />
Steven Greer, M.D., in the year 2000 (stated by Mr. Pawelec during taping)<br />
prior to a 2001 National Press Club Disclosure Project event and asked that<br />
the videotaped interview not be released until after his death. William Pawelec<br />
passed away on May 22, 2007, and the Disclosure Project received<br />
permission to release videotaped interview in December 2010, now on YouTube.</div>
<div class="NEWtitle18bold" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="NEWimageCenter" style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif;"><strong>January 8, 2007 - U. S. Navy Yeoman Sees Extraterrestrial Photos.</strong><br /><br /><a href="https://youtu.be/SxvQF6oBQYk" style="color: #9d449a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img height="76" src="https://www.earthfiles.com/Images/news/B/ButtonYouTube.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="139" /></a><br /><a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://youtu.be/SxvQF6oBQYk" style="color: #9d449a; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Click to view Earthfiles YouTube Channel video excerpt.</a></span></div>
<div align="center" style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<br />
For more about Navy Yeoman, drawings of non-humans and documents:<br />
C<span style="color: blue;"><span class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="color: #10109c; font-weight: bold;">lick on these important Earthfiles reports:</span></span></div>
<div class="NEWplumLink18center" style="color: #9d449a; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1064&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">• 03/17/2006 -- Part 1: U.S. Navy Chief Yeoman Describes "Extraterrestrial Biological Entities" in TOP SECRET/MAJIC Photographs.</a><br />
<a class="NEWplumLink18center" href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1067&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;">• 03/23/2006 -- Part 2: U.S. Navy Chief Yeoman Describes "Extraterrestrial Biological Entities" in TOP SECRET/MAJIC Photographs<span style="color: #9900cc;">.</span></a></div>
<hr align="center" />
<div class="NEWinterviews18boldCenter" style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center;">
Special Real X-Files: Electronic Reprints</div>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<span class="NEWplumLink18" style="color: #9d449a; font-weight: bold;"><br /><strong class="plum18Centered" style="color: purple;"><a class="NEWplumLink18" href="http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1168&category=Real%20X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;"><em>Inside Saucer Post ...3-0 Blue PLUS The Crash/Retrievals Status Reports,<br />I - VII © 1957-1994</em></a><em><a class="NEWplumLink18" href="http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1168&category=Real%20X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-style: normal; text-decoration-line: none;"> by Leonard H. Stringfield.</a></em></strong></span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: blue;"><a class="NEWplumLink18" href="http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=528&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;"><em>The Cattle Mutilators</em></a><i><a class="NEWplumLink18" href="http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=528&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-style: normal; text-decoration-line: none;"> © 1980 by John J. Dalton.</a></i></span></b></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="left" style="color: black; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif;"><u>Chapter 18 excerpt:</u> <i style="font-size: 16px;">“We are from a different dimension, a different plane of existence. We have no boundaries or limits, as you have. We are an anti-log of everything you see visually. We can travel in any dimension and occupy the same area as say, earth, but not the same time or space without being observed. The possibilities of existence are infinite.”</i></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><a class="NEWplumLink18" href="http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=440&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;"><em>The Unthinkable Truth</em></a><i><a class="NEWplumLink18" href="http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=440&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-style: normal; text-decoration-line: none;"> © 1976 by Fredrick Smith.</a></i></span></b></span></div>
<div align="left" style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif;"><b><i><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=390&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-style: normal; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /></a></span></i><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=390&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="NEWplumLink18"><em>Mystery Stalks the Prairie</em></span></a><i><a href="http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=390&category=Real+X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-style: normal; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="NEWplumLink18"> © 1976 by Roberta Donovan and Cascade County, Montana Sheriff's Deputy Keith Wolverton.</span></a></i></span></b></span></div>
<div align="left" style="color: #333333; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-top: 4px;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "times" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The first book by an American deputy sheriff about his firsthand investigations of animal mutilations and associated high strangeness around Great Falls, Montana in the 1970s. Out of print since 1979, see this important classic.</span></span></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 640px;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" valign="top"><span class="Sectionheaders" style="color: #000066; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold;">Headlines</span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 10/26/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2576&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">How Many UFOs Pretend to Be Stars? </a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 10/26/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2575&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Adelie Penguins in East Antarctica “Suffer Catastrophic Breeding Event”</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 10/26/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2574&category=Real%20X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Bloodless Mutilation of Cats, Rabbits and Foxes Ongoing in U. K.</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 10/26/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2573&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">More Mysterious Booms and Sky Flashes in North Carolina and Australia</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 10/20/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2572&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Mysterious Georgia Guidestones</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 10/17/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2571&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Why Has A Maine-Sized Gigantic Hole Opened in Antarctic Weddell Sea?</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 10/13/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2570&category=Real%20X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Oct. 13th UPDATE - Bloodless Half-Cats Reported in Spokane, WA, While Numbers of Mutilated Animals Continue to Rise in U. K.</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 10/10/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2569&category=Real%20X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Real X-Files from Earthfiles Viewers</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 10/01/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2568&category=Real%20X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Animal Mutilation Updates: Argentina and Canada</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 09/29/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2567&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 2: Fiery UFO Seen by Two Army M.P.s At Fort Baker Near San Francisco</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 09/29/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2566&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 1: Reptilian Water Creature Seen by Two Army Military Police At Ft. Baker Near San Francisco</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 09/29/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2565&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Latest Antarctica Volcano Count — 138! Another Threat to Sea Level Rise</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 09/29/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2564&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Storms Keep Getting Stronger With More and More Water</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 09/11/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2563&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">On 16th Anniversary of 9/11 - Here is Sept. 11, 2001 Earthfiles</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 09/10/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2562&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">A. I. Threat from Weaponized Robots?</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 08/30/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2561&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Distant Galaxy Emits 15 New Fast Radio Bursts</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 08/15/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2559&category=Real%20X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 2: More Half-Cats in Baton Rouge, LA, Continue Long History of Half-Cats</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 08/14/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2558&category=Real%20X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 1: Bizarre, Bloodless Cat and Other Animal Mutilations in Canada and Florida</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 08/08/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2556&category=Real%20X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Bloodless Bull Mutilation in Canada</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 08/07/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2555&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 7: Mysterious Micron Layers of Alternating Bismuth and Magnesium from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 08/05/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2557&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">In Memoriam Jim Marrs December 5, 1943 - August 2, 2017</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 08/05/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2554&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 6: Mysterious Micron Layers of Alternating Bismuth and Magnesium from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 08/02/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2553&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">NASA Job Search for “Planetary Protection Officer”</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 07/28/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2552&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 2: “Missing 411” - Parks to Cities, Why Are Bodies Returned?</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 07/28/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2551&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 1: “Missing 411,” 2017 Missing People Update with David Paulides</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 07/28/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2550&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Simulated Universe and New Age of Human Transition to Cyborgs?</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 07/28/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2549&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">First “Teleportation” of Entangled Photons from Earth to Space Satellite</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 07/23/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2548&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 5: Mysterious Micron Layers of Alternating Bismuth and Magnesium from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 07/20/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2547&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">400-Foot Diameter Metatron's Cube Reported July 18, 2017, At Cley Hill Near Warminster, Wiltshire, U. K.</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 07/19/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2546&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 4: Mysterious Micron Layers of Alternating Bismuth and Magnesium from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 07/17/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2545&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 3: Mysterious Micron Layers of Alternating Bismuth and Magnesium from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 07/13/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2544&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 2: Mysterious Micron Layers of Alternating Bismuth and Magnesium from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 07/12/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2543&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 1: Mysterious Micron Layers of Alternating Bismuth and Magnesium from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 07/07/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2542&category=Real%20X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Updated 070717 Bloodless Dog and Cat Mutilations Reported In Portland, Oregon, and San Diego, California</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 06/30/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2541&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Alien Camouflage in 3-D Holograms and Screen Memories</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 06/30/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2540&category=Environment" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">20% of Earth's Birds Are Threatened with Extinction</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 06/30/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2539&category=Real%20X-Files" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Two Cows Bloodlessly Mutilated in San Luis, Colorado</a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><b>•</b> 06/30/2017 —</td><td valign="top" width="83%"><b><a href="https://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2538&category=Science" style="color: #9d449a; font-size: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">Part 4: Fraud Leak Update 062917 - Professional Government Analysts Say Alleged DIA Document “Is Not Real”</a></b></td></tr>
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Linda Moulton Howe</h1>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="font-size: 15.4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span class="fn">Linda Moulton Howe</span></th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Born</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nickname">Linda Ann Moulton</span><br />
January 20, 1942 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age 75)</span><br />
<span class="birthplace"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Residence</th><td class="label" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Nationality</th><td class="category" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States">American</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Citizenship</th><td class="category" style="vertical-align: top;">American</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Education</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> cum laude), 1965</div>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Master of Arts">M.A.</a>), 1968</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Occupation</th><td class="role" style="vertical-align: top;">investigative journalist, author, television and radio reporter</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Children</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Laura Kathleen Howe<br />
Hannah Elizabeth Howe Mead (granddaughter)</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Website</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="http://earthfiles.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Earthfiles.com</a></span></td></tr>
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<b>Linda Moulton Howe</b> (born January 20, 1942) is an American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_journalism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Investigative journalism">investigative journalist</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award#Regional_Emmys" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emmy Award">Regional Emmy award</a>-winning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> maker best known for her work as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ufology">ufologist</a> and advocate of a variety of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a>, including her investigation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_mutilation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cattle mutilation">cattle mutilations</a> and conclusion that they are performed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrials</a>. She is also noted for her speculations that the U.S. government is colluding with aliens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight2003_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-Knight2003-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-Barkun2006-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Editor1998_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-Editor1998-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Landes2000_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-Landes2000-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> She is currently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> based in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a>.</div>
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Contents</h2>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#Early_life" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#Career" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Career</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#Awards" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Awards</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#Personal_life" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Personal life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#Bibliography" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linda_Moulton_Howe&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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She was born Linda Ann Moulton in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IdahoStateJournal1974_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-IdahoStateJournal1974-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> Howe entered the 1963 Miss Boise pageant for college <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scholarship">scholarships</a> and went on to win the 1963 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Idaho" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Miss Idaho">Miss Idaho</a>crown<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IdahoStateJournal1974_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-IdahoStateJournal1974-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> and scholarships, and participated in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_1964" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Miss America 1964">Miss America 1964</a> pageant that year in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a>. Howe received her 1965 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latin honors">cum laude</a></i> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="English literature">English Literature</a>from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a>. In 1966, Howe was awarded the Stanley Baubaire Scholarship for her <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Master's degree">Master's Degree</a> work at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>. She received her master's degree in Communication from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> in 1968, where she produced a documentary film for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Medical_Center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanford University Medical Center">Stanford Medical Center</a> and her Master's Thesis, "A Picture Calculus," at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory">Stanford Linear Accelerator</a>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Career">Career</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linda_Moulton_Howe&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Howe's early work focused on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Environmental movement">environmental issues</a>. From 1978 to 1983, Howe was Director of Special Projects at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMGH-TV" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="KMGH-TV">KMGH-TV</a>, Channel 7, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado. Her documentaries included <i>Poison in the Wind</i> and <i>A Sun Kissed Poison</i> which compared <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Smog">smog</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pollution">pollution</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <i>Fire In The Water</i> about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_energy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alternative energy">alternative energy</a> source to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, and <i>A Radioactive Water</i> about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Uranium">uranium</a> contamination of public <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> in a Denver suburb. Howe was on staff at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCVB-TV" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="WCVB-TV">WCVB-TV</a> when the station won a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Award" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peabody Award">Institutional Peabody Award</a> for institutional excellence in 1975.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></div>
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Howe receiving a "Lifetime Achievement Award" from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal_radio_shows" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paranormal radio shows">paranormal radio show</a> host Jimmy Church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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Howe receiving her <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Emmy_Award" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Regional Emmy Award">Regional Emmy Award</a> in 1981.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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In 1980, Howe produced <i>A Strange Harvest</i>, a documentary that suggested unusual wounds found on cattle are the work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial beings</a> who harvest body parts required for their survival or research, and that the U.S. government is complicit. The documentary received a Regional Emmy award in 1981.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> Howe became known as a "staunch advocate" for these ideas, and began to focus on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="UFO conspiracy theories">UFO conspiracy theories</a> and speculate about alleged connections between cattle mutilations, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="UFO">UFOs</a> and supposed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conspiracy theory">government conspiracies</a>, saying "I am convinced that one or more alien intelligences are affecting this planet".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knight2003_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-Knight2003-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-Barkun2006-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> Although Howe claimed she was shown secret documents after being taken into confidence by an agent of the government, author John Greer wrote that Howe presented no evidence for such claims other than "the very ambiguous evidence provided by rotting cow carcasses".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Greer2009_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-Greer2009-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Regal2009_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-Regal2009-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></div>
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One Idaho state director of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_UFO_Network" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mutual UFO Network">Mutual UFO Network</a> (MUFON) called her "the most preeminent UFO investigator in the world", and she's been named as one of "the gurus of American ufology",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schultz1999_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-Schultz1999-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> although Howe has said she regards herself as a television producer and investigative reporter. Much of Howe's work includes speculations about what she terms "unexplained" phenomena, such as cattle mutilations, crop circles, UFO sightings and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abduction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alien abduction">alien abductions</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AP_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-AP-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></div>
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Howe has produced numerous UFO related programming, including a two-hour special <i>Earth Mysteries: Alien Life Forms</i> in association with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WATL_(TV)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="WATL (TV)">WATL</a>-Fox, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, was Supervising Producer and Original Concept Creator for <i>UFO Report: Sightings</i> financed by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Studios" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paramount Studios">Paramount Studios</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_network" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fox network">Fox network</a> in Los Angeles that was first broadcast in October 1991 and became the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sightings" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sightings">Sightings</a></i> series on Fox.</div>
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Howe appeared on a panel at <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disclosure_(ufology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Disclosure (ufology)">UFO Disclosure</a> press event held at the National Press Club in 2013, saying she believed "alien technology appears so advanced" that "space and time could be bent by outer space travelers, therefore allowing extraterrestrials to visit Earth".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></div>
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Howe has proposed that some photographs of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_circles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crop circles">crop circles</a> show evidence of mysterious energy she terms "visible light phenomena". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a> described Howe as a "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credulous" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Credulous">credulous</a> journalist" in a 2002 article in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a> magazine, saying that photos Howe published purporting to show mysterious energy are simply misinterpretations of photographic accidents, such as a camera's wrist strap reflecting the flash, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orb_(optics)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orb (optics)">circular artifacts</a> caused by floating dust, errors that Nickell calls "the stock-in-trade of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_hunting" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ghost hunting">ghost hunters</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Nickell2010_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-Nickell2010-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></div>
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Howe is a frequent guest on <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coast to Coast AM">Coast to Coast AM</a></i> and has been interviewed on <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_King_Live" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Larry King Live">Larry King Live</a></i> special, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="CNN">CNN</a>; <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O%27Reilly_Factor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The O'Reilly Factor">The O'Reilly Factor</a></i>, Fox; <i>Sightings</i> and <i>Strange Universe</i>, Fox; NBC's <i>The Other Side</i>; Britain's Union Pictures, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ITN">ITN</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BBC">BBC</a>; <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discovery_Channel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Discovery Channel">The Discovery Channel</a> special <i>Evidence On Earth</i>; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NBC">NBC</a> network special, <i>Mysterious Origins of Man</i>, and the History Channel television series <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Aliens">Ancient Aliens</a></i>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Awards">Awards</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linda_Moulton_Howe&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">For her early work focusing on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issue" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Environmental issue">environmental issues</a>, she received Colorado’s Florence Sabin Award for “outstanding contribution to public health in 1982.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Howe's <i>An Alien Harvest</i> received a New Mexico-Arizona Southwest Book Award in 2015.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linda_Moulton_Howe&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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She has a daughter, Laura Kathleen Howe, from her marriage (1968–1986) to Larry W. Howe. Her father was Chet Moulton, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>'s Director of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aeronautics">Aeronautics</a> from 1946 to 1971 and recipient of many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aviation">aviation</a> honors.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linda_Moulton_Howe&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 version=%221.1%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Alien Harvest: Further Evidence Linking Animal Mutilations and Human Abductions to Alien Life Forms.</i> Linda Moulton Howe Productions, 1989, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9620570-1-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-9620570-1-0">0-9620570-1-0</a>; 2nd Edition expanded in text, illustrations and documents: 2014, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9620570-0-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9620570-0-7">978-0-9620570-0-7</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Glimpses of Other Realities.</i> Linda Moulton Howe Productions<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 version=%221.1%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); list-style-type: disc; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Vol. I: <i>Facts and Eyewitnesses.</i> 1993, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9620570-5-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-9620570-5-3">0-9620570-5-3</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Vol. II: <i>High Strangeness.</i> 1998, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9620570-3-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-9620570-3-7">0-9620570-3-7</a></li>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Mysterious Lights and Crop Circles.</i> Linda Moulton Howe Productions, 2002, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9620570-6-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-9620570-6-1">0-9620570-6-1</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Mysterious Dani Daniels.</i> Linda Moulton Howe Productions, 2014, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9688570-5-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-9688570-5-8">0-9688570-5-8</a><span class="error" style="color: #dd3333; font-size: larger;"> Parameter error in {{<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Isbn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #faa700;" title="Template:Isbn">isbn</a>}}: Invalid <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>.</span></li>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-20131185914404204212017-10-25T07:18:00.001-07:002017-10-25T07:18:11.675-07:00Just An Accurate Reminder To The Days Of My Affirm: The Task To Attention To Act!!<div class="article-content entry-content" itemprop="articleBody" style="clear: both; line-height: 1.4; margin: 10px auto 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Today is Wednesday, October 25, 2017</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">7:02AM</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">ACER Laptop~Private server</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Original write September 2015</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Page1</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1.) <u> People are bored!!</u></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">2.) Not wrong to (just) watch</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> a) now carrying the virus</span></i></div>
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<i><u><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Questions to ask now</span></b></u></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">What developed 1970s scare</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 1.) Looking past 'The Act' what caused 'The Action'</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2.) <u>Religious Abuse!!</u></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Common Ground</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 1.) Death of Standard Principle</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2.) Enjoy the gasp</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 3.) Message 'Not to control it'</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 4.) But to remove it!!</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Page 2</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">* Are people enjoying the fear to task?</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">* Is the fear found in the task, the act, the sight, the scene, the gossip, the video, the share??</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> a) Does the one providing the film saying to themselves</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 1.) they did that ..........</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> a) The act?</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> b) The attention?</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> c) The task?</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Is 'The Control' as in a virus carried and is infection measure?</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> a) A shift?</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 1.) do people strip gears?</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> a) i.e.; Thought to now cause 2nd gasp?</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Trending ➜➜➜ 1) delivers control again and remove controls at seed/said?</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> b) Pictures, Video, Words</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 1.) screen, cellphone, Media, Movies ➜➜ Commercials</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> c) With the Internet</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 1.) abrupt entry to Store^Read</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> a) Now look/One look St.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">A tidbit from internet education for the 1970s in the U.S.A. for NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC for KIDs</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">⟿The History Channel <a href="http://www.history.com/topics/1970s#">http://www.history.com/topics/1970s#</a>,</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">⟿Wikipedia <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s</a></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">⟿<a href="http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/1970s-great-inflation.asp">http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/1970s-great-inflation.asp</a></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdBekNQeHzL9bncw01s8o6mDytZ4skw8oAm_UFetzkchkF_PB-txNiwZ552w0gCmNsoucJt-6fqikCwfbXjbRp39YfFQLdFpFEu4-clS9Cjq9_Guu9dBgMYqTPwOUJlaUt0e-tZKnuvZQ/s1600/920x1240.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="850" data-original-width="920" height="590" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdBekNQeHzL9bncw01s8o6mDytZ4skw8oAm_UFetzkchkF_PB-txNiwZ552w0gCmNsoucJt-6fqikCwfbXjbRp39YfFQLdFpFEu4-clS9Cjq9_Guu9dBgMYqTPwOUJlaUt0e-tZKnuvZQ/s640/920x1240.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i style="background-color: white; text-align: left;">Original write 5/29/2009</i></div>
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<i style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><a href="http://thesecretoftheuniversechoice.blogspot.com/2011/03/forewardletter-independent-mind.html">http://thesecretoftheuniversechoice.blogspot.com/2011/03/forewardletter-independent-mind.html</a></i></div>
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<h1 class="title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; color: #7f0000; display: table-cell; font-family: "PT Sans Narrow"; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 40px 0px 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 670px;">
<a data-id="6380322655089501841" data-item-type="post" href="http://thesecretoftheuniversechoice.blogspot.com/2011/03/forewardletter-independent-mind.html" itemprop="url" rel="bookmark" style="color: #7f0000; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s;">Foreword: An Independent Mind, Knot Logic</a> </h1>
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<i>Disclaimer; I have no formal education. I was removed from school never graduating. I write to relieve the pressure/pain of "thought" off my mind, I am streaming my consciousness. This is a comfortable way to get the things that are on it off it.</i><br /><i><br /></i><i>This may better explain;</i><br /><i><br /></i><div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
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<i><u>Nothing Said</u></i></div>
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<em>The rolling tape in my brain dead head,</em></div>
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<em>shows pictures of all, they just aren't dead,</em></div>
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<em>in spirit or mind or soulful dread,</em></div>
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<em>pictures showing with nothing said.</em></div>
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<i><br /></i><i>I began writing a few things down on paper in 1999. It was not until 2009 I wrote all of this poetry. I am not a poet by any means, it is just how all the pain chose to come out of me at the time. I never read what I write, it scares me. I do however try to date it so I will eventually be able to develop a time-line for myself. Stupid I guess but it is true. I finally found the password to the blog I began in 2008. All that you have read so far is mostly the stuff I wrote down on paper in the interim. I have a need to go public so I am in the process of catching up with what I have already expressed. </i><br /><i><br /></i><i>Here goes:</i><br /><i> I have had a heavy heart most of my life. I am here to right the wrongs. I do not know if this is something I was born with or if it came to fruition after I had been raped at the age of Two and Three and so on.</i><br /><i> I remember thinking, "I do not have to remember everything they are saying, I must keep my eyes open and remember everything they are doing".</i><br /><i> This actually was a complicated task, as whenever they made my bottles, they would put these drops in before anything else. From what I thought was a small glass tincture jar (this is all looking back with what I have now, a more adult and educated view to express what I am seeing inside of my mind). I remember them saying, "one, two, three? do you think that's going to be enough this time?" "No, do more, at least nine or ten. We don't want her to talk".</i><br /><i> I hated closing my eyes, you never knew what would happen. I used to see lots of colors, like dreaming in Tye-dye or being inside of a kaleidoscope. It used to make me feel sick inside. All the banging and the pounding. It seemed to come from both inside and outside all at once.</i><br /><i> Its weird when you look back and realize that you were really hurt. Bleeding everywhere and always sore. I never knew what to do, they, my family, would always say, "You dirty girl, you make us behave like this! Stop! spreading your legs". This was kind of difficult since I used to be put into a metal brace. I was severely pigeon-toed. I used to scream, then they just goo'ed this stuff all over me and left. This was always done in my bed at night.</i><br /><i> The past year of 2008 my eldest brother said this, "you know you were molested?", "you know they used to put shit in your bottle". I answered by looking straight at him, "I have never forgotten". He was silent. Thanking goodness for small favors he spoke no more on the subject.</i><br /><i> Its strange how years after the fact he said this to me. Almost as if it was a news flash. Good thing I never forgot personally because what he said out of the blue may have been to much of a shock for me to take. It could have sent me into a mind-set that I may have never recovered from. It kind of did anyway. It is after this incident that I really started to write anything down. He seemed purposeful in his attack. I am exact in mine.</i><br /><i> I have written this book of poetic verse, it seems to be the only way that the horrors will come out of me. The flow of this novel will be tough for you to read. However I have found it to be a graceful release of my mind, from the nightmares and horrors I survived as a child.</i><br /><i> I do not want pity. I do not want you to feel ill about any of it. I just want to exist somewhere, someplace where I am not told "get over it", "shut-up", "everyone has a bad life". I do not want to be an ugly stain, a throttled voice or a beaten soul. I want to heal, if at all possible, I want closure for my life of such horrors and traumas.</i><br /><i> I have been diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. A team of good-hearted souls has surrounded me, supporting me in this endeavor. You may find that this book sucks your mind into a place of disbelief. It's meant to do just that. I want you to know my life has been surreal. Sadly the events really took place.</i><br /><i> I hope that every poem speaks to you. I hope that through my writings I am able to show you healing through perseverance not fear. I hope for you to know that I believe you. Bad things do happen. Survivors do exist today, they only continue to do what they do best, survive.</i><br /><i> This is to all the ones that nobody believed. Here is to your own personal healing. Here is to all the tomorrows that we have not experienced. Here is to the heart of all the ones that did not make it through. I know you! I hear your cries! I know your pain! I feel your sorrow. I feel your spirit. I see your Faith that continues to believe that somebody will survive and tell the story in such a way that we can all heal together dead or alive. Healing from only one verse.</i><br /><i> To the magic of the blessed lives lost. To the magic of the blessed lives saved. To the magic of the simple verse. To the magic of true words. To the magic of nothing lost, only gained. To the magic of all of you. To the magic of a mysterious life, Mine! </i><i>Thank you for believing. Thank you for being there. From me to each of you, thank you!</i><br /><i><br /></i><i>P.S. Just a note.</i><br /><i>It is not that the poems make sense to you in the beginning. It is what they say to you and how you use what they have said in your own life. You may find these ramblings say nothing. You may relate in such a way it becomes paralyzing. I wrote this for my mind. I want to have this get off of my heart. So this may go everywhere, it may go nowhere, but, at least it went somewhere for me. Now I know that no matter how much pain I exist in daily, I am not a dirty girl. I was born, I survived and I want to learn to live free and happily. I want to learn love. In the end, I would like to learn how to be me or be myself around all of you naturally, without the embarrassment of myself daily.</i><br /><i><br /></i><i>5/29/2009</i></div>
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Posted <abbr class="time published" itemprop="datePublished" style="border: none; color: black; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: initial;" title="2011-03-22T18:09:00.000Z">22nd March 2011</abbr> by <a class="url fn" href="https://plus.google.com/116522120854088398497" itemprop="author" rel="author" style="color: black; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s;">Karen A. Placek</a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-70072587737891575122017-10-25T05:01:00.001-07:002017-10-25T05:01:40.261-07:00How Far 'The Banger & Mash'<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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I hammer the fools that providence on the 1960s in the City of,</div>
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any tribe to calant would cry to the tiers of the absent,</div>
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stoop to stupor the drop the acid and drank the blue,</div>
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than you are the file to this case!!</div>
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Might the awl a burr cold your grave to taste this language of more than cur,</div>
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mutt it to the verb and grab a sleeve that you blow,</div>
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deep in the tongue of this night on the tomorrow on another,</div>
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well keep.</div>
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Pillow on the Vice in a Bridle of for Got?,</div>
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in street the police were herded,</div>
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round the corners and you wake to the Nation and it's louds today,</div>
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speak a country and milk a cow whilst the goat is a trail of down predicate,</div>
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David Muir shame on you.</div>
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Balk at the chore of the Echo of a Catholic as you prey to Scatter the Films,</div>
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streakers.</div>
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Nude in Counter to those hands of Sweaters,</div>
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hand bilk.</div>
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Ships and Keels,</div>
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makings of but's and oars as the row is the boats that you have peeled out a pawn?,</div>
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nigh the hours of minute time tee,</div>
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vista to the blink of Friday to what on that Midnight skate,</div>
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is the east as the drug to the rake,</div>
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does television ankle your desk to a booking of what is Craigslist,</div>
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sure is the dial to that soap of the eh!!</div>
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Steep are the Angles of that Isosceles,</div>
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dig figures.</div>
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Match your Burrow at the obvious of Garden,</div>
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in with inch to out with a touching as the forehead wrinkles,</div>
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the knows!!</div>
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Heave hard that cock as the rooster on the Hen House of National news??,</div>
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beak to feather a Tar of Jack.</div>
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Oil is the Wick of Singer Sew,</div>
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threads as the silk of role's in with the measure out with the Rule?,</div>
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join a Velshi and the Dam is as the Family had a pill,</div>
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speak in the abortion to pregnant the voice,</div>
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vocals without the wringer,</div>
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then as the sole lure grasps the microphone boom goes the graphics,</div>
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bleeding 'till the brand is of ironing plaid,</div>
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skeet a gain as next in the line is what a beatnik,</div>
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get bar!!</div>
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Michael McClure</h1>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="font-size: 15.4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span class="fn">Michael McClure</span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GloriaGrahamMichael_McMclure2004.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="GloriaGrahamMichael McMclure2004.jpg" data-file-height="1915" data-file-width="1953" height="216" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GloriaGrahamMichael_McMclure2004.jpg/220px-GloriaGrahamMichael_McMclure2004.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GloriaGrahamMichael_McMclure2004.jpg/330px-GloriaGrahamMichael_McMclure2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GloriaGrahamMichael_McMclure2004.jpg/440px-GloriaGrahamMichael_McMclure2004.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div>
Photograph by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Graham" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gloria Graham">Gloria Graham</a> during the video taping of "Add-Verse", 2004</div>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.1em; padding-right: 0.65em; padding-top: 0.225em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Born</th><td style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;">October 20, 1932 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age 84)</span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marysville,_Kansas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marysville, Kansas">Marysville</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.1em; padding-right: 0.65em; padding-top: 0.225em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Occupation</th><td class="role" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Poet">Poet</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Songwriter">songwriter</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Critic">Critic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Playwright">Playwright</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Professor">Professor</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="line-height: 1.1em; padding-right: 0.65em; padding-top: 0.225em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Nationality</th><td class="category" style="line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States">American</a></td></tr>
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<b>Michael McClure</b> (born October 20, 1932) is an American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Poet">poet</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Playwright">playwright</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Songwriter">songwriter</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Novelist">novelist</a>. After moving to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> as a young man, he found fame as one of the five poets (including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>) who read at the famous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Gallery_reading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Six Gallery reading">Six Gallery reading</a> in 1955 rendered in barely fictionalized terms in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dharma_Bums" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Dharma Bums">The Dharma Bums</a></i>. He soon became a key member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Generation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> and is immortalized as "Pat McLear" in Kerouac's <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sur_(novel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Big Sur (novel)">Big Sur</a></i>.</div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 12.502px; user-select: none;"> [<a class="togglelink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#Biography" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Biography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#The_Beard" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;"><i>The Beard</i></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#California_College_of_Arts_and_Crafts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">California College of Arts and Crafts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#Bibliography" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#Selected_filmography" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Selected filmography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_McClure&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Educated at the University of Wichita (later <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_State_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wichita State University">Wichita State University</a>), the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_State_College" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Francisco State College">San Francisco State College</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> McClure's first book of poetry, <i>Passage,</i> was published in 1956 by small press publisher Jonathan Williams.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup>His poetry is heavily infused with an awareness of nature, especially in the animal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> that often lies dormant in mankind. Not only an awareness of nature, but the poems are organized in an organic fashion, continuing with his appreciation of nature's purity. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Brakhage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stan Brakhage">Stan Brakhage</a>, friend of McClure, stated in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Review" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chicago Review">Chicago Review</a>that:</div>
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"McClure always, and more and more as he grows older, gives his reader access to the verbal impulses of his whole body's thought (as distinct from simply and only brain-think, as it is with most who write). He invents a form for the cellular messages of his, a form which will feel as if it were organic on the page; and he sticks with it across his life..."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></div>
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McClure has since published eight books of plays and four collections of essays, including essays on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> and the environment. His fourteen books of poetry include <i>Jaguar Skies</i>, <i>Dark Brown</i>, <i>Huge Dreams</i>, <i>Rebel Lions</i>, <i>Rain Mirror</i> and <i>Plum Stones</i>. McClure famously read selections of his <i>Ghost Tantra</i> poetry series to the caged lions in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Zoo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Francisco Zoo">San Francisco Zoo</a>. His work as a novelist includes the autobiographical <i>The Mad Cub</i> and <i>The Adept</i>.</div>
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On January 14, 1967, McClure read at the epochal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Be-In" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a> event in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Park" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Golden Gate Park">Golden Gate Park</a> in San Francisco and transcended his Beat label to become an important member of the 1960s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hippie">Hippie</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Miles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Barry Miles">Barry Miles</a> famously referred to McClure as "the Prince of the San Francisco Scene".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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McClure would later court controversy as a playwright with his play <i>The Beard</i>. The play tells of a fictional encounter in the blue velvet of eternity between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_the_Kid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Billy the Kid">Billy the Kid</a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Harlow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean Harlow">Jean Harlow</a> and is a theatrical exploration of his "Meat Politics" theory, in which all human beings are "bags of meat".</div>
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Other plays include <i>Josephine The Mouse Singer</i> and <i>VKTMS</i>. He had an eleven-year run as playwright-in-residence with San Francisco's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Theatre" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magic Theatre">Magic Theatre</a> where his operetta "Minnie Mouse and the Tap-Dancing Buddha" had an extended run. He has made two television documentaries – <i>The Maze</i> and <i>September Blackberries</i> – and is featured in several films including <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Waltz" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Last Waltz">The Last Waltz</a></i> (dir. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>) where he reads from <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a></i>; <i>Beyond the Law</i> (dir. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mailer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a>); and, most prominently, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hired_Hand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Hired Hand">The Hired Hand</a></i> (dir. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fonda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peter Fonda">Peter Fonda</a>).</div>
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McClure was a close friend of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doors" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Doors">The Doors</a> lead singer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Morrison" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jim Morrison">Jim Morrison</a> and is generally acknowledged as having been responsible for promoting Morrison as a poet. McClure performed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a> poetry concerts with Doors keyboard player <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Manzarek" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ray Manzarek">Ray Manzarek</a> up until Ray's death and several CDs of their work have been released. McClure is the author of the Afterword in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Hopkins_(author)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jerry Hopkins (author)">Jerry Hopkins</a>'s and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Sugerman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Danny Sugerman">Danny Sugerman</a>'s seminal Doors biography, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_One_Here_Gets_Out_Alive" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="No One Here Gets Out Alive">No One Here Gets Out Alive</a>.</i> McClure has also released CDs of his work with minimalist composer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Riley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a>. McClure’s songs include "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Benz_(song)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mercedes Benz (song)">Mercedes Benz</a>", popularized by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janis_Joplin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a>, and new songs which were performed by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzarek-Krieger" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manzarek-Krieger">Riders on the Storm</a>, a band that consisted of original Doors members Ray Manzarek and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Krieger" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robbie Krieger">Robbie Krieger</a>.</div>
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McClure's journalism has been featured in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>,</i> the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> and the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>. He has received numerous awards, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowship</a>, an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obie_Award" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Obie Award">Obie Award</a> for Best Play, an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Endowment for the Arts">NEA</a> grant, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alfred Jarry">Alfred Jarry</a> Award and a Rockefeller grant for playwriting. In addition, he was inducted into the San Francisco State University Alumni Hall of Fame in 2014. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> McClure is still active as a poet, essayist and playwright and lives with his second wife, Amy, in the San Francisco Bay Area. He has one daughter from his first marriage to Joanna McClure.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="The_Beard"><i>The Beard</i></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_McClure&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: The Beard">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<i>The Beard</i> is a notably controversial modern play, that explores the nature of seduction and attraction, as it portrays an explosive confrontation between two legendary figures, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Harlow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean Harlow">Jean Harlow</a>, the platinum blonde movie star, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_the_Kid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Billy the Kid">Billy the Kid</a>, the baby-faced outlaw with a hair trigger. They are attracted to each other, but their egos get in the way. She mocks his masculinity, and he tells her she is envious of his beauty. This battle diminishes as they realize that since they are alone together they are free to shuck their burdening facades, and give in to what they’re truly feeling. The torrent of their unleashed passions leads to a final scene of great controversy, as the play comes to a climax with an act of explicit sexual intimacy between the cowboy and the starlet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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McLure says that he was inspired to write the play by a vision that came to him of a poster advertising a boxing match between Jean Harlow and Billy the Kid. Before he began to write, he went to the printer that created boxing posters in San Francisco, and had the poster of his vision printed up. Then he says "I put the poster up on fences, windows, and in liquor stores where boxing posters would be, and put one up behind my head in the room I worked in at the time, which overlooked the bridge and the ocean. I could feel the presence of Billy the Kid and Jean Harlow broadcasting from the beautiful poster to the back of my head out towards the ocean. They began enacting the play and I began typing it up. They'd say a few pages, I just typed it. I thought it was a nature poem about mammal sexuality and mammal love. It could have been a tantric ritual."</div>
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McLure happened to meet British playwright, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a>, who then gave words of support to the play, which helped it become noticed and gave courage to those who staged its first production in San Francisco in 1965.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McClure#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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It debuted at the Actor's Workshop Theatre in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> on the December 18, 1965. A second performance followed at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Graham_(promoter)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bill Graham (promoter)">Bill Graham</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fillmore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Fillmore">Fillmore Auditorium</a> on the July 24, 1966. With the Fillmore's high profile, the play attracted an audience of 700. After success at the Fillmore, the following month the play opened at The Committee, a theatre nightclub in the North Beach area of the city, where it was hoped it would enjoy a lengthy run.</div>
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Now aware of the play's controversial elements, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Police_Department" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Francisco Police Department">San Francisco Police Department</a> secretly tape-recorded the first two performances and secretly filmed the third performance. Having failed in their attempts to successfully <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Censorship">censor</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howl" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Howl">Howl</a></i>, the performances of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Bruce" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lenny Bruce">Lenny Bruce</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Mime_Troupe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Francisco Mime Troupe">San Francisco Mime Troupe</a>, the police department was intent to succeed this time.</div>
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At the end of that third performance on August 8, 1966—only the fifth time the play had been performed in public—the San Francisco Police Department raided the venue and arrested actors Billie Dixon (Jean) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bright_(actor)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Bright (actor)">Richard Bright</a> (Billy). Under <i>Penal Code Section 647(a)</i> the pair were initially charged with "obscenity", then "conspiracy to commit a felony" and ultimately with "lewd or dissolute conduct in a public place".</div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> took the case and represented the actors. Twelve days after the arrests, the play was performed at The Florence Schwimley Little Theatre, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>. The audience included more than a hundred ACLU-invited expert witnesses, including political activists, academics, writers and even members of the clergy. Seven members of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Police_Department" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Berkeley Police Department">Berkeley Police Department</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Attorney" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="District Attorney">District Attorney</a>'s office were also present. Five days later, the city of Berkeley brought its own charges of "lewd or dissolute conduct" against the play. It became a theatrical <i>cause célèbre</i>, until finally, after months of legal deliberation, Judge Joseph Karesh of the San Francisco Superior Court ruled that while the play did contain material of a troublesome nature, it was not appropriate to prosecute such work under the law. All the charges were dropped and the subsequent appeal lost.</div>
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Unable to perform in the San Francisco area, the play moved to Los Angeles, where the play's attempt at a run was disrupted by the arrest of both Dixon and Bright at curtain down of fourteen consecutive performances. McClure recalls, "The actor and the actress actually got two standing ovations, one at the end of the play and the second when the police hauled them out of the door and into the waiting wagon and took them off to book them."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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<i>The Beard</i> eventually transferred to New York where in the 1967–1968 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obie_Award" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Obie Award">Obie Theatre Awards</a>, it won Best Director and Best Actress. It has since played successfully all over the world and is a favorite with American university drama groups. It is interesting to note that the play has enjoyed particular success in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="London">London</a>, having been produced there twice. In 1968, actor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Torn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rip Torn">Rip Torn</a> directed a notable production at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Royal Court Theatre">The Royal Court Theatre</a> and it has most recently been revived at a smaller venue, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Red_Lion_Theatre" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Old Red Lion Theatre">Old Red Lion Theatre</a> in 2006 under the direction of <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nic_Saunders&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nic Saunders (page does not exist)">Nic Saunders</a> with new music by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Riley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a>. The play is currently out of print in both the US and UK. Saunders would collaborate with McClure a second time in 2008 on the award-winning short film <i>Curses and Sermons</i>, which would mark the first time McClure had authorized a filmed adaptation of one of his poems.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="California_College_of_Arts_and_Crafts">California College of Arts and Crafts</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_McClure&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: California College of Arts and Crafts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Michael McClure was a popular, celebrated professor of English at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_College_of_Arts_and_Crafts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="California College of Arts and Crafts">California College of Arts and Crafts</a> (now renamed California College of the Arts), in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, for many years.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_McClure&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 version=%221.1%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Passage</i> (1956)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>For Artaud</i> (1959)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Hymns to St. Geryon and Other Poems</i> (1959)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The New Book/A Book of Torture</i> (1961)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Dark Brown</i> (1961)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Meat Science Essays</i> (1963)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Blossom; or Billy the Kid</i> (1964)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Ghost Tantras</i> (1964)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Beard</i> (1965)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Poisoned Wheat</i> (1965)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Unto Caesar</i> (1965)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Love Lion Book</i> (1966)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Freewheelin Frank</i> (with Frank Reynolds) (1967)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Sermons of Jean Harlow and the Curses of Billy the Kid</i> (1968)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Hail Thee Who Play</i> (1968)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Muscled Apple Swift</i> (1968)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Little Odes and The Raptors</i> (1969)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Surge</i> (1969)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Star</i> (1970)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Mad Cub</i> (1970)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Adept</i> (1971)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Gargoyle Cartoons</i> (1971)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Mammals</i> – includes The Feast, The Blossom; or, Billy the Kid, and Pillow (1972)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Book of Joanna</i> (1973)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Solstice Blossom</i> (1973)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Grabbing of the Fairy</i> (1973)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Rare Angel</i> (1974)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>A Fist-Full</i> (1956–57) (1974)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Gorf</i> (1974)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>September Blackberries</i> (1974)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Jaguar Skies</i> (1975)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Antechamber & Other Poems</i> (1978)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Josephine: The Mouse Singer</i> (1980)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Fragments of Perseus</i> (1983)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Specks</i> (1985)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Rebel Lions</i> (1991)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Lighting the Corners</i> (1994)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Scratching the Beat Surface</i> (1994)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Three Poems</i> - includes Dark Brown, Rare Angel, Dolphin Skull (1995)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Huge Dreams</i> (1999)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Touching the Edge</i> (1999)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Last American Valentine: Illustrated poems to seduce and destroy</i> – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_Bloody_Publishing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Write Bloody Publishing">Write Bloody Publishing</a> anthology (2008)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Mysteriosos and Other Poems</i> (2010)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Of Indigo and Safron: New and Selected Poems</i> (2011)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Mephistos and Other Poems</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Lights_Bookstore#Publishing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="City Lights Bookstore">(City Lights)</a>, (2016) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872867284" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780872867284">9780872867284</a></li>
</ul>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_filmography">Selected filmography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_McClure&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Selected filmography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 version=%221.1%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Two</i> (1965) – as himself</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Be In</i> (1967) – as himself</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Beyond The Law</i> (1968) – as actor</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Hired Hand</i> (1971) – as actor</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Last Waltz</i> (1978) – as himself</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Source</i> (1999) – as himself</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Love Her Madly</i> (2002) – as himself</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Third Mind</i> (2006) – as himself</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Curses and Sermons</i> (2008) – based on his work</li>
</ul>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-27245775574014191002017-10-21T20:42:00.001-07:002017-10-21T20:42:14.519-07:00Somebody Needs To Immediately Check Traffic At P.M. Hours For Santa Rosa And All The Towns That Went Up In Flames In Northern California, All Mirrors, The Mapped Postures Of Just Happens To Find The Harness Of Possibility Of What Should Be Impossible<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9iqFMiRfB8nbdgUhbqVeUDdzI1oW47IaaPOsUiMSf4EDM1eEq2qD-afS6l1mCIhYYpRaLy6qyIfNDtf6fdBgTtuStEl1EvSUaxNLWzblw66YIObT3v-ZNkmDo9ac6wFeVE93fnumwtdw/s1600/article-2581433-1C4DB64000000578-19_634x328.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="634" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9iqFMiRfB8nbdgUhbqVeUDdzI1oW47IaaPOsUiMSf4EDM1eEq2qD-afS6l1mCIhYYpRaLy6qyIfNDtf6fdBgTtuStEl1EvSUaxNLWzblw66YIObT3v-ZNkmDo9ac6wFeVE93fnumwtdw/s640/article-2581433-1C4DB64000000578-19_634x328.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Status to what is a Bay on the ocean of salt to dry sand dial,</div>
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a light with a mirror is the born to fast is the pile of burned,</div>
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inch that with the window and a desk,</div>
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the vista is a light?,</div>
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no it is the eldest trial of hack to what North would say is a compassing steed.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZecrPKbaywNvF7bythgsDcnk_cNvGI4xcIACRs0tkQzykAn5mN7DBueqBzSUDnoPlucjRobdnYFHOIDQ84ggd0LDfd-Mk4zTlKjFEh4jxkpEdBLKlK2Yk8Yk-yhFFeq5yOgDBLw6jP3s/s1600/images+%252852%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="198" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZecrPKbaywNvF7bythgsDcnk_cNvGI4xcIACRs0tkQzykAn5mN7DBueqBzSUDnoPlucjRobdnYFHOIDQ84ggd0LDfd-Mk4zTlKjFEh4jxkpEdBLKlK2Yk8Yk-yhFFeq5yOgDBLw6jP3s/s640/images+%252852%2529.jpg" width="496" /></a></div>
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Horse trip to a journal and tree to dry hills,</div>
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pier on that is the lawn jeans,</div>
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do the tiles have floor ride,</div>
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yes actually in rich mend to know that the tone is beep?,</div>
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no it is the potato of pie!!</div>
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<br /></div>
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From that is the P.G.&E. in daily sit Tea,</div>
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tiers may found to the car SAT,</div>
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oh what a bridle on the rain,</div>
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heat will trim to what is that cloud in the sky of Mt. Tam,</div>
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gem would say Baker Beach.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Haight is the ash berry blown a cross an enter section,</div>
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to electric the fuel would not have ever been find,</div>
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bear Well.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Yime grips to rasp pew tin,</div>
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the coin in the meld,</div>
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for the past lift to the current of a valley,</div>
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the draw of drew as the painting ran to the colors Munch.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Bowel is not the crevace of what is a ship,</div>
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the knew gave gift to vocal language,</div>
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as the Bay is butter to the Milk and honey it is a Secretary pool?,</div>
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indeed in the day of the 1950s as dg swift stay of desta grain,</div>
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the boils were in told,</div>
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leaving the how ever.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Heed to a hand it is four inches to that chore,</div>
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not in the measure of 14.2 as that is the prompt to see stride.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Heliograph</h1>
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This article is about the signalling device. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heliograph (disambiguation)">Heliograph (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heliograph-2.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="665" data-file-width="528" height="277" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Heliograph-2.jpg/220px-Heliograph-2.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Heliograph-2.jpg/330px-Heliograph-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Heliograph-2.jpg/440px-Heliograph-2.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heliograph-2.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22%3E%0A %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E%0A %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22/%3E%0A %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E%0A %3C/g%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Fig. 1: Signaling with a Mance heliograph, 1910</div>
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A <b>heliograph</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el" xml:lang="el">Ἥλιος <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Helios">helios</a></i></span>, meaning "sun", and <span lang="el" xml:lang="el">γραφειν <i><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-graphy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:-graphy">graphein</a></i></span>, meaning "write") is a wireless solar <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> that signals by flashes of sunlight (generally using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>) reflected by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mirror">mirror</a>. The flashes are produced by momentarily pivoting the mirror, or by interrupting the beam with a shutter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Woods2008_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Woods2008-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> The heliograph was a simple but effective instrument for instantaneous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Optical communication">optical communication</a> over long distances during the late 19th and early 20th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Woods2008_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Woods2008-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> Its main uses were military, survey and forest protection work. Heliographs were standard issue in the British and Australian armies until the 1960s, and were used by the Pakistani army as late as 1975.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boer_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Boer-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 12.502px; user-select: none;"> [<a class="togglelink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#Description" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Description</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#History" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#Automated_heliographs" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Automated heliographs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#In_fiction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">In fiction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliograph&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heliograph_(1)-2.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="912" data-file-width="900" height="223" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Heliograph_%281%29-2.jpg/220px-Heliograph_%281%29-2.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Heliograph_%281%29-2.jpg/330px-Heliograph_%281%29-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Heliograph_%281%29-2.jpg/440px-Heliograph_%281%29-2.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heliograph_(1)-2.jpg" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 11 15%22 width=%2215%22 height=%2211%22%3E%0A %3Cg id=%22magnify-clip%22 fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%23000%22%3E%0A %3Cpath id=%22bigbox%22 d=%22M1.509 1.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22/%3E%0A %3Cpath id=%22smallbox%22 d=%22M-1.499 6.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22/%3E%0A %3C/g%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Fig. 2: German heliograph made by R. Fuess in Berlin (on display at the Museum of Communication in Frankfurt)</div>
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There were many heliograph types. Most heliographs were variants of the British Army Mance Mark V version (Fig.1). It used a mirror with a small unsilvered spot in the centre. The sender aligned the heliograph to the target by looking at the reflected target in the mirror and moving their head until the target was hidden by the unsilvered spot. Keeping their head still, they then adjusted the aiming rod so its cross wires bisected the target.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Manual1922_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Manual1922-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> They then turned up the sighting vane, which covered the cross wires with a diagram of a cross, and aligned the mirror with the tangent and elevation screws so the small shadow that was the reflection of the unsilvered spot hole was on the cross target.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Manual1922_3-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Manual1922-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> This indicated that the sunbeam was pointing at the target. The flashes were produced by a keying mechanism that tilted the mirror up a few degrees at the push of a lever at the back of the instrument. If the sun was in front of the sender, its rays were reflected directly from this mirror to the receiving station. If the sun was behind the sender, the sighting rod was replaced by a second mirror, to capture the sunlight from the main mirror and reflect it to the receiving station.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Forestry_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Forestry-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-British_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-British-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Signal_Corps" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Army Signal Corps">U. S. Signal Corps</a> heliograph mirror did not tilt. This type produced flashes by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shutter (photography)">shutter</a> mounted on a second tripod (Fig 4).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Forestry_4-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Forestry-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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The heliograph had some great advantages. It allowed long distance communication without a fixed infrastructure, though it could also be linked to make a fixed network extending for hundreds of miles, as in the fort-to-fort network used for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geronimo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a> campaign. It was very portable, did not require any power source, and was relatively secure since it was invisible to those not near the axis of operation, and the beam was very narrow, spreading only 50 feet per mile of range. However, anyone in the beam with the correct knowledge could intercept signals without being detected.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boer_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Boer-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kipling_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Kipling-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Boer War">Boer War</a>, where both sides used heliographs, tubes were sometimes used to decrease the dispersion of the beam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boer_2-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Boer-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> In some other circumstances, though, a narrow beam made it difficult to stay aligned with a moving target, as when communicating from shore to a moving ship, so the British issued a dispersing lens to broaden the heliograph beam from its natural diameter of 0.5 degrees to 15 degrees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1905Handbook_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-1905Handbook-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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The distance that heliograph signals could be seen depended on the clarity of the sky and the size of the mirrors used. A clear line of sight was required, and since the Earth's surface is curved, the highest convenient points were used. Under ordinary conditions, a flash could be seen 30 miles (48 km) with the naked eye, and much farther with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Telescope">telescope</a>. The maximum range was considered to be 10 miles for each inch of mirror diameter. Mirrors ranged from 1.5 inches to 12 inches or more. The record distance was established by a detachment of U.S. signal sergeants by the inter-operation of stations on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ellen_(Utah)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mount Ellen (Utah)">Mount Ellen</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Utah">Utah</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncompahgre_Peak" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Uncompahgre Peak">Mount Uncompahgre</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, 183 miles (295 km) apart on September 17, 1894, with Signal Corps heliographs carrying mirrors only 8 inches square.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coe_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Coe-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliograph&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turkish_heliograph_at_Huj2.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1546" data-file-width="2290" height="149" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Turkish_heliograph_at_Huj2.jpg/220px-Turkish_heliograph_at_Huj2.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Turkish_heliograph_at_Huj2.jpg/330px-Turkish_heliograph_at_Huj2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Turkish_heliograph_at_Huj2.jpg/440px-Turkish_heliograph_at_Huj2.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Fig. 3 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> heliograph crew at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huj,_Gaza" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Huj, Gaza">Huj</a> during World War I, 1917</div>
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The German professor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg-August_University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Georg-August University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> developed and used a predecessor of the heliograph (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotrope_(instrument)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heliotrope (instrument)">heliotrope</a>) in 1821.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Woods2008_1-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Woods2008-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GaussTitan_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-GaussTitan-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> His device directed a controlled beam of sunlight to a distant station to be used as a marker for geodetic survey work, and was suggested as a means of telegraphic communications.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> This is the first reliably documented heliographic device,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> despite much speculation about possible ancient incidents of sun-flash signalling, and the documented existence of other forms of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraphy#History" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Optical telegraphy">ancient optical telegraphy.</a></div>
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For example, one author in 1919 chose to "hazard the theory"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kingman_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Kingman-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> that the mainland signals Roman emperor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> watched for from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Capri">Capri</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> were mirror flashes, but admitted "there are no references in ancient writings to the use of signaling by mirrors", and that the documented means of ancient long-range visual telecommunications was by beacon fires and beacon smoke, not mirrors.</div>
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Similarly, the story that a shield was used as a heliograph at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a> is a modern myth,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> originating in the 1800s. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> never mentioned any flash.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> What Herodotus did write was that someone was accused of having arranged to "hold up a shield as a signal".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup>Suspicion grew in the 1900s that the flash theory was implausible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-http:.2F.2Fwww.jstor.org.2Fstable.2F625005_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-http:.2F.2Fwww.jstor.org.2Fstable.2F625005-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> The conclusion after testing the theory was "Nobody flashed a shield at the Battle of Marathon".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></div>
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In a letter dated 3 June 1778, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Norris_(1721%E2%80%931786)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Norris (1721–1786)">John Norris</a>, High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire, England, notes: "Did this day heliograph intelligence from Dr [Benjamin] Franklin in Paris to Wycombe".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> However, there is little evidence that "heliograph" here is other than a misspelling of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holograph" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holograph">holograph</a>". The term "heliograph" for solar telegraphy did not enter the English language until the 1870s—even the word "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Telegraphy">telegraphy</a>" was not coined until the 1790s.</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Christopher_Mance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Christopher Mance">Henry Christopher Mance</a> (1840–1926), of the British Government Persian Gulf Telegraph Department, developed the first widely accepted heliograph about 1869<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Woods2008_1-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Woods2008-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1872Mance_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-1872Mance-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18750614JRUSI_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-18750614JRUSI-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> while stationed at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British India">British India</a>. Mance was familiar with heliotropes by their use for the Great India Survey.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coe_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Coe-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> The Mance Heliograph was operated easily by one man, and since it weighed about seven pounds, the operator could readily carry the device and its tripod. The British Army tested the heliograph in India at a range of 35 miles with favorable results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1872Luck_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-1872Luck-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> During the <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jowaki_Afridi_expedition&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jowaki Afridi expedition (page does not exist)">Jowaki Afridi expedition</a> sent by the British-Indian government in 1877, the heliograph was first tested in war.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18800315JRUSI_23-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-18800315JRUSI-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Burns_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Burns-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmericanHelio1898Engraving.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1405" data-file-width="1188" height="260" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/AmericanHelio1898Engraving.jpg/220px-AmericanHelio1898Engraving.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/AmericanHelio1898Engraving.jpg/330px-AmericanHelio1898Engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/AmericanHelio1898Engraving.jpg/440px-AmericanHelio1898Engraving.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Fig. 4: US Signal Service heliograph, 1898</div>
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The simple and effective instrument that Mance invented was to be an important part of military communications for more than 60 years. The usefulness of heliographs was limited to daytimes with strong sunlight, but they were the most powerful type of visual signalling device known. In pre-radio times heliography was often the only means of communication that could span ranges of as much as 100 miles with a lightweight portable instrument.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coe_8-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Coe-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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In the United States military, by January 1880, Colonel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a> had established a line of heliographs connecting Fort Keogh and Fort Custer, Montana, a distance of 140 miles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-188001UnS_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-188001UnS-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> In 1890, Major W. J. Volkmar of the US Army, demonstrated in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> the possibility of performing communication by heliograph over a heliograph network aggregating 2,000 miles in length.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1899Ainslees_26-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-1899Ainslees-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> The network of communication begun by General Miles in 1886, and continued by Lieutenant W. A. Glassford, was perfected in 1889 at ranges of 85, 88, 95, and 125 miles over a rugged and broken country, which was the stronghold of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apache">Apache</a> and other hostile Indian tribes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coe_8-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Coe-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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By 1887, heliographs in use included not only the British Mance and Begbie heliographs, but also the American Grugan, Garner and Pursell heliographs. The Grugan and Pursell heliographs used shutters, and the others used movable mirrors operated by a finger key. The Mance, Grugan and Pursell heliographs used two tripods, and the others one. The signals could either be momentary flashes, or momentary obscurations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Finley_27-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Finley-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> In 1888, the US Signal Service reviewed all of these devices, as well as the Finley Helio-Telegraph,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Finley_27-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Finley-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> and finding none completely suitable, developed the US Signal Service heliograph, a two-tripod, shutter-based machine of 13 7/8 lb. total weight, and ordered 100 for a total cost of $4,205.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Signal_28-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Signal-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> In 1893, the number of heliographs manufactured for the US Signal Service was 133.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></div>
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The heyday of the heliograph was probably the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> in South Africa, where it was much used by both the British and the Boers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Woods2008_1-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Woods2008-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boer_2-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Boer-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The terrain and climate, as well as the nature of the campaign, made heliography a logical choice. For night communications, the British used some large <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldis_lamp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aldis lamp">Aldis lamps</a>, brought inland on railroad cars, and equipped with leaf-type shutters for keying a beam of light into dots and dashes. During the early stages of the war, the British garrisons were besieged in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ladysmith" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Siege of Ladysmith">Ladysmith</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Mafeking" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Siege of Mafeking">Mafeking</a>. With land <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> lines cut, the only contact with the outside world was via light-beam communication, helio by day, and Aldis lamps at night.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coe_8-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Coe-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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In 1909, the use of heliography for forestry protection was introduced in the United States. By 1920 such use was widespread in the US and beginning in Canada, and the heliograph was regarded as "next to the telephone, the most useful communication device that is at present available for forest-protection services".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Forestry_4-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Forestry-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> D.P. Godwin of the US Forestry Service invented a very portable (4.5 lb) heliograph of the single-tripod, shutter plus mirror type for forestry use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Forestry_4-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Forestry-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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Immediately prior to the outbreak of World War I, the cavalry regiments of the Russian Imperial Army were still being trained in heliograph communications to augment the efficiency of their scouting and reporting roles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> during the Russian Civil War made use of a series of heliograph stations to disseminate intelligence efficiently about <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmachi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Basmachi">basmachi</a> rebel movements in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> in 1926.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Red_31-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Red-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></div>
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During World War II, South African and Australian forces used the heliograph against German forces in Libya and Egypt in 1941 and 1942.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Woods2008_1-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Woods2008-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></div>
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The heliograph remained standard equipment for military <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaller" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Signaller">signallers</a> in the Australian and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_army" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British army">British armies</a> until the 1960s, where it was considered a "low probability of intercept" type of communication. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a> was the last major army to have the heliograph as an issue item. By the time the mirror instruments were retired, they were seldom used for signalling.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Coe_8-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Coe-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> However, as recently as the 1980s, heliographs were used by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Afghanistan">Afghan</a> forces during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Woods2008_1-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Woods2008-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> Signal mirrors are still included in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_kit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Survival kit">survival kits</a> for emergency signaling to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> aircraft.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Woods2008_1-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Woods2008-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Automated_heliographs">Automated heliographs</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliograph&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Automated heliographs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Most heliographs of the 19th and 20th century were completely manual.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Forestry_4-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Forestry-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> The steps of aligning the heliograph on the target, co-aligning the reflected sunbeam with the heliograph, maintaining the sunbeam alignment as the sun moved, transcribing the message into flashes, modulating the sunbeam into those flashes, detecting the flashes at the receiving end, and transcribing the flashes into the message, were all manual steps.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Forestry_4-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Forestry-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> One notable exception – many French heliographs used clockwork heliostats to automatically steer out the sun's motion. By 1884, all active units of the "Mangin apparatus" (a dual-mode French military field optical telegraph that could use either lantern or sunlight) were equipped with clockwork heliostats.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ternant1884_32-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Ternant1884-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> The Mangin apparatus with heliostat was still in service in 1917.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vauzelle1912_33-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Vauzelle1912-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bouchethal1916_34-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Bouchethal1916-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> Proposals to automate both the modulation of the sunbeam (by clockwork) and the detection (by electrical selenium photodetectors, or photographic means) date back to at least 1882.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Engr1882_36-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Engr1882-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> In 1961, the US Air Force was working on a space heliograph to signal between satellites<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SciMech1961_37-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-SciMech1961-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup></div>
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In May 2012, "Solar Beacon" robotic mirrors designed at UC Berkeley were mounted on the towers of the Golden Gate bridge, and a web site set up<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SolarBeacon052012_38-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-SolarBeacon052012-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> where the public could schedule times for the mirrors to signal with sun-flashes, entering the time and their latitude, longitude and altitude.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LATimes2012_39-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-LATimes2012-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> The solar beacons were later moved to Sather Tower at UC Berkeley.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DC2013_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-DC2013-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SolarBeacon2015_41-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-SolarBeacon2015-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> By June 2012, the public could specify a "custom show" of up to 32 "on" or "off" periods of 4 seconds each, permitting the transmission of a few characters of Morse Code.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sbeacon2012_42-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Sbeacon2012-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> The designer described the Solar Beacon as a "heliostat", not a "heliograph".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LATimes2012_39-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-LATimes2012-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup></div>
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The first digitally controlled heliograph was designed and built in 2015.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-islandpacificacademy_43-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-islandpacificacademy-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DigitalHeliograph_44-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-DigitalHeliograph-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> It was a semi-finalist in the Broadcom MASTERS competition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="In_fiction">In fiction</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliograph&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: In fiction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 version=%221.1%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s humorous poem "A Code of Morals" describes a fictional interception of a heliograph signal in 19th-century India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kipling_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Kipling-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enid_Blyton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Enid Blyton">Enid Blyton</a>'s sixth novel in her <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(novel_series)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Famous Five (novel series)">Famous Five</a> series, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_on_Kirrin_Island_Again" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Five on Kirrin Island Again">Five on Kirrin Island Again</a></i> (1947), Quentin, George's scientist father and the uncle of Julian, Dick and Anne uses heliography to signal to his family from Kirrin Island where he is conducting experiments.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In the book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a></i> by H. G. Wells (1898), heliographs are used to convey information about the invading <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Martian">Martians</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wells_46-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Wells-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The short story "The Attack on the Mountain" by Glendon Swarthout, in <i>The Saturday Evening Post</i>, July 4, 1959, described the use of the heliograph in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_West" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American West">American West</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Swarthout_47-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Swarthout-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The 2004 Western novel <i>The Sergeant's Lady</i> by Miles Hood Swarthout is set against the background of the heliograph network used in the U.S. Army campaign against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apache">Apache Indians</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Swarthout_47-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#cite_note-Swarthout-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In the 2010 science fiction novel <i>Terminal World</i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Reynolds" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alastair Reynolds">Alastair Reynolds</a>, the faction of people known as 'Swarm' use heliographs as communication between airships.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a>'s <i>All the King's Men</i>, a heliograph serves as an important image and appears early—on the second page of the novel.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In Agatha Christie's 1947 novel <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Labours_of_Hercules" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Labours of Hercules">The Labours of Hercules</a></i> from the short story "The Erymanthian Boar" detective Hercule Poirot uses a heliograph to communicate from the top of Rochers Neiges where he is trapped to the police at the mountain's base.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In Larry Niven's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ringworld">Ringworld</a> series, revealed in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ringworld_Throne" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Ringworld Throne">The Ringworld Throne</a></i>, the Ghoul species use heliographs for their vast communication network across the Ringworld.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Also, Niven's book <i>The Smoke Ring</i>, the Admiralty Navy uses heliographs to communicate with its rocket ships.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Role-playing game">role-playing game</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space:_1889" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Space: 1889">Space: 1889</a></i>, the Great Powers communicate with their colonial possessions on the inner planets of the Solar System by means of "orbiting heliograph stations".</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a></i> comic <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Sea_Sharks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Red Sea Sharks">The Red Sea Sharks</a></i>, the US.. Navy communicates by heliograph to antagonist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastapopoulos" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rastapopoulos">Rastapopoulos</a> aboard a passenger liner. Tintin had earlier signalled the same liner while shipwrecked using a hand mirror.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_Away" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cast Away">Cast Away</a>", Chuck Nolan (Tom Hanks) uses a makeshift heliograph to try to signal a passing ship from his island in Morse Code, shouting the code as he signaled the code, "SOS."</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In the television series <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_(TV_series)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lost (TV series)">Lost</a></i>, Benjamin Linus signals his people using a heliograph in the episode "There's No Place Like Home (Part 1)".</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In the Agatha Christie novel <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Then_There_Were_None" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="And Then There Were None">And Then There Were None</a></i>, Lombard suggests creating a heliograph to contact the mainland.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The books <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_(novel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Matter (novel)">Matter</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feersum_Endjinn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Feersum Endjinn">Feersum Endjinn</a></i> by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_M._Banks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iain M. Banks">Iain M. Banks</a> both feature several instances of heliographic communication.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The Realm, the central empire in the world of the roleplaying game <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exalted" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exalted">Exalted</a></i>, possesses an elaborate heliograph network.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In the 2010 film, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_I_Ended_This_Summer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="How I Ended This Summer">How I Ended This Summer</a>,</i> set at an old meteorological station on a remote island in the Arctic, a heliograph is used to send data.</li>
</ul>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-11823628998004252132017-10-21T10:47:00.001-07:002017-10-21T10:47:16.756-07:00Bliss Stirs<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4OPEKuXKtLbkXzbeT-cE7Fk0mJepO0Zgs5wuO74DS64VW3628sA26JOb5gxjlt4g2GVaRaPpSHWIyB2G_H9hiWuSBjMgr_6GNhH7c_b2tvBhHIZ6NyFC9x0PXQww1Btik2VzBKrBgdXs/s1600/images+%252851%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="176" data-original-width="286" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4OPEKuXKtLbkXzbeT-cE7Fk0mJepO0Zgs5wuO74DS64VW3628sA26JOb5gxjlt4g2GVaRaPpSHWIyB2G_H9hiWuSBjMgr_6GNhH7c_b2tvBhHIZ6NyFC9x0PXQww1Btik2VzBKrBgdXs/s640/images+%252851%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The fathom of what is measure to what is tack of a country today October 21 the year 2017,</div>
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people have had disaster after dead and the liberty is scrolls,</div>
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to touch upon a state of mind is to be on the arch of a stick?,</div>
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for the sake off a grade to school of thought.</div>
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Just in the case of Television,</div>
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no minor sphere would compare to the News by fixture,</div>
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a fig to Newton!!</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-6369526912332900022017-10-21T05:39:00.001-07:002017-10-21T05:48:33.123-07:00When Rasputin Goes To The Said Is That Stead Or Is It The Returns Of Why's To Gender Wars Or Racism Or Politics Or The Walls That Brought Reason From Stone Kneeing??<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/l_PzPmYhqDU/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/l_PzPmYhqDU?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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The World would like sum writes to add to the Virtue as the Vigil,</div>
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even on the odd of the hint the Weather blasts and the Poetry riddles,</div>
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nigh hour to the earth and her quake to the Worlds refused,</div>
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anxious?,</div>
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good.</div>
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In no hope is the Universe,</div>
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as the ash is in the gratitude make smoke only the technical smile,</div>
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each individual shake,</div>
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until the nerve in your ulnar brain reminds you of your gods,</div>
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as that is the hand to this verse be a salt and burn till the memory wakes,</div>
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ask not what your corner may dine as the bread is sour and the milk is cream,</div>
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for I it is the sugar.</div>
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Sweet deep bridge to the mass is the chap Pole,</div>
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in that is the disappear,</div>
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inch to a measure and know that the cold is but a Winter to the knew year.</div>
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March united as that is the waltz of women and Men will seat more than this leg,</div>
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in thigh to the strength of each fiber the stream will River,</div>
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the Mountain will not fail to Women and their Yoga of crotch,</div>
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smell theme and know that dinner is the soup of yeast at their finger neigh ole of 2017.</div>
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Should the first to the latest on the status of what is dirt,</div>
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muddy are the minds?,</div>
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no brain in a spine would bend to lump,</div>
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east coast on David Muir on Jimmy Kimmel,</div>
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what of Santa Rosa?,</div>
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San Francisco encouraging Wine?,</div>
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then the Vigil.</div>
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Inching towards a disaster in the U.S.A. on Sunday for the knee of National wheat,</div>
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sway is oath to knickers and wrist,</div>
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fier is butter to this end of course to grief truth,</div>
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the burning of flame is the best describe,</div>
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as the eternal fire is the Greece of an oh limp E! vent?</div>
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Heave this vocal return to tell Wall Street of Gordon Ramsay,</div>
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as the Ported Wine that glass of Twitter,</div>
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thrice breast of phish and sigh that to it is write on my desk as oar,</div>
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rowing to dust know shelf is the shoulder of bold?,</div>
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note this to self as life is bringing envelope as letter is the cast of News?,</div>
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becoming who you are is the mirror of your sole.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-71986170501969704502017-10-21T04:52:00.000-07:002017-10-21T04:52:48.513-07:00Vigil<img height="360" src="http://cdn.abclocal.go.com/content/kgo/images/cms/automation/vod/2550182_1280x720.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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Santa Rosa, California the most horrifying place on the face of this Planet. Last night the Town of Napa in the Wine Country celebrating with a vigil that love is the thing and yet recovery has still I in the shock of the venue of every television Station reporting 500 missing then found. The neighborhoods in ashes as the people scrammed and Firemen gave strength and yet the fire just burned. Entire losses?<br />
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<h3 class="r" original_target="http://www.ktvu.com/news/live-overturned-truck-on-oakville-grade-in-napa-co" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; display: inline-block; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;">
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: grey;">5 days ago - </span><span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">NAPA</span> COUNTY, <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Calif</span>. (KTVU) - A water tender driver who died while helping to fight the Nuns <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">fire</span> in <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Napa</span> has been identified as 38-year-old ...</span></div>
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What of the funeral's that seem to not be on the television? What of the names of the people missed? It is the most grief stricken disaster of no explanation that light would choke and the Sun may brighten as Santa Rosa just make talent of the Vineyards and praise the grape in San Francisco saying that Napa needed to have tourism return. The fact that tourists are encouraged to go to such a ravage is strange enough however the gift of prose to just say that the Town is down? The counted towns went to eight or nine completely lost and the local television in San Francisco is saying to go to the Vineyards? What of the wrecks, the Men, the tired, the relief?<br />
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Tree to grave to touchstone of Tomb,</div>
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where art has griffin and the beast must groan,</div>
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tears might shed to those that have no heart in hand the glass and the smile on loan,</div>
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sew to stitch as the thread be found in silk to shift and the political phone.</div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: grey;">Oct 13, 2017 - </span>SANTA ROSA (<span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">KRON</span>) — Tens of thousands of <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">people</span> have been evacuated ... Many of those <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">people</span> are unable to <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">return</span> home to see if their ...</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: grey;">Oct 13, 2017 - </span>VIDEO: Santa Rosa Vice Mayor warns evacuees not to <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">return</span> home ... SANTA ROSA (<span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">KRON</span>) — A 24-year-old woman escaped the Santa Rosa wildfire by bicycle, ... on how lucky she was, not only to have survived the fire, but to have <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">people</span> around to help. .... <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Napa</span> County neighborhood destroyed ...</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: grey;">Oct 11, 2017 - </span>CALISTOGA (<span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">KRON</span>) — More North Bay residents are <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">returning</span> to their ... Back in <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Napa</span>, KRON4 spoke to a family who wanted to see what their ...</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: grey;">Aug 15, 2017 - </span>CONCORD (<span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">KRON</span>) — A man fell into a woodchipper in <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Napa</span> on Tuesday afternoon, and he is fighting for his life, according to city ...</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: grey;">Oct 10, 2017 - </span><span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">NAPA</span> (<span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">KRON</span>) — The Atlas Fire is still burning so much of <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Napa</span> County. ... They'<wbr></wbr>re not sure when they'll be able to <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">return</span> to Soda Canyon ...</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">KRON</span> 4, The Bay Area's News Station. San Francisco .... What baffles me the most, some <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">people</span>actually believe it's ok for <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">people</span> use BART as a toilet. How is that .... Residents <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">return</span> home to hardest-hit areas of North Bay Firestorm. AT 10 .... INTERACTIVE: Map of red-tagged and yellow-tagged <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Napa</span>properties released.</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: grey;">Oct 11, 2017 - </span>Overall, 42 <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">people</span> have died in the fires burning across Northern California. ... Her son, she said, tried to <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">return</span> for his uncle, but it was too late. ... made it out of their home on Atlas Peak Road northeast of <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">downtown Napa</span>. ..... “May she rest in peace, my sweet Momma,” the daughter texted <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">KRON</span>4 News.</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: grey;">Oct 11, 2017 - </span>A firefighter removes debris as he protects one structure as another burns next door as a wild fire burned on Soda Canyon Road in <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Napa</span>, Calif., ...</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">Wildfire evacuees <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">return</span> to where they built their lives. Most... 10 ... Safeway Open is bringing food, wine, music and golf to <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Napa</span>. .... wheelchair hints of fire's drama · Deputy Mark Aldridge, who saved 35 <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">people</span>at this parking lot during the fire, ...</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">At least 42 <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">people</span> were killed after a spate of wildfires ignited on Oct. 8 and ripped through a number of wine country communities. The wind-whipped fires ...</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-31774386979318523622017-10-17T23:10:00.003-07:002017-10-17T23:10:39.228-07:00Why Goosebumps<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJRR16K5LgcdB1Q_aalHGzkUXY522nCp6EVzCXqc4IZnXI2YWm9Xoc0Su694lS2dDupObURr2vMh0p2Q3A3TFjnr5S_24sxa-Hp8XjOGvPQuabC7P0kDyLvEE7OhnIlkTSFoamFWwdmZc/s1600/images+%252850%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="189" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJRR16K5LgcdB1Q_aalHGzkUXY522nCp6EVzCXqc4IZnXI2YWm9Xoc0Su694lS2dDupObURr2vMh0p2Q3A3TFjnr5S_24sxa-Hp8XjOGvPQuabC7P0kDyLvEE7OhnIlkTSFoamFWwdmZc/s640/images+%252850%2529.jpg" width="454" /></a></div>
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Does the light off the Soul be gain a measure to the Aura of wait,</div>
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as the lift to a body is nigh the simplicity of bright,</div>
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may a mind know the brain of type?</div>
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What is the sing of an ounce as the pound to a Coin,</div>
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can a Ferry be the Main Y?</div>
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Shall the Tunnel be Vic's Sin,</div>
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as a board might be counted as the sand of grain,</div>
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is that then the dial of the clam to oyster a pearl of the see.</div>
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The operating system to masque a cent tense would speak,</div>
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in quiet on a speech is that the calf of leg or thigh of talk to Turkey a vulture on the Flight?</div>
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Shipping neet,</div>
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no ice is the glacier at the sea of a lagoon,</div>
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a rib to a kettle as the file is of grace,</div>
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may the list of schedule encourage more than a bone,</div>
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marrow is the richest tongue to Bay be that fish in the shelf of Library,</div>
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an encyclopedia at the envelope is mirror to reflect,</div>
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in chin a jaw may drop as that is not grave however it is the teeth.</div>
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Yikes inch that think to a sign not a miracle,</div>
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as the Tennant spoke to common language in bother,</div>
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is that infamous go into the light at the Elephant quatrain of Living rooms,</div>
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master a delight to no work as the Drawing room is nigh the Hours men IT.</div>
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
21 grams experiment</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#p-search" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></div>
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The <b>21 grams experiment</b> refers to a scientific study published in 1907 by Duncan MacDougall, a physician from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill, Massachusetts</a>. MacDougall hypothesized that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soul">souls</a> have physical weight, and attempted to measure the mass lost by a human when the soul departed the body. MacDougall attempted to measure the mass change of six patients at the moment of death. One of the six subjects lost three-fourths of an ounce (21.3 grams).</div>
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MacDougall stated his experiment would have to be repeated many times before any conclusion could be obtained. The experiment is widely regarded as flawed and unscientific due to the small <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size_determination" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sample size determination">sample size</a>, the methods used, as well as the fact only one of the six subjects met the hypothesis. The case has been cited as an example of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporting_bias" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reporting bias">selective reporting</a>. Despite its rejection within the scientific community, MacDougall's experiment popularized the concept that the soul has weight, and specifically that it weighs 21 grams.</div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 12.502px; user-select: none;"> [<a class="togglelink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#Experiment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Experiment</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#Results" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Results</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#Reaction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Reaction</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#Criticism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Criticism</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#Legacy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Experiment">Experiment</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=21_grams_experiment&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Experiment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duncan_MacDougall_physician.png" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="436" data-file-width="355" height="270" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Duncan_MacDougall_physician.png/220px-Duncan_MacDougall_physician.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Duncan_MacDougall_physician.png/330px-Duncan_MacDougall_physician.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Duncan_MacDougall_physician.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Duncan MacDougall, pictured in 1911</div>
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In 1901, Duncan MacDougall, a physician from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill, Massachusetts</a>, who wished to scientifically determine if a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soul">soul</a> had weight, identified six patients in nursing homes whose death was imminent. Four were suffering from tuberculosis, one from diabetes, and one from unspecified causes. MacDougall specifically chose people who were suffering from conditions that caused physical exhaustion, as he needed the patients to remain still when they died to measure them accurately. When the patients looked like they were close to death, their entire bed was placed on an industrial sized scale that was sensitive within two tenths of an ounce (5.6 grams).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wiseman_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-wiseman-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mary_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-mary-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-karl_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-karl-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> On the belief that humans have souls and that animals do not, MacDougall later measured the changes in weight from fifteen dogs after death. MacDougall said he wished to use dogs that were sick or dying for his experiment, though was unable to find any. It is therefore presumed he poisoned healthy dogs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mary_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-mary-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-snopes_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-snopes-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-park_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-park-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Results">Results</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=21_grams_experiment&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Results">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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One of the patients lost weight but then put the weight back on, and two of the other patients registered a loss of weight at death but a few minutes later lost even more weight. One of the patients lost "three-fourths of an ounce" (21.3 grams) in weight, coinciding with the time of death. MacDougall disregarded the results of another patient on the grounds the scales were "not finely adjusted", and discounted the results of another as the patient died while the equipment was still being calibrated. MacDougall reported that none of the dogs lost any weight after death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-karl_3-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-karl-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-snopes_4-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-snopes-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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While MacDougall believed the results from his experiment showed the human soul might have weight, his report, which was not published until 1907, stated the experiment would have to be repeated many times before any conclusion could be obtained.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-snopes_4-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-snopes-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-park_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-park-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Reaction">Reaction</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=21_grams_experiment&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Reaction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> article from March 11, 1907</div>
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Before MacDougall was able to publish the results of his experiments, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> broke the story in an article titled "Soul has Weight, Physician Thinks".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> MacDougall's results were published in April of the same year in the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research">Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> and the medical journal <i><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Medicine (page does not exist)">American Medicine</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=21_grams_experiment&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Following the publication of the experiment in <i>American Medicine</i>, physician Augustus P. Clarke criticized the experiment's validity. Clarke noted that at the time of death there is a sudden rise in body temperature as the lungs are no longer cooling blood, causing a subsequent rise in sweating which could easily account for MacDougall’s missing 21 grams. Clarke also pointed out that, as dogs do not have sweat glands, they would not lose weight in this manner after death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wiseman_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-wiseman-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mary_2-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-mary-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> Clarke's criticism was published in the May issue of <i>American Medicine</i>. Arguments between MacDougall and Clarke debating the validity of the experiment continued to be published in the journal until at least December that year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mary_2-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-mary-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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MacDougall's experiment has been the subject of considerable skepticism, and he has been accused of both flawed methods and outright fraud in obtaining his results.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hood_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-hood-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> Noting that only one of the six patients measured supported the hypothesis, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Kruszelnicki" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karl Kruszelnicki">Karl Kruszelnicki</a>has stated the experiment is a case of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporting_bias" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reporting bias">selective reporting</a>, as MacDougall ignored the majority of the results. Kruszelnicki also criticized the small <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size_determination" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sample size determination">sample size</a>, and questioned how MacDougall was able to determine the exact moment when a person had died considering the technology available in 1907.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-karl_3-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-karl-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> In 2008 physicist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Park" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert L. Park">Robert L. Park</a> wrote that MacDougall's experiments "are not regarded today as having any scientific merit",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-park_5-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-park-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup>and psychologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Hood_(psychologist)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bruce Hood (psychologist)">Bruce Hood</a> wrote that "because the weight loss was not reliable or replicable, his findings were unscientific".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hood_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-hood-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> Professor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a> said that within the scientific community, the experiment is confined to a "large pile of scientific curiosities labelled 'almost certainly not true'".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wiseman_1-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-wiseman-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></div>
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An article by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Snopes">Snopes</a> in 2013 said the experiment was flawed because the methods used were suspect, the sample size was much too small, and the capability to measure weight changes too imprecise, concluding: "credence should not be given to the idea his experiments proved something, let alone that they measured the weight of the soul as 21 grams."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-snopes_4-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-snopes-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> The fact that MacDougall likely poisoned and killed fifteen healthy dogs in an attempt to support his research has also been a source of criticism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mary_2-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-mary-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-snopes_4-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-snopes-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=21_grams_experiment&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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In 1911 <i>The New York Times</i> reported that MacDougall was hoping to run experiments to take photos of souls, but he appears to not have continued any further research into the area and died in 1920.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-snopes_4-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-snopes-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> His experiment has not been repeated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-park_5-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-park-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></div>
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Despite its rejection within the scientific community, MacDougall's experiment popularized the idea that the soul has weight, and specifically that it weighs 21 grams.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-karl_3-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-karl-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-park_5-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-park-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> Most notably, '21 Grams' was taken as the title of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Grams" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="21 Grams">film in 2003</a>, which references the experiment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wiseman_1-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-wiseman-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-snopes_4-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-snopes-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-park_5-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-park-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></div>
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The concept of a soul weighing 21 grams is mentioned in numerous media, including a 2013 issue of the manga <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantz" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gantz">Gantz</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> a 2013 podcast of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_Night_Vale" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Welcome to Night Vale">Welcome to Night Vale</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> the 2015 film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Empire_of_Corpses" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Empire of Corpses">The Empire of Corpses</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> and the 2015 song "21 Grams" by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niykee_Heaton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Niykee Heaton">Niykee Heaton</a>, which features the line "I just want your soul in my hands, feel your weight of 21 grams."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> MacDougall and his experiments are explicitly mentioned in the 1978 documentary film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_and_Back" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beyond and Back">Beyond and Back</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> and episode five of the first season of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Matters:_Twisted_But_True" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dark Matters: Twisted But True">Dark Matters: Twisted But True</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> A fictional American scientist named "Mr. MacDougall" appears in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Carriger" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gail Carriger">Gail Carriger</a>'s 2009 novel <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulless_(novel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soulless (novel)">Soulless</a></i>, as an expert in the weight and measurement of souls.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_grams_experiment#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup></div>
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Smithson Tennant</h1>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> for Smithson Tennant in Finkle Street, Selby</div>
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<b>Smithson Tennant</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society#Fellows" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Royal Society">FRS</a> (30 November 1761<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Archer.26Haley_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithson_Tennant#cite_note-Archer.26Haley-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> – 22 February 1815<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RIC_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithson_Tennant#cite_note-RIC-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup>) was an English <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chemist">chemist</a>.</div>
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Tennant is best known for his discovery of the elements <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iridium">iridium</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, which he found in the residues from the solution of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Platinum">platinum</a> ores in 1803. He also contributed to the proof of the identity of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Diamond">diamond</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>. The mineral <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennantite" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tennantite">tennantite</a> is named after him.</div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 12.502px; user-select: none;"> [<a class="togglelink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithson_Tennant#Life" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithson_Tennant#Notes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithson_Tennant#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithson_Tennant#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smithson_Tennant&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Tennant was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selby" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Selby">Selby</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>. His father was Calvert Tennant (named after his grandmother Phyllis Calvert, a granddaughter of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilius_Calvert,_2nd_Baron_Baltimore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore">Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore</a>). His own name derives from his grandmother Rebecca Smithson, widow of Joshua Hitchling. He attended <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Grammar_School" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beverley Grammar School">Beverley Grammar School</a> and there is a plaque over one of the entrances to the present school commemorating his discovery of the two elements, osmium and iridium. He began to study <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Medicine">medicine</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> in 1781, but after a few months moved to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, where he devoted himself to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Botany">botany</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. He graduated <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.D." style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #faa700;" title="M.D.">M.D.</a> at Cambridge in 1796,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithson_Tennant#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> and about the same time purchased an estate near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheddar,_Somerset" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cheddar, Somerset">Cheddar</a>, where he carried out <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> experiments. He was appointed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Professor_of_Organic_Chemistry" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BP Professor of Organic Chemistry">professor of chemistry</a> at Cambridge in 1813, but lived to deliver only one course of lectures, being killed near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a> by the fall of a bridge over which he was riding.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithson_Tennant#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RIC_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithson_Tennant#cite_note-RIC-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-39110185255441024942017-10-16T20:02:00.001-07:002017-10-16T20:07:38.176-07:00Which Whirled??<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhADrZFlgtkRtCgi5mbKBKwGCvWbcwv0jtLo6FHUpDLHY3qcQuu0mv7YDa7UPTXs9ComwhtOQJH-wrlLLKj1nVfYmmsJAKSJoK7XqyxRh73zmeKY7lIdsRMmZgeZdDasKl_nZ5Y2scAxMs/s1600/Earth-007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="460" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhADrZFlgtkRtCgi5mbKBKwGCvWbcwv0jtLo6FHUpDLHY3qcQuu0mv7YDa7UPTXs9ComwhtOQJH-wrlLLKj1nVfYmmsJAKSJoK7XqyxRh73zmeKY7lIdsRMmZgeZdDasKl_nZ5Y2scAxMs/s640/Earth-007.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The World is a Buoy?,</div>
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as the perfectly round actual is no longer a paragraph,</div>
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and,</div>
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*Ancient Aliens is on this Friday October who cares,</div>
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the vat between is the imagine.</div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/knIfoQW_mZg/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/knIfoQW_mZg?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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Green and Toil,</div>
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the ground is as the venture to a brick,</div>
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it is the aspect not to bee as the Antelope did Elephant and the room is your brain,</div>
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each independent is for the wish?,</div>
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of course the venue is a price to meet.</div>
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Then came a long spider,</div>
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the hose bib said to the hand that the nylon was water,</div>
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in that the tile became a beat to iron the lakes as an oh shin?,</div>
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what is the bother to the people that say that round is square.</div>
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<br /></div>
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A pie is relative to only an exits measure as the trip to journey is what a comma?,</div>
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trust to bend is the Solar System in expanse,</div>
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and man had to make the beauty,</div>
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in concrete to tar to the pole of North by the section of this Mountains rein.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cjfWx1eFUEU/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cjfWx1eFUEU?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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Since say to heard the stick to word correlation,</div>
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the Star Wars of who Spielberg spoke,</div>
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reaching note to soils breadth.</div>
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Breath in that bluntly and noun a Verb,</div>
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predicate without the choking sound of an adjective,</div>
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for in the cent tense it is the Trees that sway to Rice a row.knee.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJk_N3BpnovHIWX1q0Rl88OQyGQQzFflJMeG0nfQbDNdty50hg5ncqX039-0JVeCt7aWKEiQrsYCGrcyFEGSB6eUMMV0qX_E5WTgiT-OvgCygTXvIkkiiX-oFtjUv1dXW1Ve1lxoJTgV4/s1600/d314_death_star_wall_cling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="399" data-original-width="400" height="638" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJk_N3BpnovHIWX1q0Rl88OQyGQQzFflJMeG0nfQbDNdty50hg5ncqX039-0JVeCt7aWKEiQrsYCGrcyFEGSB6eUMMV0qX_E5WTgiT-OvgCygTXvIkkiiX-oFtjUv1dXW1Ve1lxoJTgV4/s640/d314_death_star_wall_cling.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; text-align: start;">
<i>Ancient Aliens</i></h1>
<div class="mw-body-content" id="bodyContent" style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.6; position: relative; text-align: start; z-index: 0;">
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#p-search" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></div>
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<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
This article is about a television program. For hypotheses about extraterrestrial visitations during ancient times, see <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_astronaut_hypothesis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient astronaut hypothesis">Ancient astronaut hypothesis</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox vevent" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background: rgb(204, 204, 255); font-size: 15.4px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Ancient Aliens</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_aliens.png" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Ancient aliens.png" data-file-height="237" data-file-width="420" height="141" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Ancient_aliens.png/250px-Ancient_aliens.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/Ancient_aliens.png/375px-Ancient_aliens.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Ancient_aliens.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Genre</th><td class="category" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Narrated by</th><td class="attendee" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clotworthy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Clotworthy">Robert Clotworthy</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Country of origin</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">United States</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Original <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">language(s)</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">English</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> of seasons</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">12</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> of episodes</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">135</td></tr>
<tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background: rgb(204, 204, 255); line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Production</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Executive <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">producer(s)</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Burns" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kevin Burns">Kevin Burns</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Camera setup</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-camera_setup" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Multiple-camera setup">Multiple</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Running time</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">88 minutes <small style="font-size: 10.472px;">(season 1)</small><br />44 minutes<br /><small style="font-size: 10.472px;">(season 2 – present)</small></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Production <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">company(s)</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Entertainment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prometheus Entertainment">Prometheus Entertainment</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Distributor</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Television_Networks" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="A&E Television Networks">A&E Television Networks</a></td></tr>
<tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background: rgb(204, 204, 255); line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Release</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Original network</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Original release</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">March 8, 2009 (Pilot)<br />April 20, 2010 – present</td></tr>
<tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background: rgb(204, 204, 255); line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">External links</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Website</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/shows/ancient-aliens" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">www<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>.history<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>.com<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>/shows<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>/ancient-aliens</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Production<br />website</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="http://www.prometheusentertainment.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">www<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>.prometheusentertainment<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>.com</a></span></td></tr>
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<i><b>Ancient Aliens</b></i> is an American television series that premiered on April 20, 2010, on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History</a> channel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> Produced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Entertainment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prometheus Entertainment">Prometheus Entertainment</a> in a documentary style, the program presents hypotheses of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient astronauts">ancient astronauts</a> and proposes that historical texts, archaeology, and legends contain evidence of past human-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial</a> contact.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup>The show has been criticized for presenting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohistory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistory</a>.</div>
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The series started with a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_special" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="TV special">TV special</a> of the same name that aired on March 8, 2009, on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History</a> channel. Seasons 1–3 aired on the same channel until 2011. From season 4 to the middle of season 7, the series aired on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2_(TV_channel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="H2 (TV channel)">H2</a>. On April 10, 2015, episode premieres returned to History.</div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 12.502px; user-select: none;"> [<a class="togglelink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Production" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Production</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Episodes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Episodes</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Series_overview" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Series overview</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Pilot_.282009.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Pilot (2009)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_1_.282010.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Season 1 (2010)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_2_.282010.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Season 2 (2010)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_3_.282011.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Season 3 (2011)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_4_.282012.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Season 4 (2012)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_5_.282012.E2.80.9313.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Season 5 (2012–13)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_6_.282013.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Season 6 (2013)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_7_.282014.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Season 7 (2014)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_8_.282014.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Season 8 (2014)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_9_.282014.E2.80.9315.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Season 9 (2014–15)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_10_.282015.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.12</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Season 10 (2015)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_11_.282016.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.13</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Season 11 (2016)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_12_.282017.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.14</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Season 12 (2017)</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Reception" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Reception</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Critical_reception" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Critical reception</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Appearances_in_popular_culture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Appearances in popular culture</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Production">Production</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The executive producer of <i>Ancient Aliens</i> is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Burns" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kevin Burns">Kevin Burns</a>, who also directed and wrote the pilot episode. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_A._Tsoukalos" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Giorgio A. Tsoukalos">Giorgio A. Tsoukalos</a> serves as consulting producer and appeared on screen in the pilot.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4niken" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Erich von Däniken">Erich von Däniken</a> appeared in the pilot episode, and UFO researcher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Scott_Littleton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C. Scott Littleton">C. Scott Littleton</a> served as an expert consultant for the show until his death in 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></div>
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Radio talk show host <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Noory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George Noory">George Noory</a> speaks in five episodes, including the pilot. Reverend <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Downing" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Barry Downing">Barry Downing</a>, known for describing angels in the Bible as ancient astronauts, offered his viewpoints in the pilot episode. Psychologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Young_(psychologist)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jonathan Young (psychologist)">Jonathan Young</a>, who brings a mythological perspective, appears on screen in every episode but the first pilot. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a> author <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hatcher_Childress" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Hatcher Childress">David Hatcher Childress</a> speaks frequently in most episodes.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Episodes">Episodes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Episodes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Series_overview">Series overview</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Series overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 8px; text-align: center;">Season</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 8px; text-align: center;">Episodes</th><th colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Originally aired</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">First aired</th><th scope="col" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">Last aired</th></tr>
<tr><td scope="row" style="background: rgb(255, 95, 95); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 10px;"></td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Pilot_.282009.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">Pilot</a></td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1</td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">March 8, 2009</td></tr>
<tr><td scope="row" style="background: rgb(255, 192, 203); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 10px;"></td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_1_.282010.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">1</a></td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5</td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 20, 2010</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 8px;">May 25, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td scope="row" style="background: rgb(135, 206, 235); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 10px;"></td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_2_.282010.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">2</a></td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10</td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 28, 2010</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 8px;">December 30, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td scope="row" style="background: rgb(152, 251, 152); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 10px;"></td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_3_.282011.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">3</a></td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">16</td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 28, 2011</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 8px;">November 23, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td scope="row" style="background: rgb(240, 230, 140); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 10px;"></td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_4_.282012.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">4</a></td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10</td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">February 17, 2012</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 8px;">May 4, 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td scope="row" style="background: rgb(223, 184, 223); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 10px;"></td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_5_.282012.E2.80.9313.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">5</a></td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">12</td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 21, 2012</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 8px;">April 19, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td scope="row" style="background: rgb(165, 208, 188); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 10px;"></td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_6_.282013.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">6</a></td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">11</td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">September 30, 2013</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 8px;">December 13, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td scope="row" style="background: rgb(255, 128, 64); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 10px;"></td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_7_.282014.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">7</a></td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8</td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">January 24, 2014</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 8px;">March 14, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td scope="row" style="background: rgb(116, 223, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 10px;"></td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_8_.282014.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">8</a></td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">9</td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">June 13, 2014</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 8px;">August 22, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td scope="row" style="background: rgb(0, 255, 128); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 10px;"></td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_9_.282014.E2.80.9315.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">9</a></td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">12</td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 31, 2014</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 8px;">May 1, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td scope="row" style="background: rgb(0, 157, 236); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 10px;"></td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_10_.282015.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">10</a></td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10</td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 24, 2015</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 8px;">October 9, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td scope="row" style="background: rgb(0, 13, 236); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 10px;"></td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_11_.282016.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">11</a></td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">15</td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 6, 2016</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 8px;">September 2, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td scope="row" style="background: rgb(113, 78, 94); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; width: 10px;"></td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#Season_12_.282017.29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">12</a></td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">16</td><td colspan="1" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 28, 2017</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0px 8px;">September 15, 2017</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span id="Pilot_(2009)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Pilot_.282009.29">Pilot (2009)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Pilot (2009)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders wikiepisodetable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 1025px;"><tbody>
<tr style="color: black; text-align: center;"><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 95, 95); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr><br />overall</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 95, 95); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> in<br />season</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 95, 95); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 715.813px;">Title</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 95, 95); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 140.813px;">Original air date</th></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep0" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">0</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">0</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Chariots, Gods & Beyond"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">March 8, 2009</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 95, 95); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">The pilot presents the views of author Erich von Däniken who theorized that advanced beings from another world visited primitive humans, gave them the knowledge of the solar system, concepts of engineering and mathematics, and became the basis for their religions and cultures as he claims are evidenced by ancient monuments such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_Lines" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazca Lines">Nazca Lines</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_Necropolis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Giza Necropolis">Pyramids of Giza</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moai" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moai">Moai</a> statues of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span id="Season_1_(2010)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Season_1_.282010.29">Season 1 (2010)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Season 1 (2010)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders wikiepisodetable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 1025px;"><tbody>
<tr style="color: black; text-align: center;"><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 192, 203); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr><br />overall</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 192, 203); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> in<br />season</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 192, 203); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 715.813px;">Title</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 192, 203); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 140.813px;">Original air date</th></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep1" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">1</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Evidence"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 20, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 192, 203); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode suggests that aliens made contact with primitive humans, and cites as evidence, Indian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts that are suggested to describe flying machines called <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimanas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vimanas">Vimanas</a>; Egyptian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Megalith">megaliths</a> that are said to show precision cutting work thought to be too advanced for the time; and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zohar">Jewish Zohar</a> writings that are said to describe a "manna machine" similar to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorella" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chlorella">chlorella</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Algae">algae</a> processing of today.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep2" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">2</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Visitors"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 27, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 192, 203); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">The episode proposes that alien visitations have occurred around the globe, and cites as evidence, claims that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dogon people">Dogon people</a> were given galactic knowledge by a star god; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni_people" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a> celebrations of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachinas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kachinas">Kachinas</a> (or "gods from the sky") that are symbolized with headdress that are said to resemble modern space helmets; and that the Chinese <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yellow Emperor">Huangdi</a> was a Han leader who came to Earth on a yellow dragon which is suggested to have been a metaphor for a spaceship.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep3" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">3</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Mission"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 4, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 192, 203); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode proposes that extraterrestrials have a mission plan for Earth and mankind, and cites as evidence, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_history" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sumerian history">Sumerian</a> tablets that allegedly describe the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anunnaki" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a> as a race of creatures that came to Earth to mine gold; the purpose of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_mutilations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cattle mutilations">cattle mutilations</a>; the mile-long "band of holes" near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisco,_Peru" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pisco, Peru">Pisco, Peru</a>; Egyptian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyph" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hieroglyph">hieroglyphs</a> that are said to depict hybrid creatures that are part man/part animal; and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_skull" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crystal skull">crystal skulls</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_circle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crop circle">crop circles</a> that are said to contain messages from aliens.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep4" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">4</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Closer Encounters"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 18, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 192, 203); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode suggests that alien encounters have been documented in various historical texts, citing as evidence, the 13th-century book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otia_Imperialia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Otia Imperialia">Otia Imperialia</a></i> which describes an incident in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England ascribed to UFOs; the log entries of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> that report lights in the sky; stories of cigar-shaped craft allegedly seen over Europe during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Black Death">Black Plague</a>; and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_art" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Medieval art">Medieval art</a> that supposedly depicts disc-shaped objects floating in the heavens.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep5" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">5</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Return"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 25, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 192, 203); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Perhaps aliens have contacted humans in the 20th century.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span id="Season_2_(2010)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Season_2_.282010.29">Season 2 (2010)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Season 2 (2010)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders wikiepisodetable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 1025px;"><tbody>
<tr style="color: black; text-align: center;"><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(135, 206, 235); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr><br />overall</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(135, 206, 235); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> in<br />season</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(135, 206, 235); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 715.813px;">Title</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(135, 206, 235); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 140.813px;">Original air date</th></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep6" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">6</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Mysterious Places"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 28, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(135, 206, 235); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode examines locations around the Earth that are proposed "hot spots" of UFO activity, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>'s "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapim%C3%AD_Silent_Zone" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mapimí Silent Zone">Zone of Silence</a>", an area of land said to naturally disrupt radio signals; the portal-like structure at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peru">Peru</a>'s Puerta de Hayu Marca; and the curious rock formations of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcahuasi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marcahuasi">Marcahuasi</a> Plateau.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep7" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">7</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Gods and Aliens"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 4, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(135, 206, 235); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode looks at legends about powerful gods and fearsome monsters that are said to share similarities even though these legends are found in different cultures separated by vast distances; this episode also suggests that these legends may be eyewitness accounts of alien visitations. Also discussed are tales of gods interacting with humans, imparting wisdom and technology and impregnating women to create demigods, who are supposedly the offspring of human/alien unions.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep8" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">8</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Underwater Worlds"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 11, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(135, 206, 235); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode suggests that various underwater structures and ruins said to have been found around the globe may have been used by extraterrestrials, such as the temple ruins found under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a> in Peru, the geometric structures of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonaguni_Monument" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yonaguni Monument">Yonaguni</a> off the coast of Japan, and ancient Indian texts that allegedly describe other sunken cities yet to be discovered.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep9" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">9</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Underground Aliens"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 18, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(135, 206, 235); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode hypothesizes that various underground places may have been extraterrestrial lairs, such as a lost cave in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> said to hold metal tablets containing alien knowledge, the underground city of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derinkuyu_Underground_City" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Derinkuyu Underground City">Derinkuyu</a> in Turkey, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> legends of "inner-earth" beings, and rumors of a secret U.S. military base supposedly built alongside aliens inside the Archuleta Mesa near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulce,_New_Mexico" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dulce, New Mexico">Dulce, New Mexico</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep10" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">10</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and the Third Reich"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 25, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(135, 206, 235); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode speculates that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> had experimented with advanced alien technology and built flying machines, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi UFOs">Haunebu</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Glocke" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Die Glocke">Die Glocke</a>(The Bell), and rumors that some of this technology may have made its way to the United States and helped jumpstart the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep11" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">11</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">6</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Alien Tech"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 2, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(135, 206, 235); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode proposes that some advanced weapon technologies currently in development, such as laser and sonic weapons, are rediscovered technologies used by advanced beings in the past. Also discussed are theories that aliens provided gravity manipulation devices to help man construct colossal stone structures around the world.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep12" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">12</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Angels and Aliens"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 9, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(135, 206, 235); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode looks at various stories of angelic visitations that to some ancient astronaut theorists read more like alien encounters than divine appearances, and suggests they are not supernatural beings, but visitors from distant planets.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep13" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">13</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Unexplained Structures"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 16, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(135, 206, 235); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode suggests that various sites around the world; such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> in Turkey; the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inca">Incan</a> ruins of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sacsayhuamán">Sacsayhuamán</a> in Peru; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnac_stones" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carnac stones">Carnac stones</a> of France; and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorats_Karer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zorats Karer">Zorats Karer</a> in Armenia, show construction techniques and mathematical concepts that were not believed to have been known at the time, and that this knowledge was gained from alien visitors.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep14" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">14</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">9</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Alien Devastations"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 23, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(135, 206, 235); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode surmises that aliens may have caused various disasters, as depicted in the Bible and other texts, or even tried to warn man of them; such as Noah of the Great Flood. Also proposed is that some disasters ushered changes in human evolution and that our leaps in technology over the centuries were achieved with alien help.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep15" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">15</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Alien Contacts"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 30, 2010</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(135, 206, 235); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode proposes that extraterrestrials may have contacted various humans throughout history, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moses">Moses</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>, to help guide and inspire them to achieve great things; or to pass on important messages for humanity; such as a supposed binary message given to a UFO-contactee during the 1980 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rendlesham Forest incident">Rendlesham Forest incident</a> who believes it is the coordinates to a mythical island called <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_(mythical_island)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brazil (mythical island)">Hy-Brazil</a>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span id="Season_3_(2011)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Season_3_.282011.29">Season 3 (2011)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Season 3 (2011)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders wikiepisodetable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 1025px;"><tbody>
<tr style="color: black; text-align: center;"><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(152, 251, 152); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr><br />overall</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(152, 251, 152); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> in<br />season</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(152, 251, 152); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 715.813px;">Title</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(152, 251, 152); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 140.813px;">Original air date</th></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep16" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">16</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and the Old West"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 28, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Opening with clips from the 2011 film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboys_%26_Aliens" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cowboys & Aliens">Cowboys & Aliens</a></i>, this episode looks at <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Old_West" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Old West">American Old West</a> legends that may have involved ET contact, such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Texas_UFO_incident" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aurora, Texas UFO incident">Aurora, Texas UFO incident</a> where a local cemetery claims to hold a body from an 1897 UFO crash; Native American legends surrounding the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_mound" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Serpent mound">Serpent mound</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_County,_Ohio" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adams County, Ohio">Adams County, Ohio</a>; reports of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a> that periodically emerged from California's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Lake_(Los_Angeles_County,_California)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elizabeth Lake (Los Angeles County, California)">Elizabeth Lake</a>, and a story of ranchers shooting at "metallic birds" near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone, Arizona</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep17" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">17</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Monsters"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 4, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode examines modern-day genetic engineering, cloning and hybridization technology, and suggests that such technology could have been used by ancient aliens in the past to manipulate mankind and the environment. Also theorized are that the legends of creatures, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lernaean Hydra">Hydra</a>, and humanoids, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaur" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>, may have been encounters with beings created through alien animal/human hybrid experimentation.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep18" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">18</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Sacred Places"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 11, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode suggests that some of mankind's most sacred places were points of contact by alien beings. Examples given are Jerusalem's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Mount" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a>; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> stone at the Islam shrine at Mecca; the temples of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a> in India; the churches of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalibela" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lalibela">Lalibela</a>, Ethiopia that are carved out of rock; and the ancient city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a> in Lebanon which was allegedly built with a "landing pad" of monolithic rock.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep19" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">19</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Temples of Gold"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 18, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode contends that aliens came to Earth to mine gold. Examined are the legends of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold_(myth)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seven Cities of Gold (myth)">cities of gold</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paititi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paititi">Paititi</a>; Lake Puray in Peru where UFO sightings may be linked to gold beneath the lake; the gold-creating device called the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher%27s_Stone" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosopher's Stone">Philosopher's Stone</a>; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_of_Records" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hall of Records">Hall of Records</a> beneath the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a>, (suggested to be a repository of ancient knowledge); a Medieval church in the French village of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rennes-le-Château">Rennes-le-Château</a> that may hold the secrets of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>; and Scotland's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslyn_Chapel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rosslyn Chapel">Rosslyn Chapel</a> where a helix-shaped pillar, (suggested to represent DNA), may be the hiding place of the Holy Grail.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep20" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">20</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Mysterious Rituals"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 25, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode proposes that various ancient sites and the rituals performed there were not to praise mythical gods, but to reenact contact and communication with alien beings. Examples given are the Mayan temple of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Castillo,_Chichen_Itza" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="El Castillo, Chichen Itza">El Castillo, Chichen Itza</a>; the Celtic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beltane">Beltane Festival</a>; the ceremonies of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayapo_people" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kayapo people">Kayapo people</a> of Brazil that involve a dancer dressed in an outfit that resembles a spacesuit; Medieval coronation ceremonies and the symbolic meanings of thrones, crowns and scepters as communication devices to the heavens; Native American and Shamanistic chants and prayers; and the ritual meanings of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mass (liturgy)">Catholic Mass</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep21" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">21</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">6</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Ancient Engineers"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">September 1, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode surmises that several ancient sites were built with help from aliens. Examples given are the ruins of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollantaytambo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ollantaytambo">Ollantaytambo</a> in Peru, (an Inca city believed built atop a far older and more advanced-built fortress); the pyramids of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> in Mexico, (which use heat and radiation shielding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mica" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mica">Mica</a> in their engineering); the temples of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a> in India, (suggested to have been designed to tap into cosmic energy); the temples of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> in Egypt, (which show symmetrical and precision sculpting believed unobtainable by primitive hand tools); and the ancient ruins on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Malta">Malta</a>, (whose designs seems to have incorporated an acoustic energy technology).</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep22" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">22</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens, Plagues and Epidemics"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">September 8, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode suggests that some plagues and diseases were brought on by pathogens of extraterrestrial origin. Examples given are sudden pandemics such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1918 flu pandemic">Spanish Influenza</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Athens" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plague of Athens">Plague of Athens</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plague of Justinian">Justinian Plague</a> and the Black Plague, which were accompanied by reports of unusual celestial phenomena, and the appearance of strange creatures and objects in the sky; ancient carvings of figures dressed in what are suggested to be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazmat_suit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hazmat suit">hazmat suits</a>; unexplained illnesses that have appeared after meteor impacts, NASA experiments with bacteria and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophiles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Extremophiles">extremophiles</a> that can survive in the extreme conditions of space; and the recent appearance of unusual medical conditions such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgellons" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morgellons">Morgellons Disease</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep23" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">23</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Lost Worlds"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">September 15, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode postulates that various past civilizations were ruled by otherworldly beings. Examined are carvings in the Mayan city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Copán">Copán</a> that are suggested to depict kings dressed in spacesuits; the Greek and Persian temples of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nemrut" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mount Nemrut">Nemrud Dagi</a> in Turkey, constructed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_I_Theos_of_Commagene" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antiochus I Theos of Commagene">King Antiochus</a> who some believe had advanced knowledge of astronomy and access to "magical" technology; the Nazca people of Peru who elongated their skulls to possibly mimic beings they encountered; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moai" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moai">Moai</a> statues of Easter Island that may have been erected with anti-gravity technology, and the Garden of Eden which may have been an alien laboratory for the creation of mankind.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep24" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">24</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">9</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Deadly Weapons"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">September 22, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode suggests that the development of various weapons throughout history may have been guided by aliens. Examined are ancient legends that speak of fire and the secrets of metalworking as gifts from the gods; stories of divine weapons such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excalibur" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a> as possibly powered by an alien source; the mystery of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a> as a gift from angels for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>; the development of the complicated chemistry of gunpowder by the ancient Chinese; the writings of the Hindu <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> describing weapons reminiscent of guided rockets, beam weapons and nuclear devices used by the gods; and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cambodia">Cambodian</a> tales of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Wat" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Angkor Wat">Preah Pisnulok</a> who wielded a blazing sword reminiscent of the science-fictional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightsaber" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lightsaber">lightsaber</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep25" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">25</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Evil Places"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">September 28, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode examines various places on Earth that are associated with evil and death, and suggests that they may have otherworldly connections, such as being dumping grounds for dangerous alien waste material or containing portals to other realms. Featured are Japan's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aokigahara" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aokigahara">Aokigahara</a> "Suicide Forest" near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a>, where countless people have gone to die; Russia's remote <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dyatlov Pass incident">Mt. Otorten</a> "Mountain of Death" where in 1959, nine hikers were found burned and mutilated by an undetermined cause; Australia's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mountain_(Kalkajaka)_National_Park" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Black Mountain (Kalkajaka) National Park">Black Mountain (Kalkajaka)</a> where people have mysteriously disappeared in the area, and the "Valley of the Dead" at <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yakutia">Yakutia</a>, Russia, where unexplained deaths and illnesses are attributed to a possible underground alien base.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep26" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">26</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">11</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and The Founding Fathers"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 5, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode suggests that some of the philosophies, and alleged secret symbolism surrounding the founding of the United States, have connections to extraterrestrials. Examined are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s writings on the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_pluralism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cosmic pluralism">plurality of worlds</a>;" stories that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> had an alien visitation at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Forge" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s report of a UFO sighting; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a> interest in ancient cultures and astronomy, and the possible influence it all had in the architecture and layout of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep27" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">27</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">12</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Deadly Cults"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 12, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode examines various cults around the world that have committed horrific acts and suggests that some may have been influenced by aliens with a sinister agenda. Examined are groups who claimed to receive messages from ETs such as the suicidal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Solar_Temple" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Order of the Solar Temple">Order of the Solar Temple</a>; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Ten_Commandments_of_God" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God">Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God</a> whose leader murdered 750 followers; the human sacrifice murders of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Constanzo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adolfo Constanzo">Adolfo Constanzo</a> who claimed worship of the "trickster god" <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eshu">Eshu</a>; the mass-murderous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuggee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thuggee">Thuggee</a> cult of India; the Christian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcellions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a> suicide-sect; Aztec human sacrifice rituals, and the theory that humans were hard-wired through genetic manipulation to worship alien beings as gods.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep28" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">28</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">13</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and the Secret Code"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 19, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode theorizes that various megalithic structures around the Earth are built upon a "world grid" of electromagnetic energy and that this power may have been tapped for travel and communication. It also suggests that there are hidden messages within these sites that show they have connections to one another. Featured are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> and Easter Island, (sites separated by 2000 miles of ocean, but having similar architecture); the Pyramids at Giza, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough Henges</a>, and ancient Hopi cities (all three configured to resemble <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a>); the straight line alignments of sites such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Viking ring fortress">Trelleborg</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> and Giza; and stone carvings at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrinis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gavrinis">Gavrinis</a> (from 3500 BC) accurately calculating the circumference of the Earth and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pi">Pi</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep29" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">29</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">14</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and the Undead"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 26, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode discusses the possibility of life after death, the beliefs associated with it in various cultures and raises the question of whether certain rituals can be attributed to ancient aliens.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep30" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">30</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">15</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens, Gods and Heroes"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 16, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode looks into various legends about gods and heroes and surmises that the existence of such beings was not only possible, but that they were also beings of extraterrestrial origin.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep31" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">31</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">16</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and the Creation of Man"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 23, 2011</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(152, 251, 152); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode asks why humans are so different from other lifeforms on Earth, and proposes that advances in human evolution were the work of interstellar beings.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span id="Season_4_(2012)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Season_4_.282012.29">Season 4 (2012)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Season 4 (2012)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders wikiepisodetable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 1025px;"><tbody>
<tr style="color: black; text-align: center;"><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(240, 230, 140); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr><br />overall</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(240, 230, 140); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> in<br />season</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(240, 230, 140); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 715.813px;">Title</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(240, 230, 140); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 140.813px;">Original air date</th></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep32" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">32</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Mayan Conspiracy"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">February 17, 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(240, 230, 140); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode suggests that the ancient Maya were given their knowledge of mathematics and astronomy by extraterrestrials. It alleges advanced city engineering despite the use of metal tools and the wheel; knowledge of celestial events (such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_shift_hypothesis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pole shift hypothesis">pole shifts</a>) thousands of years before the culture began; and a complex writing system only understood by the rulers and clerics among them. Featured artifacts include the sarcophagus lid of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palenque" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Palenque">Palenque</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27inich_Janaab%27_Pakal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="K'inich Janaab' Pakal">King Pakal</a>, who is said to be piloting a rocket ship; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Venta" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="La Venta">La Venta</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec_colossal_heads" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Olmec colossal heads">Olmec heads</a> suggested to represent African people in flight helmets; and the feathered serpent god <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukulkan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kukulkan">Kukulkan</a> possibly depicted elsewhere in the world as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nāga">Naga</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_dragon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep33" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">33</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Doomsday Prophecies"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">February 17, 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(240, 230, 140); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode looks at the Maya civilization and their advanced knowledge of mathematics and timekeeping. It presents theories as to why the Maya backdated the 5125-year long-count calendar to 3114 BC (over 3,000 years before their civilization began) and what could happen after it ends December 21, 2012. Discussed are two artifacts, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortuguero_(Maya_site)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tortuguero (Maya site)">Tortuguero</a> monument six and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comalcalco" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Comalcalco">Comalcalco</a> mud brick, that may suggest the return of a star god Bolon Yokte; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popol_Vuh" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a> creation myths; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilam_Balam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chilam Balam">Chilam Balam</a> manuscripts; and the monuments of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> (which is suggested to have been built to mimic the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a> cluster); and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>, dedicated to the return of the Maya god <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukulkan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kukulkan">Kukulkan</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep34" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">34</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Greys"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">February 24, 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(240, 230, 140); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode focuses upon the so-called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_alien" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grey alien">Greys</a>, alleged alien beings characterized as having pale skin and big round heads with large black eyes, and connected within the last century to supposed alien abductions and UFO-related cases such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_UFO_incident" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roswell UFO incident">Roswell incident</a>. It also proposes that the Greys may have contacted human cultures in the distant past, such as the Hopi Indians and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a>, and these events have been preserved in various ancient writings, sculptures and cave paintings.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep35" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">35</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Mega-Disasters"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">March 2, 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(240, 230, 140); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode looks at various accounts of ancient civilizations that were destroyed by natural disasters such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and floods and proposes that otherworldly beings may have had a hand in these catastrophic events.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep36" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">36</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The NASA Connection"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">March 9, 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(240, 230, 140); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode delves into various reports by former NASA scientists and astronauts, as well as classified government files that purportedly suggest the space agency had alien contact in both the recent and ancient past.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep37" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">37</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">6</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Mystery of Puma Punku"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">March 16, 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(240, 230, 140); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode investigates the ruins of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumapunku" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pumapunku">Puma Punku</a> in Bolivia, where an ancient civilization constructed sophisticated and intricately carved blocks that interlock. Ancient alien theorists suggest the site was not built and inhabited by humans, but by advanced extraterrestrials.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep38" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">38</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Bigfoot"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">March 23, 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(240, 230, 140); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode examines the legends of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigfoot" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bigfoot">Bigfoot</a>, a creature described as half-man/half-ape that allegedly stalks remote woodlands around the world, and suggests the creature may have connections to an alien species that may have visited Earth. Also suggested are that the legends of supernatural giants such as the Bible's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Goliath">Goliath</a>, the hybrid <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephilim" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a>, the Sumerian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a>, are tales of human interaction with such creatures.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep39" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">39</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Da Vinci Conspiracy"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 6, 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(240, 230, 140); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode examines some of the paintings, sketches and journals of legendary artist and engineer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, and alleges that some of his work may have been inspired by alien technology he may have encountered. Discussed are the possibility of hidden messages within his work such as parts of his paintings that disappear under x-ray scans; his use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_writing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mirror writing">mirror writing</a> to make his notes illegible to prying eyes; his sketches of inhuman and monstrous creatures, and what Da Vinci might have been doing when he seemingly disappeared for two years after finding a mysterious cave.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep40" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">40</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">9</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Time Travelers"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 27, 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(240, 230, 140); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode suggests that some alleged alien encounters may be of beings from Earth's future traveling in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Time travel">time machines</a> and that these beings visited Earth's distant past. Examined are the rumors of the Nazi "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Glocke" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Die Glocke">Die Glocke</a>" time travel machine; the advanced cosmic knowledge of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Pueblo_Peoples" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ancient Pueblo Peoples">Anasazi</a> and their similarities to the ancient Sumerians; stories of time travel in the Bible and other ancient texts; and actual space/time experiments that could one day open the door for possible time travel technology.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep41" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">41</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Dinosaurs"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 4, 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(240, 230, 140); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episode suggests that man and dinosaurs may have coexisted in ancient times and past cultures had knowledge of prehistoric animals long before the study of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a>. Examined is a carving found in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Wat" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> that is suggested to be a depiction of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegosaurus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stegosaurus">stegosaurus</a>; the thousands of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ica_Stones" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ica Stones">Ica Stones</a> of Peru that depict alleged human/dinosaur interaction; and fossils from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_Valley_State_Park" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dinosaur Valley State Park">Dinosaur Valley State Park</a> suggested to contain both dinosaur and human footprints. Also suggested is the idea that dinosaurs may have been wiped out, not by an asteroid impact, but by alien extermination so that humans could become the dominant species on Earth.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span id="Season_5_(2012–13)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Season_5_.282012.E2.80.9313.29">Season 5 (2012–13)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Season 5 (2012–13)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders wikiepisodetable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 1025px;"><tbody>
<tr style="color: black; text-align: center;"><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(223, 184, 223); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr><br />overall</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(223, 184, 223); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> in<br />season</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(223, 184, 223); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 715.813px;">Title</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(223, 184, 223); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 140.813px;">Original air date</th></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep42" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">42</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Secrets of the Pyramids"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 21, 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(223, 184, 223); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss ancient pyramidal structures; in Bosnia, Egypt, Russia & throughout <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep43" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">43</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Cover Ups"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 28, 2012</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(223, 184, 223); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss how extraterrestrials might have hidden evidence of their visits.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep44" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">44</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Alien Power Plants"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">January 4, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(223, 184, 223); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists question the accomplishments of ancient man without modern technology.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep45" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">45</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Destination Orion"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">January 11, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(223, 184, 223); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists speculate about why ancient civilizations focused on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_constellation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orion constellation">Orion constellation</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep46" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">46</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Einstein Factor"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">January 18, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(223, 184, 223); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Theorists talk about potential extraterrestrial connections to famous historical figures committed to science such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep47" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">47</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">6</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Secrets of the Tombs"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">January 25, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(223, 184, 223); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists suggest that an extraterrestrial connection links tombs in Egypt, China, and other locations.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep48" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">48</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Prophets and Prophecies"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">February 8, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(223, 184, 223); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss extraterrestrial-based prophecies and prophets, including some of the world's deadliest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cult">cults</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep49" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">49</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Beyond Nazca"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">February 15, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(223, 184, 223); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss extraterrestrial matter possibly contributing to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazca">Nazca</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep50" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">50</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">9</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Strange Abductions"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">February 22, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(223, 184, 223); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss extraterrestrial-linked disappearances.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep51" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">51</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Von Daniken Legacy"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 5, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(223, 184, 223); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the legacy of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4niken" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Erich von Däniken">Erich von Däniken</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariots_of_the_Gods%3F" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chariots of the Gods?">Chariots of the Gods?</a></i>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep52" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">52</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">11</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Viking Gods"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 12, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(223, 184, 223); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility of alien contact with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep53" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">53</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">12</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Monoliths"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 19, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(223, 184, 223); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiriya" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> and various monoliths.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span id="Season_6_(2013)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Season_6_.282013.29">Season 6 (2013)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Season 6 (2013)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders wikiepisodetable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 1025px;"><tbody>
<tr style="color: black; text-align: center;"><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(165, 208, 188); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr><br />overall</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(165, 208, 188); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> in<br />season</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(165, 208, 188); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 715.813px;">Title</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(165, 208, 188); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 140.813px;">Original air date</th></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep54" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">54</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Power of Three"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">September 30, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(165, 208, 188); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimurti" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> and the common occurrence of the number <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Three">three</a> in ancient texts.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep55" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">55</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Crystal Skulls"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 7, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(165, 208, 188); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the worldwide phenomena of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_skull" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crystal skull">crystal skull</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep56" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">56</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Anunnaki Connection"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 14, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(165, 208, 188); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss a possible connection between extraterrestrials and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mesopotamian">Mesopotamian</a> deities known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anunnaki" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep57" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">57</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Magic of the Gods"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 21, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(165, 208, 188); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Merlin">Merlin</a>, and extraterrestrials.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep58" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">58</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Satan Conspiracy"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 28, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(165, 208, 188); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Satan">Satan</a> and the worldwide concept of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Devil">devil</a> figure.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep59" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">59</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">6</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Alien Operations"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 1, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(165, 208, 188); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Miracles">miracles</a> and alien technology.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep60" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">60</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Emperors, Kings and Pharaohs"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 8, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(165, 208, 188); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss historical <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasties" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dynasties">dynasties</a> possible relationship to extraterrestrials.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep61" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">61</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Mysterious Relics"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 15, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(165, 208, 188); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss mythic powers attributed to worldwide religious <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Relics">relics</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep62" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">62</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">9</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Forbidden Islands"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 29, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(165, 208, 188); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss mysterious occurrences, including reported alien visitation, on remote <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islands">islands</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep63" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">63</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and The Lost Ark"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 6, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(165, 208, 188); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ark_of_the_Covenant" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Ark of the Covenant">the Ark of the Covenant</a> as misunderstood technology.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep64" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">64</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">11</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Mysterious Mountains"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 13, 2013</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(165, 208, 188); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Olympus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mt. Olympus">Mt. Olympus</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inca">Inca</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peru">Peru</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> Apu and aliens.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span id="Season_7_(2014)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Season_7_.282014.29">Season 7 (2014)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Season 7 (2014)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders wikiepisodetable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 1025px;"><tbody>
<tr style="color: black; text-align: center;"><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 128, 64); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr><br />overall</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 128, 64); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> in<br />season</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 128, 64); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 715.813px;">Title</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 128, 64); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 140.813px;">Original air date</th></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep65" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">65</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Stargates"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">January 24, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 128, 64); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss aliens traveling through <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormholes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wormholes">wormholes</a> and space travel.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep66" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">66</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens in America"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">January 31, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 128, 64); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss alien influence in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States">United States</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep67" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">67</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Star Children"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">February 7, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 128, 64); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchild_skull" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Starchild skull">Starchild skull</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_people_(New_Age_belief)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Star people (New Age belief)">Star people</a> and the reported Black Eyed Kids.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep68" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">68</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Treasures of the Gods"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">February 14, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 128, 64); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss mythic ancient treasure and curses including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seal of Solomon">King Solomon's Ring</a>, lost <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> treasure, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalos" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Omphalos">Omphalos</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep69" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">69</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and the Red Planet"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">February 21, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 128, 64); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that ancient alien civilizations existed on the planet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mars">Mars</a>, and speculate that features photographed by probes may be ruins of ancient structures built by these aliens.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep70" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">70</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">6</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Shamans"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">February 28, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 128, 64); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that beings contacted by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamans" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shamans">shamans</a> in altered states of consciousness are actually extraterrestrials.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep71" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">71</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Insects"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">March 7, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 128, 64); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that some aliens may be insect-like, and argue that such beings serve as inspirations for many cultures' gods and legendary figures.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep72" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">72</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Alien Breeders"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">March 14, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(255, 128, 64); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that aliens influenced the course of human evolution, and argue that genetic manipulation of humans by aliens allowed for civilization to arise.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span id="Season_8_(2014)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Season_8_.282014.29">Season 8 (2014)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Season 8 (2014)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders wikiepisodetable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 1025px;"><tbody>
<tr style="color: black; text-align: center;"><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(116, 223, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr><br />overall</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(116, 223, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> in<br />season</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(116, 223, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 715.813px;">Title</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(116, 223, 0); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 140.813px;">Original air date</th></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep73" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">73</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Alien Transports"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-ReferenceA-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">June 13, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(116, 223, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that modern transportation systems are influenced by aliens who visited Earth in the remote, and not-so-remote past.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep74" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">74</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Mysterious Structures"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-ReferenceA-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">June 20, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(116, 223, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that some of Earth's mysterious structures and monoliths are the work of aliens in the remote past.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep75" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">75</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Mysterious Devices"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-ReferenceA-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">June 27, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(116, 223, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the mysterious objects which may have been the technology of, or have been influenced by the technology of, alien gods who visited us in the past.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep76" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">76</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Faces of the Gods"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 25, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(116, 223, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that many tales of angels and giants in the ancient world were inspired by extraterrestrial visits and experimentation on human DNA.</div>
<b>Note</b>: This was a special episode that was aired immediately after a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#ep78" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">short hiatus</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep77" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">77</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Reptilians"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 25, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(116, 223, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that many mythological figures in ancient cultures were inspired by actual reptile-like aliens, some of which may have bred with humans.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep78" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">78</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">6</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Tesla Experiment"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 1, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(116, 223, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that the great technological developments made by inventor Nikola Tesla were inspired by extraterrestrials.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep79" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">79</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The God Particle"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 8, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(116, 223, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that the creation of the Large Hadron Collider was foretold in ancient sources that were inspired by aliens.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep80" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">80</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Alien Encounters"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 15, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(116, 223, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that aliens set into motion some of the most significant turning points in human history and have ultimate control over our destiny.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep81" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">81</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">9</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Superheroes"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 22, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(116, 223, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that legends of super-powered beings in ancient mythologies, as well as stories of modern superheroes, originate from retellings of people's encounters with aliens in the distant past.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span id="Season_9_(2014–15)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Season_9_.282014.E2.80.9315.29">Season 9 (2014–15)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Season 9 (2014–15)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders wikiepisodetable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 1025px;"><tbody>
<tr style="color: black; text-align: center;"><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(0, 255, 128); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr><br />overall</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(0, 255, 128); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> in<br />season</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(0, 255, 128); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 715.813px;">Title</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(0, 255, 128); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 140.813px;">Original air date</th></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep82" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">82</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Forbidden Caves"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 31, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 255, 128); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that caves have served as portals for contact with extraterrestrial beings, becoming the inspiration for various mythological traditions.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep83" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">83</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Mysteries of the Sphinx"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 7, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 255, 128); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a> originally represented an otherworldly being that came to Earth some 10,000 years ago.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep84" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">84</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens Among Us"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 14, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 255, 128); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that the evolution of technology is not entirely of our own making and that we are being watched by entities from beyond our world.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep85" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">85</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Genius Factor"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 21, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 255, 128); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that many of history’s greatest scientists were inspired by extraterrestrial sources.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep86" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">86</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Secrets of the Mummies"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">November 28, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 255, 128); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that the global practice of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mummy">mummification</a> is proof that extraterrestrials visited Earth in the past.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep87" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">87</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">6</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Alien Resurrections"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 5, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 255, 128); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that incredible stories about the dead rising from their graves, mummies journeying into the afterlife, and people on the brink of death mingling with deceased relatives in a celestial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Underworld">netherworld</a> are proof that extraterrestrials visited Earth in the distant past.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep88" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">88</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Alien Messages"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 19, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 255, 128); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that some strange and cryptic communications can help us unlock the mysteries of the universe and contact extraterrestrial beings.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep89" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">89</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Great Flood"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">December 23, 2014</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 255, 128); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that extraterrestrial beings were responsible for causing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_myth" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flood myth">Great Flood</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep90" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">90</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">9</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and the Civil War"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 10, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 255, 128); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that aliens influenced the course of events in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep91" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">91</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Hidden Pyramids"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 17, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 255, 128); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that aliens inspired long-buried <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Megalit">megalitic</a> pyramids which are only now being rediscovered.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep92" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">92</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">11</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Vanishings"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 24, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 255, 128); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that history's mysterious disappearances were caused by extraterrestrials transporting people to other planets.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep93" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">93</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">12</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Alien Agenda"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tfc_15-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-tfc-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 1, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 255, 128); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the theory that aliens have been secretly influencing human history for thousands of years. Several things are discussed, among them: the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> story, the destruction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanka" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lanka">Lanka</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_mythology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul Hellyer">Paul Hellyer</a>'s extraterrestrial claims, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunaki" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Annunaki">Annunaki</a> and the Nazi's supposed advanced technology.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span id="Season_10_(2015)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Season_10_.282015.29">Season 10 (2015)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Season 10 (2015)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders wikiepisodetable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 1025px;"><tbody>
<tr style="color: black; text-align: center;"><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(0, 157, 236); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr><br />overall</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(0, 157, 236); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> in<br />season</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(0, 157, 236); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 715.813px;">Title</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(0, 157, 236); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 140.813px;">Original air date</th></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep94" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">94</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens B.C."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 24, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 157, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the idea that an alien civilization inhabited Earth in the distant past.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep95" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">95</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"NASA's Secret Agenda"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 31, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 157, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss that rocket technology pioneered by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="NASA">NASA</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> may have extraterrestrial origins.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep96" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">96</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Aliens and Robots"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 7, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 157, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss that sophisticated robots existed in the ancient world and that figures such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> may have in fact been robots.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep97" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">97</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Dark Forces"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 14, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 157, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss if <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grigori Rasputin">Grigori Rasputin</a>, the Nazi <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a> were in league with sinister otherworldly entities.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep98" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">98</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Alien Evolution"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 21, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 157, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss if prehistoric remains point to numerous extraterrestrial species inhabiting Earth.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep99" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">99</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">6</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Other Earth"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 28, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 157, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility of humans finding life on Earth-like planets, the colonization of other planets by humans and the potential colonization of our planet by extraterrestrials.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep100" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">100</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Creatures of the Deep"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">September 4, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 157, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss if legendary aquatic monsters such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_(folklore)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kappa (folklore)">Kappa</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_(cryptozoology)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Champ (cryptozoology)">Champ</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraken" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kraken">Kraken</a> may be alien creatures that originate from underwater <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wormhole">wormholes</a> to other dimensions.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep101" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">101</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Circles from the Sky"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">September 18, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 157, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss if <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_circle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crop circle">crop circles</a> are messages from extraterrestrials.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep102" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">102</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">9</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Alien Wars"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 2, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 157, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that there are numerous factions of alien races with competing agendas visiting Earth, that there is evidence they have been in conflict with each other for thousands of years, and that there is evidence that these wars actually took place here on Earth in the distant past—not between gods, but between extraterrestrial visitors.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep103" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">103</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Forbidden Zones"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">October 9, 2015</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 157, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the idea of aliens visiting us in the past is being censored from us today. Knowledge of extraterrestrial visitation might be found in places forbidden from outsiders.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span id="Season_11_(2016)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Season_11_.282016.29">Season 11 (2016)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Season 11 (2016)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders wikiepisodetable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 1025px;"><tbody>
<tr style="color: white; text-align: center;"><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(0, 13, 236); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr><br />overall</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(0, 13, 236); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> in<br />season</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(0, 13, 236); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 715.813px;">Title</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(0, 13, 236); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 140.813px;">Original air date</th></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep104" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">104</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Pyramids of Antarctica"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 6, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss mysterious ice-covered structures found in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> that could be evidence of extraterrestrials.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep105" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">105</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Destination Mars"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 13, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss how manned missions to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mars">Mars</a> could reveal the existence of extraterrestrial intervention.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep106" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">106</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Next Humans"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 20, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss cybernetics, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a>, and how robots could be the final step in human evolution.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep107" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">107</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The New Evidence"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 27, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss possible new evidence of extraterrestrials through the use of satellite, radar, and thermal scanning.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep108" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">108</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Visionaries"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">June 10, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss if visionaries such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a> could have been subconsciously influenced by extraterrestrials.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep109" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">109</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">6</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Decoding the Cosmic Egg"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">June 17, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the symbolic use of the egg as a symbol throughout cultures worldwide.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep110" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">110</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Wisdom Keepers"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">June 24, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss if the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> might have had contact with extraterrestrials in the remote past by way of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamtime" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dreamtime">Dreamtime</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep111" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">111</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Mysterious Nine"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 8, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss that the recurrence of the number <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="9">nine</a> in religious, cultural, philosophical and occult materials may, like the number three, be connected to extraterrestrials.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep112" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">112</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">9</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Hidden Empire"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 15, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that the mysterious country of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="China">China</a> could contain extraterrestrial civilizations and materials.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep113" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">113</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Prototypes"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 22, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the possibility that extraterrestrials influenced and altered the development of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthals" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovans" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Denisovans">Denisovans</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep114" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">114</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">11</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Space Station Moon"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 29, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Experts and non-experts speculate that the Moon may not be a natural celestial object.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep115" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">115</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">12</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Russia's Secret Files"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 12, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists suggest that otherworldly visitations predate the establishment of the Russian nation, and point to the ancient settlement at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkaim" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arkaim">Arkaim</a> as evidence.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep116" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">116</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">13</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Beyond Roswell"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 19, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss possible evidence that the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="FBI">FBI</a> hid evidence of extraterrestrials after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_UFO_incident" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roswell UFO incident">Roswell UFO incident</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep117" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">117</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">14</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Returned"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 26, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abduction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alien abduction">alien abduction</a> phenomenon including those who claim to have been abducted and returned such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_and_Barney_Hill" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Betty and Barney Hill">Betty and Barney Hill</a>.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep118" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">118</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">15</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Shiva the Destroyer"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hist_eps_14-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-hist_eps-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">September 2, 2016</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(0, 13, 236); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient astronaut theorists discuss the Hindu deity <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and his possible link to extraterrestrials and atomic energy.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span id="Season_12_(2017)"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Season_12_.282017.29">Season 12 (2017)</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Season 12 (2017)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable plainrowheaders wikiepisodetable" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; width: 1025px;"><tbody>
<tr style="color: white; text-align: center;"><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(113, 78, 94); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr><br />overall</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(113, 78, 94); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 59.8125px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="Number">No.</abbr> in<br />season</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(113, 78, 94); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 715.813px;">Title</th><th scope="col" style="background: rgb(113, 78, 94); border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; width: 140.813px;">Original air date</th></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep119" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">119</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">1</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Alien Hunters"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">April 28, 2017</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(113, 78, 94); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Ancient alien astronaut theorists are intrigued by the amount of spending by developed countries into researching the existence of extraterrestrials and ET intelligence and are discussing the matter on the basis of de-classified documents.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: inherit; text-align: center;"><th id="ep120" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">120</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Forged by the Gods"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Screener_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-Screener-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 5, 2017</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: inherit; text-align: center;"><th id="ep121" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">121</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">3</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Mystery of Rudloe Manor"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Screener_18-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-Screener-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 12, 2017</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: inherit; text-align: center;"><th id="ep122" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">122</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">4</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Alien Architects"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 19, 2017</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: inherit; text-align: center;"><th id="ep123" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">123</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">5</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Pharaohs' Curse"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">May 26, 2017</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: inherit; text-align: center;"><th id="ep124" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">124</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">6</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Science Wars"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">June 2, 2017</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: inherit; text-align: center;"><th id="ep125" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">125</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">7</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"City of the Gods"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">June 9, 2017</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: inherit; text-align: center;"><th id="ep126" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">126</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">8</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Alien Frequency"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">June 16, 2017</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: inherit; text-align: center;"><th id="ep127" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">127</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">9</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Majestic Twelve"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 7, 2017</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: inherit; text-align: center;"><th id="ep128" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">128</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">10</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Akashic Record"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 14, 2017</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep129" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">129</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">11</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Voices of the Gods"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 21, 2017</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(113, 78, 94); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">This episodes examines the evidence found in India that the Indian civilization held advanced knowledge of medicine and flight technology.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: inherit; text-align: center;"><th id="ep130" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">130</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">12</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Animal Agenda"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">July 28, 2017</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep131" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">131</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">13</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Replicants"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 4, 2017</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(113, 78, 94); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Rebirth is an eastern philosophy which suggests that that all human and animal bodies have souls. These souls passes on onto the next new born body in a continuously process death after death. This is called reincarnation. Ancient astronaut theorists suggests that the soul is necessary for a body to function and this is an intelligent design by aliens, and that rebirth is not only confined to within Earth itself but also interplanatery throughout the universe.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); text-align: center;"><th id="ep132" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">132</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">14</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"A Spaceship Made of Stone"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">August 11, 2017</td></tr>
<tr><td class="description" colspan="4" style="border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(113, 78, 94); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 3px; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">For thousands of years, the Japanese people believed that the Emperor has direct lineage with the heavens and dieties. Ancient astronauts suggests that ancient Japanese people saw aliens who guided their civilization and that either the Emperior is the direct connection to the "gods" or of alien origin. It is also suggested that aliens came to and traveled throughout Japan in a gigantic spaceship which is replicated at an ancient temple. This episode examines that ancient sites and artifacts to suggest Japanese civilzation was seeded by aliens.</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: inherit; text-align: center;"><th id="ep133" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">133</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">15</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"The Alien Disks"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">September 8, 2017</td></tr>
<tr class="vevent" style="background: inherit; text-align: center;"><th id="ep134" scope="row" style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-weight: normal; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;">134</th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">16</td><td class="summary" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: left;">"Return to Gobekli Tepe"</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">September 15, 2017</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Reception">Reception</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The program had 1.676 million viewers in late October 2010,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2.034 million viewers</span> in mid-December (for the "Unexplained Structures" episode)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> and in late January 2011 it had <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1.309 million viewers.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></div>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Critical reception">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Reviewers have characterized the show as "far-fetched",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> "hugely speculative",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> and "...expound[ing] wildly on theories suggesting that astronauts wandered the Earth freely in ancient times."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> Most of the ideas presented in the show are not accepted by the scientific community, and have been criticized as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohistory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistory</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fritze_26-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-Fritze-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> History professor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_H._Fritze" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ronald H. Fritze">Ronald H. Fritze</a> observed that pseudoscience as offered by von Däniken and the <i>Ancient Aliens</i> program has a periodic popularity in the US: "In a pop culture with a short memory and a voracious appetite, aliens and pyramids and lost civilizations are recycled like fashions."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fritze_26-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-Fritze-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rorotoko_27-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-Rorotoko-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes.com" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Forbes.com">Forbes.com</a> contributor Brad Lockwood criticized <i>Ancient Aliens</i> as an example of the History Channel's addition of "programs devoted to monsters, aliens, and conspiracies", commenting that, "<i>Ancient Aliens</i> defies all ability to suspend disbelief for the sake of entertainment."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Forbes_28-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-Forbes-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> Forbes.com staff writer Alex Knapp also criticized the series and cited <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologist" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a> Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews' rebuke of the History Channel for "treating (<i>Ancient Aliens</i>) nonsense as though it were fact."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Forbes2_29-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-Forbes2-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian.com" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Smithsonian.com">Smithsonian.com</a> science writer Brian Switek was extremely critical of the series, particularly an episode that suggested "aliens exterminated dinosaurs to make way for our species." He characterized the show as "some of the most noxious sludge in television’s bottomless chum bucket."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Switek_30-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-Switek-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></div>
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Others have called attention to a paucity of opposing viewpoints. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Feder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kenneth Feder">Kenneth Feder</a>, Professor of Archaeology at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Connecticut_State_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Central Connecticut State University">Central Connecticut State University</a> and author of <i>Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> has said that he was approached by <i>Ancient Aliens</i> producers regarding his potential participation. "My response was, I’d be happy to be on your show, but you should know that I think that the ancient astronaut hypothesis is execrable bullshit," he said, in an interview. "I haven’t heard back from them, rather remarkably. So, I guess maybe they’re not interested in the other point of view."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></div>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Appearances_in_popular_culture">Appearances in popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Aliens&action=edit&section=19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Appearances in popular culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="South Park">South Park</a></i> parodied the show in an episode entitled "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_Channel_Thanksgiving" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="A History Channel Thanksgiving">A History Channel Thanksgiving</a>" (November 11, 2011, episode 15.13). Reviewer Ramsey Isler commented, "The aim is placed squarely on <i>Ancient Aliens</i> specifically," and described the animation as "a perfect satire of all the ridiculousness of this series, including the black and white art with aliens photoshopped in, and interviews with people of dubious authority."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IGN_33-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-IGN-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup></div>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Viceland">Viceland</a> premiered <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveling_the_Stars:_Action_Bronson_and_Friends_Watch_%E2%80%98Ancient_Aliens%E2%80%99" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Traveling the Stars: Action Bronson and Friends Watch ‘Ancient Aliens’">Traveling the Stars: Action Bronson and Friends Watch ‘Ancient Aliens’</a></i> (also known as <i>Action Bronson Watches Ancient Aliens</i>) with a special on April 20, 2016 followed by a ten-episode series beginning in July. The series features rapper <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Bronson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Action Bronson">Action Bronson</a>, who praises <i>Ancient Aliens</i> as "the best thing that was ever created by man," commenting over the History series while smoking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> with celebrity guests.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> According to producers Jordan Kinley and Hannah Gregg, the show was conceived as a way to address disgruntled viewers of H2, the network that formerly aired <i>Ancient Aliens</i> before being replaced by Viceland on cable carriers in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Aliens#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-36259505080203874262017-10-16T17:27:00.001-07:002017-10-17T01:19:53.215-07:00Attention National Geographic for KIDs!! A PEI File Titled Quote International Year of Planet Earth Final Report Unquote!! Now Can You Buy Insurance? Check IT??<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
PEI file<br />
<br />
International Year of Planet Earth<br />
By Larry Woodfork and Eduardo de Mulder<br />
<a href="http://yearofplanetearth.org/content/downloads/IYPE-FinalReport.pdf">http://yearofplanetearth.org/content/downloads/IYPE-FinalReport.pdf</a><br />
<br />
<b>List of Contents</b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Summary · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1
1. Introduction · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 2
2. History · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 3
a. Rationale and inception · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 3
b. Preparation Phase · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5
c. Transition Phase · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 6
3. Organisation · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 7
a. Structure · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 7
b. Board · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 8
c. Secretariat · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 8
d. National & Regional Committees · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 9
e. Partners & Sponsors · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 11
f. Advisory Group · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 12
4. Implementation · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 13
a. The Science Programme · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 13
b. The Outreach Programme · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 17
c. Global participation · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 20
d. International Events · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 57
5. Communication · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 62
6. Finances · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 64
7. Output & Legacy · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 66
8. Relation with other International Years · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 68
9. UNESCO’s involvement in the International Year of Planet Earth · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 69
10. IUGS’s involvement in the International Year of Planet Earth · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 70
11. Evaluation & Conclusions · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 71
Annexes · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 73</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Summary</b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE) was established by the General Assembly of the United Nations for 2008 with
a view to raising worldwide public and political awareness of the vast, though frequently under-used, potential the Earth
Sciences possess for improving the quality of life of the peoples of the world and safeguarding Earth’s rich and diverse
geo-environments. The International Year project was jointly initiated in 2001 by the non-governmental International
Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and the Earth Science Division of the inter-governmental United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). To increase its impact, the UN Year (2008) was stretched to
an IYPE triennium that included 2007 and 2009. The IYPE Corporation, consisting of a Board of Directors, a Secretariat
and an Advisory Group, was registered in 2006 as a non-profit organisation in the USA. A strong emphasis on enhancing
the role of the Earth sciences in building a healthier, safer and wealthier society was adopted – as declared in the Year’s
logo strap-line “Earth Sciences for Society”. Two operational programmes addressed outreach to raise public and political
awareness, and science to enhance research in the Earth sciences. Through IYPE’s 80 National and Regional Committees,
the Outreach Programme, with a major education component, achieved considerable success in the hands of the IYPE
member states representing over 80 percent of the global population. The Science Programme concentrated on bringing
together scientists from around the world to advance collaborative science in ten designated areas of global concern.
These areas included groundwater, human health, climate change, geo-hazards, resources, mega-cities, deep Earth, soils,
ocean, and Earth & life. As fundraising started to bear fruit quite late in the triennium, insufficient funds were available
to properly support a (costly) Science Programme. Moreover, several of the ten IYPE themes were addressed at national
levels through current university curricula and special programmes. The IYPE has undoubtedly benefitted the Earth
sciences and has left a significant legacy, including more students enrolling in the Earth sciences in at least eleven
countries. The UN proclamation was crucial for the success of the IYPE, in particular for national implementation of the
aims and ambitions through its National and Regional Committees.</span><br />
<br />
<b>1. Introduction</b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Following adoption of a Draft Resolution on proclamation of the International Year of Planet Earth by UNESCO’s
33rd General Conference in October 2005, the United Nations General Assembly, in its 68th Session, adopted on
22 December 2005 Resolution 60/192 to proclaim 2008 the International Year of Planet Earth.
The rationale for the International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE) was the rather dramatically declining numbers of students
enrolling in the Earth sciences at a time when society is in need of substantially more such experts. Education in the
Earth sciences provides humankind with the ways and means of ensuring sustainable use of natural resources and of
generating the scientific infrastructure that is vital for sustainable development, yet the available wealth of scientific
information on planet Earth remains largely untapped and hardly known to the public and their decision makers.
Thus, the IYPE and its legacy initiatives are well placed to raise public awareness of the importance for sustainable
development of the Earth’s processes and resources; disaster prevention, reduction and mitigation; and capacity building
for the sustainable management of resources. It follows that the International Year should be seen as an important
contribution to the UN Decade for Education for Sustainable Development. The ambition to promote the use of
(Earth) science for decision making on societal issues was expressed in the IYPE’s subtitle: Earth Sciences for Society.
The UN Proclamation was the result of a process initiated in 2001 on the part of the International Union of Geological
Sciences (IUGS), with the support of UNESCO, both of which were identified as the IYPE Initiators. IUGS, which is a
Non-Governmental Organisation, and UNESCO, an Inter-Governmental Organisation, already shared a long record of
productive cooperation in the natural sciences and their application to societal problems, including the International
Geoscience Programme (IGCP), now in its fourth decade.
This Report describes the history and the development of the initiative towards UN Proclamation. Next, attention
is given to the various components of the IYPE organisation, followed by the main part of the Report: Implementation.
This Chapter describes the two main programmes and includes a presentation of the main activities undertaken by
all National and Regional IYPE Committees. This is followed by a description of the communication tools used for
implementation. Chapter 6 provides a financial overview of the IYPE, followed by information on the output and legacy of
the IYPE in Chapter 7. This is followed by several short chapters: on the relation with other simultaneous international
Years (8), on UNESCO’s role in the IYPE (9), on perspectives for the future (10) and, finally, Conclusions and Evaluation (11).
Several Annexes complete the Report.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
2. HISTORY<br />
<br />
<b>a. Rational and inception </b><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The idea of the International Year of Planet Earth emerged during Eduardo de Mulder’s evaluation of the state of the
Geosciences when he took over the office of President of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) in August
2000. Despite quite significant and accelerated progress in the Earth sciences over the past four decades resulting in
paradigm shifts on the stability of the Earth’s crust (plate tectonics), the understanding of Earth processes (assisted by
physical and numerical modeling), the resolution in time (at annual levels to at least 800,000 years ago), and the
transparency of the composition of the planet (seismic tomography, geological mapping and digital data storage and
processing), public awareness of the Earth sciences seemed to have been in decline since the early 1980s. Evidence of
such decline was expressed by the numbers of students enrolling in Earth science departments of universities, mining
schools and other education centres</span>.<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">This development was attributed to at least two
approximately concurrent factors (de Mulder, 2005): </span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Figure 1. Student enrolment in the Earth sciences at universities </span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">in the USA (in blue) and oil price development (in red), period </span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1970-2008. Modified after AGI.</span> </div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><u>Find all graphics at <a href="http://yearofplanetearth.org/content/downloads/IYPE-FinalReport.pdf">http://yearofplanetearth.org/content/downloads/IYPE-FinalReport.pdf</a></u></i></span></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<b>Worldwide declining commodity prices </b><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Despite strongly increasing demands for Earth materials
and contrary to pessimistic views on exhaustion of Earth
resources as expressed by Meadows et al. (1972),
commodity prices fell significantly after the early 1980’s,
following long-term historic and generally downward
trends for raw materials (International Monetary Fund,
2001). Reducing commodity prices may partly be
attributed to new discoveries. A well-trained generation of
exploration geologists, equipped with new tools,
including satellite images and 3D seismic surveying techniques, and assisted by rapid data handling and modeling
methods, identified many new and extensive resources of almost all metals, minerals and fossil fuels. Thus, instead
of heading for immediate exhaustion, the world reserves of most commodities were increasing (Crowson, 1998).
Moreover, new discoveries were made at a time when exploration budgets in the mining sector – normally positively
correlated to commodity prices – were being cut (Goulden, 2006). That resulted in significantly fewer job opportunities for
young professionals in the extraction industry, traditionally the sector that employs most of each new generation
of Earth science graduates. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<b>Growing public concern for the environment</b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">From the mid 1970’s public concern about the environment and its impact on health and well-being began to grow.
Two publications played an important role in this respect: ‘Silent Spring’ (Carson, 1962) and ‘The Limits to growth: a global
challenge’ (Meadows et al. 1972). These publications placed ‘the environment’ on the political agenda and prompted
governments to take measures to protect it. Environmental concerns dealing with the geosphere were also expressed
by the geoscience community (Fyfe, 1981). Such concerns resulted in a negative public reaction to those industries
traditionally associated with exploitation of Earth resources and their related professions, including the Earth sciences.
In combination, both factors contributed to a sharp decline in student enrolment. Despite sharply rising commodity
prices since 2002/2003, student enrolment in the Earth sciences did not grow in most of the developing countries
(Figure 1). Apparently, negative perception of this profession prevailed among the young people in most countries,
regardless of the adoption of new and more environmentally concerned policies on the part of the mining and oil industries. Read the entire article/PEI file at <a href="http://yearofplanetearth.org/content/downloads/IYPE-FinalReport.pdf">http://yearofplanetearth.org/content/downloads/IYPE-FinalReport.pdf</a></span><br />
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by L Woodfork - <a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=9461558313968697318" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #1a0dab; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Cited by 3</a> - <a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:5n-_NSg1ToM-_M:scholar.google.com/" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #1a0dab; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Related articles</a></div>
<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Larry Woodfork</span> & <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Eduardo de Mulder</span> ..... The rationale for the <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">International Year of Planet Earth</span> (IYPE) was the rather dramatically declining numbers of students.</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: grey;">Jan 10, 2008 - </span>you may wish to contact the IYPE Secretariat: iype.secretariat@ngu.no. Yours sincerely,. Prof. <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Eduardo de Mulder</span>. Prof. <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Larry Woodfork</span>.</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: grey;">Nov 7, 2007 - </span>Present: <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Woodfork Larry</span> (Chair); <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">de Mulder</span>, <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Eduardo</span> (for van Bracht, ... of other<span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">international Years</span>: the <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">International Year</span> of Mountains, the.</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">"IYPE is a celebration of the earth sciences," said <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Larry Woodfork</span>, Chairman of ... <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">International Year of Planet Earth</span>, spanning 2007-2009, is a joint initiative of the ... <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Eduardo de Mulder</span>, Executive Director, IYPE Secretariat, or <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Larry Woodfork</span>, ...</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: grey;">Oct 31, 2008 - </span>2. Evolution of an idea. The idea of an <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">International Year of Planet Earth</span> was launched in 2000 at ... Kraas (Ge)). Nennonen (Fi), Marker (UK), <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">de Mulder</span> (Nl), ..... <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Larry Woodfork</span> (USA) was appointed Chair of the IYPE Board of ... kind' and in cash. <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Eduardo</span> F.J. <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">de Mulder</span>, Executive Director IYPE Secretariat.</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">The <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">International Year of Planet Earth's</span> triennial programme was launched is ... Dr. <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Eduardo de Mulder</span>, IYPE's Executive Director, was present at the launch and ... are indebted to <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Larry Woodfork</span> for agreeing to accept temporary. (Acting) ...</span></div>
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<a href="http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/317/1/409" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">A year to remember | Geological Society, London, Special Publications</a></h3>
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by T Nield - 2009 - <a class="fl" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:1MmTtV5klN2MxM:scholar.google.com/" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #1a0dab; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Related articles</a></div>
<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">Our challenge for the next 200 years is to use our understanding of the Earth ... the other half bore that of the United Nations <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">International Year of Planet Earth</span>. ... Dr <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Eduardo de Mulder</span> and his colleagues from the International Year's Board of .... by <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Larry Woodfork</span>, a former President of AGI and Chair of International Year of<wbr></wbr> ...</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">The United Nations General Assembly declared 2008 as the <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">International Year of Planet Earth</span> ... The Year's Project Leader was former IUGS President Professor <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Eduardo</span> F J <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">de Mulder</span>. The Year's Science Committee was chaired by Professor Edward Derbyshire (Royal Holloway) and its Outreach Committee by Dr Ted ...</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: grey;">Feb 12, 2008 - </span>proclaimed <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">International Year of Planet Earth</span> (IYPE) and in particular to its ... <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Eduardo de Mulder</span> ..... Address by Chair of IYPE, <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Larry Woodfork</span>.</span></div>
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International Year of Planet Earth</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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This article <b>relies too much on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary.2C_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please improve this by adding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary.2C_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>.</span> <small style="font-size: 11.9px;"><i>(November 2011)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact" style="font-size: 11.9px;"><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> declared 2008 as the <b>International Year of Planet Earth</b> to increase awareness of the importance of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Earth science">Earth sciences</a> for the advancement of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UN_ARES60192_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Planet_Earth#cite_note-UN_ARES60192-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> was designated as the lead agency. The Year's activities spanned the three years 2006-2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Planet_Earth#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Planet_Earth#Goals" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Goals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Planet_Earth#Background" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Planet_Earth#Objectives" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Objectives</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Planet_Earth#Themes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Themes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Planet_Earth#Output_and_Legacy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Output and Legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Planet_Earth#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Planet_Earth#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_Planet_Earth#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Goals">Goals</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Planet_Earth&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Goals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The Year aimed to raise $20 million from industry and governments, of which half was to be spent on co-funding research, and half on "outreach" activities. It was intended to be the biggest ever international effort to promote the Earth sciences.</div>
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Apart from researchers, who were expected to benefit under the Year's Science Programme, the principal target groups for the Year's broader messages were:</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Decision makers and politicians, to better inform them about the how Earth scientific knowledge can be used for sustainable development</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The voting public, to communicate to them how Earth scientific knowledge can contribute to a better society</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Geoscientists, to help them use their knowledge of various aspects of the Earth for the benefit of the world’s population.</li>
</ul>
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The research themes of the year, set out in ten science prospectuses, were chosen for their societal relevance, multidisciplinary nature, and outreach potential. The Year had twelve founding partners, 23 associate partners, and was backed politically by 97 countries representing 87% of the world’s population. The Year was promoted politically at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_headquarters" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Nations headquarters">United Nations in New York</a> by the People’s Republic of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</div>
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The Year encouraged contributions from researchers within ten separate themes. The outreach programme worked in a similar way, receiving bids for support from individuals and organisations worldwide.</div>
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The Year's Project Leader was former <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUGS" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IUGS">IUGS</a> President Professor Eduardo F J de Mulder. The Year's Science Committee was chaired by Professor Edward Derbyshire (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway</a>) and its Outreach Committee by Dr Ted Nield (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a>).</div>
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The International Year of Planet Earth project was initiated jointly by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Union of Geological Sciences</a> (IUGS) and the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>). The UN press release reads: "By a draft on the International Year of Planet Earth, 2008, which the Committee approved without a vote on 11 November, the Assembly would declare 2008 the International Year of Planet Earth. It would also designate the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to organize activities to be undertaken during the Year, in collaboration with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNEP" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="UNEP">UNEP</a> and other relevant United Nations bodies, the International Union of Geological Sciences and other Earth sciences societies and groups throughout the world. Also by that draft, the Assembly would encourage Member States, the United Nations system and other actors to use the Year to increase awareness of the importance of Earth sciences in achieving sustainable development and promoting local, national, regional and international action."</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Planet_Earth&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The project was backed by the following founding partners:</div>
<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.875em; margin-top: 0.3em;">
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 version=%221.1%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Geodesy_and_Geophysics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics">International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics</a> (IUGG)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geographical_Union" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Geographical Union">International Geographical Union</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Soil_Sciences" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Union of Soil Sciences">International Union of Soil Sciences</a> (IUSS)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Lithosphere_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Lithosphere Programme (page does not exist)">International Lithosphere Programme</a> (ILP)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Geological_Survey_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Geological Survey of the Netherlands (page does not exist)">National Geological Survey of the Netherlands</a> (NITG-TNO)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Soil_Reference_and_Information_Centre" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Soil Reference and Information Centre">International Soil Reference and Information Centre</a> (ISRIC)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A consortium of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Engineering_Geology_and_the_Environment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment">International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment</a> (IAEG)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Rock_Mechanics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Society for Rock Mechanics">International Society for Rock Mechanics</a> (ISRM)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Soil_Mechanics_and_Geotechnical_Engineering" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering">International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering</a>(ISSMGE)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Quaternary_Research" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Union for Quaternary Research">International Union for Quaternary Research</a> (INQUA)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geological_Institute" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Geological Institute">American Geological Institute</a> (AGI)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Petroleum_Geologists" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Association of Petroleum Geologists">American Association of Petroleum Geologists</a> (AAPG)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Institute_of_Professional_Geologists&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Institute of Professional Geologists (page does not exist)">American Institute of Professional Geologists</a> (AIPG)</li>
</ul>
</div>
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The Year was also supported by 23 Associate Partners, including all major international geoscientific and other relevant organisations:</div>
<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.875em; margin-top: 0.3em;">
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 version=%221.1%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_for_Science" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Council for Science">International Council for Science</a> (ICSU)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission</a> of UNESCO (IOC)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Permafrost_Association" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Permafrost Association">International Permafrost Association</a> (IPA)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Association_on_the_Genesis_of_Ore_Deposits&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits (page does not exist)">International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits</a> (IAGOD)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Economic_Geologists" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Society of Economic Geologists">Society of Economic Geologists</a> (SEG)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Geology_Applied_to_Mineral_Deposits&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits (page does not exist)">Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits</a> (SGA)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Hydrogeologists" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Association of Hydrogeologists">International Association of Hydrogeologists</a> (IAH)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geoscience_Programme" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Geoscience Programme">International Geoscience Programme</a> (IGCP)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Federation_of_Geoscientists&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Federation of Geoscientists (page does not exist)">European Federation of Geoscientists</a> (EFG)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Association_of_Remote_Sensing_of_the_Environment&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="African Association of Remote Sensing of the Environment (page does not exist)">African Association of Remote Sensing of the Environment</a> (AARSE)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Science_Council_of_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Science Council of Asia (page does not exist)">Science Council of Asia</a> (SCA)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Association_for_the_Conservation_of_the_Geological_Heritage&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage (page does not exist)">European Association for the Conservation of the Geological Heritage</a>(ProGEO)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Sedimentary_Geology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Society for Sedimentary Geology">Society for Sedimentary Geology</a> (SEPM)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coordinating_Committee_for_Geoscience_Programmes_in_East_and_Southeast_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (page does not exist)">Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia</a> (CCOP)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geological_Society_of_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geological Society of Africa (page does not exist)">Geological Society of Africa</a> (GSAf)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Nations University">United Nations University</a> (UNU)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Geoscientists_for_International_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Association of Geoscientists for International Development (page does not exist)">Association of Geoscientists for International Development</a> (AGID)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_International_Strategy_for_Disaster_Reduction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction">United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction</a> (UN/ISDR)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North-eastern_Science_Foundation_(USA)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North-eastern Science Foundation (USA) (page does not exist)">North-eastern Science Foundation (USA)</a> (NESF)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_of_American_State_Geologists&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Association of American State Geologists (page does not exist)">Association of American State Geologists</a> (AASG)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISPRS" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISPRS">International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing</a> (ISPRS)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geological Society of America">Geological Society of America</a> (GSA)</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_Committee_for_Stratigraphic_Nomenclature&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North American Committee for Stratigraphic Nomenclature (page does not exist)">North American Committee for Stratigraphic Nomenclature</a> (NACSN)</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Objectives">Objectives</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Planet_Earth&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Objectives">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The Year's stated objective was to:</div>
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Reduce risks for society caused by natural and human-induced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hazard">hazards</a>, reduce health problems by improving understanding of the medical aspects of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Earth science">Earth science</a>, discover new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> and make them available in a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> manner, build safer structures and expand <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>, utilizing natural subsurface conditions, determine the non-human factor in climatic change, enhance understanding of the occurrence of natural resources so as to contribute to efforts to reduce political tension, detect deep and poorly accessible <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> resources, improve understanding of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_life" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evolution of life">evolution of life</a>, increase interest in the Earth sciences in society at large, encourage more young people to study Earth science in university.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Themes">Themes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Planet_Earth&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Themes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Research themes for the Year included:</div>
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<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 version=%221.1%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a>: reservoir for a thirsty planet?</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural disaster">Hazards</a>: minimizing risk, maximizing awareness</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Earth and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Health">Health</a>: building a safer environment</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Climate change">Climate change</a>: the ‘stone tape’</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural resource">Resource</a> Issues: towards sustainable use</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacities" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Megacities">Megacities</a>: going deeper, building safer</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Deep <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Earth">Earth</a>: from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_core" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inner core">core</a></li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ocean">Ocean</a>: abyss of time</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soil">Soil</a>: Earth’s living skin</li>
<li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Earth and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Life">Life</a>: origins of diversity</li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Output_and_Legacy">Output and Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Planet_Earth&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Output and Legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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As part of the IYPE legacy, 80 National and Regional IYPE Committees were set up to bring together key figures from various organisations into a single campaign dedicated to raising awareness of the Earth sciences among decision makers and the public.</div>
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The <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_YES&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Network YES (page does not exist)">Young Earth-Science Initiative (YES)</a> was also created, providing a platform for young professionals in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_sciences" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Earth sciences">Earth sciences</a>. Initiated by two Italian geoscientists, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Govoni&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Govoni (page does not exist)">David Govoni</a> and <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luca_Micucci&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Luca Micucci (page does not exist)">Luca Micucci</a>, it started in 2007 and grew rapidly at the Global Launch Event of the IYPE in Paris in 2008, during which many young geoscientists were invited to participate. From there, the YES Initiative expanded, eventually adopting a formal structure, a network of supporting organisations (including IYPE) and an invitation by the Chinese government to host the first International YES Conference in October 2009 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.</div>
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An international collaborative project known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OneGeology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OneGeology">OneGeology</a> was launched, aiming to bring together geological data from all nations into a digital database and thus transform them into a single computer language, providing free access to the online digital geological world map in the scale of 1:1 million. That initiative, spearheaded by Ian Jackson of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a>, came under the IYPE banner in 2007.</div>
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background: none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
American International Group</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#mw-head" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#p-search" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></div>
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"AIG" redirects here. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIG_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="AIG (disambiguation)">AIG (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption class="fn org" style="font-size: 15.4px; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;">American International Group, Inc.</caption><tbody>
<tr><td class="logo" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AIG_logo.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="AIG logo.svg" data-file-height="162" data-file-width="300" height="108" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/AIG_logo.svg/200px-AIG_logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/AIG_logo.svg/300px-AIG_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/AIG_logo.svg/400px-AIG_logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0px;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_business_entities" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of business entities">Type</a></div>
</th><td class="category" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></th><td style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a>: <a class="external text" href="https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:AIG" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">AIG</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_100" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S&P 100">S&P 100 Component</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500_Index" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S&P 500 Index">S&P 500 Component</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Industry</th><td class="category" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Insurance">Insurance</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Financial services">Financial services</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Founded</th><td style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;">1919<span class="noprint">; 98 years ago</span><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Founder</th><td class="agent" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vander_Starr" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cornelius Vander Starr">Cornelius Vander Starr</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Headquarters</th><td class="adr" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><span class="locality"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New York City">New York City</a>, New York</span>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0px;">
Area served</div>
</th><td style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;">Worldwide</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0px;">
Key people</div>
</th><td class="agent" style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Steenland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Douglas Steenland">Douglas Steenland</a> (Non-executive Chairman)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Duperreault" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brian Duperreault">Brian Duperreault</a><br />
(President & CEO)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Products</th><td style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;">Insurance, Property Casualty: Commercial & Consumer, Life & Retirement, Mortgage Insurance</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Revenue</th><td style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="Decrease" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="300" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Decrease" width="11" /> US$ 52.4 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000_(number)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1000000 (number)">billion</a> (2016)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2016_10-K_4-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-2016_10-K-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0px;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div>
</th><td style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="Decrease" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="300" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Decrease" width="11" /> US$ 74 million (2016)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2016_10-K_4-1" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-2016_10-K-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0px;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_income" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Net income">Net income</a></div>
</th><td style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="Decrease" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="300" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Decrease" width="11" /> US$ 349 million (2016)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2016_10-K_4-2" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-2016_10-K-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asset">Total assets</a></span></th><td style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="Increase" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="300" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Increase" width="11" /> US$ 498.3 billion (2016)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2016_10-K_4-3" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-2016_10-K-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(finance)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></span></th><td style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="Decrease" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="300" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Decrease" width="11" /> US$ 76.9 billion (2016)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2016_10-K_4-4" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-2016_10-K-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0px;">
Number of employees</div>
</th><td style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="Decrease" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="300" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Decrease" width="11" /> Approximately 56,400 (2016)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2016_10-K_4-5" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-2016_10-K-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Website</th><td style="line-height: 1.35em; vertical-align: top;"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="http://www.aig.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">www<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>.aig<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>.com</a></span></td></tr>
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<b>American International Group, Inc.</b>, also known as <b>AIG</b>, is an American multinational insurance corporation with operations in more than 80 countries and jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2016, AIG companies employed 56,400 people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2016_10-K_p8_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-2016_10-K_p8-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> The company operates through three core businesses: Consumer Insurance (49% of 2016 revenues), Commercial Insurance (43% of 2016 revenues), and Other Operations (8% of 2016 revenues).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2016_10-K_p7_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-2016_10-K_p7-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Commercial Insurance includes Liability and Financial Lines and Property and Speciality Risks. Consumer Insurance includes Individual Retirement, Group Retirement, Life Insurance, and Personal Insurance. Other Operations includes run off insurance lines and legacy investments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2016_10-K_p7_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-2016_10-K_p7-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></div>
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AIG's corporate headquarters are in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New York City">New York City</a> and the company also has offices around the world. AIG serves 87% of the Fortune Global 500 and 83% of the Forbes 2000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2016_10-K_p4_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-2016_10-K_p4-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> AIG was ranked 49th on the 2016 Fortune 500 list.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2016_Fortune_500_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-2016_Fortune_500-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup>According to the 2016 Forbes Global 2000 list, AIG is the 87th largest public company in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2016_Forbes_Global_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-2016_Forbes_Global-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> On December 31, 2016 AIG had $76.3 billion in shareholder equity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2016_10-K_p34_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-2016_10-K_p34-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></div>
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AIG was a central player in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">financial crisis of 2008</a>. It was bailed out by the federal government for $180 billion, and the government took control. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Crisis_Inquiry_Commission" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission">Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission</a> (FCIC) of the US government concluded AIG failed primarily because it sold massive amounts of insurance without hedging its investment. Its enormous sales of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_default_swap" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Credit default swap">credit default swaps</a> were made without putting up initial collateral, setting aside capital reserves, or hedging its exposure — a profound failure in corporate governance, particularly its risk-management practices."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Phil_Angelides_2011_352_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-Phil_Angelides_2011_352-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></div>
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<div class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: #222222; display: table; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.3px; padding: 7px; zoom: 1;">
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 12.502px; user-select: none;"> [<a class="togglelink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#History" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#The_early_years:_1919_to_1945" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">The early years: 1919 to 1945</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#International_and_domestic_expansion:_1946_to_1959" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">International and domestic expansion: 1946 to 1959</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#Reorganization_and_specialization:_1960_to_1979" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Reorganization and specialization: 1960 to 1979</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#New_opportunities_and_directions:_1980_to_1999" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">New opportunities and directions: 1980 to 1999</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#Further_expansion_and_decline:_2000_to_2012" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further expansion and decline: 2000 to 2012</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#Growth" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Growth</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#Accounting_scandal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.5.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Accounting scandal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#Expansion_to_the_credit_default_insurance_market" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.5.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Expansion to the credit default insurance market</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#Liquidity_crisis_and_government_bailout" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.5.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Liquidity crisis and government bailout</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#Modern_era:_2012_to_present" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Modern era: 2012 to present</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#Bailout_litigation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Bailout litigation</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#Money_damages" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Money damages</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#Corporate_governance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Corporate governance</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#Board_of_directors" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Board of directors</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#Business" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Business</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#Subsidiaries" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Subsidiaries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#Further_reading" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China_Daily_News_Building" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North China Daily News Building">North China Daily News Building</a> on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bund_(Shanghai)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Bund (Shanghai)">the Bund</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (elevation): the original home of what became AIG; now the AIA building.</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70_Pine_Street" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="70 Pine Street">70 Pine Street</a> was known as the American International Building.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="The_early_years:_1919_to_1945">The early years: 1919 to 1945</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: The early years: 1919 to 1945">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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AIG traces its roots back to 1919, when American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Vander_Starr" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cornelius Vander Starr">Cornelius Vander Starr</a> (1892-1968) established a general insurance agency, American Asiatic Underwriters (AAU), in Shanghai, China.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Laing_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-Laing-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> Business grew rapidly, and two years later, Starr formed a life insurance operation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BloomberBusinsssWeek_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-BloomberBusinsssWeek-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> By the late 1920s, AAU had branches throughout China and Southeast Asia, including the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AIG_Europe_.E2.80.93_History_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-AIG_Europe_.E2.80.93_History-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> In 1926, Mr. Starr opened his first office in the United States, American International Underwriters Corporation (AIU).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> He also focused on opportunities in Latin America and, in the late 1930s, AIU entered Havana, Cuba.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> The steady growth of the Latin American agencies proved significant as it would offset the decline in business from Asia due to the impending World War II.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Laing_12-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-Laing-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> In 1939, Mr. Starr moved his headquarters from Shanghai, China, to New York City.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="International_and_domestic_expansion:_1946_to_1959">International and domestic expansion: 1946 to 1959</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: International and domestic expansion: 1946 to 1959">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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After World War II, American International Underwriters (AIU) entered Japan<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Laing_12-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-Laing-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> and Germany,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> to provide insurance for American military personnel. Throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s, AIU continued to expand in Europe, with offices opening in France, Italy,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AIG_Europe_.E2.80.93_History_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-AIG_Europe_.E2.80.93_History-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup>and the United Kingdom.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> In 1952, Mr. Starr began to focus on the American market by acquiring Globe & Rutgers Fire Insurance Company and its subsidiary, American Home Fire Assurance Company.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fallen_Giant_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-Fallen_Giant-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> By the end of the decade, C.V. Starr's general and life insurance organization included an extensive network of agents and offices in over 75 countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fallen_Giant_21-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-Fallen_Giant-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Reorganization_and_specialization:_1960_to_1979">Reorganization and specialization: 1960 to 1979</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Reorganization and specialization: 1960 to 1979">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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In 1960, C.V. Starr hired <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_R._Greenberg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maurice R. Greenberg">Maurice R. Greenberg</a> to develop an international accident and health business.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> Two years later, Mr. Greenberg reorganized one of C.V. Starr’s U.S. holdings into a successful multiple line carrier.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fallen_Giant_21-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-Fallen_Giant-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> Greenberg focused on selling insurance through independent brokers rather than agents to eliminate agent salaries. Using brokers, AIU could price insurance according to its potential return even if it suffered decreased sales of certain products for great lengths of time with very little extra expense. In 1967, American International Group, Inc. (AIG) was incorporated as a unifying umbrella organization for most of C.V. Starr’s general and life insurance businesses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> In 1968, Starr named Greenberg his successor. The company went public in 1969.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AIG_Headquarters.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="5562" data-file-width="3708" height="330" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/AIG_Headquarters.jpg/220px-AIG_Headquarters.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/AIG_Headquarters.jpg/330px-AIG_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/AIG_Headquarters.jpg/440px-AIG_Headquarters.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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AIG Headquarters in New York</div>
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The 1970s presented many challenges for AIG as operations in the Middle East and Southeast Asia were curtailed or ceased altogether due to the changing political landscape. However, AIG continued to expand its markets by introducing specialized energy, transportation, and shipping products to serve the needs of niche industries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_AIG_Story_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-The_AIG_Story-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> By 1979, with a growing workforce and a worldwide network of offices, AIG offered clients superior technical and risk management skills in an increasingly competitive marketplace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_AIG_Story_25-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-The_AIG_Story-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="New_opportunities_and_directions:_1980_to_1999">New opportunities and directions: 1980 to 1999</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: New opportunities and directions: 1980 to 1999">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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During the 1980s, AIG continued expanding its market distribution and worldwide network by offering a wide range of specialized products, including pollution liability<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_AIG_Story_25-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-The_AIG_Story-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> and political risk.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_AIG_Story_25-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-The_AIG_Story-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> In 1984, AIG listed its shares on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> Throughout the 1990s, AIG developed new sources of income through diverse investments, including the acquisition of International Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC), a provider of leased aircraft to the airline industry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Laing_12-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-Laing-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> In 1992, AIG received the first foreign insurance license granted in over 40 years by the Chinese government. Within the U.S., AIG acquired SunAmerica Inc. a retirement savings company, in 1999.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Further_expansion_and_decline:_2000_to_2012">Further expansion and decline: 2000 to 2012</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Further expansion and decline: 2000 to 2012">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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The AIG Headquarter Building of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_Hills,_Los_Angeles" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Woodland Hills, Los Angeles">Woodland Hills, Los Angeles</a>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Growth">Growth</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Growth">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4>
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The early 2000s saw a marked period of growth as AIG acquired American General Corporation, a leading domestic life insurance and annuities provider,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> and AIG entered new markets including India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> In February 2000, AIG created a strategic advisory venture team with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstone_Group" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blackstone Group">Blackstone Group</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissinger_Associates" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kissinger Associates">Kissinger Associates</a> "to provide financial advisory services to corporations seeking high level independent strategic advice."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> AIG was an investor in Blackstone from 1998 to March 2012, when it sold all of its shares in the company. Blackstone acted as an adviser for AIG during the 2007-2008 financial crisis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></div>
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In November 2004, AIG reached a US$126 million settlement with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> partly resolving a number of regulatory matters, but the company must still cooperate with investigators continuing to probe the sale of a non-traditional insurance product.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Accounting_scandal">Accounting scandal</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Accounting scandal">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4>
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In 2005, AIG became embroiled in a series of fraud investigations conducted by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Justice Department</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Attorney_General" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New York State Attorney General">New York State Attorney General</a>'s Office. Greenberg was ousted amid an accounting scandal in February 2005.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> The New York Attorney General's investigation led to a $1.6 billion fine for AIG and criminal charges for some of its executives.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup></div>
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On May 1, 2005, investigations conducted by outside counsel at the request of AIG's Audit Committee and the consultation with AIG's independent auditors, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP resulted in AIG's decision to restate its financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2003, 2002, 2001 and 2000, the quarters ended March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2004 and 2003 and the quarter ended December 31, 2003.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> On November 9, 2005, the company was said to have delayed its third-quarter earnings report because it had to restate earlier financial results, to correct accounting errors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Expansion_to_the_credit_default_insurance_market">Expansion to the credit default insurance market</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Expansion to the credit default insurance market">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_J._Sullivan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Martin J. Sullivan">Martin J. Sullivan</a> became CEO of the company in 2005. He began his career at AIG as a clerk in its London office in 1970.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT-Andrews-2008-09-16_39-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-NYT-Andrews-2008-09-16-39" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> AIG then took on tens of billions of dollars of risk associated with mortgages. It insured tens of billions of dollars of derivatives against default, but did not purchase reinsurance to hedge that risk. Secondly, it used collateral on deposit to buy mortgage-backed securities. When losses hit the mortgage market in 2007-2008, AIG had to pay out insurance claims and also replace the losses in its collateral accounts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup></div>
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AIG purchased the remaining 39% that it did not own of online auto insurance specialist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Century_Insurance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="21st Century Insurance">21st Century Insurance</a> in 2007 for $749 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> With the failure of the parent company and the continuing recession in late 2008, AIG rebranded its insurance unit to 21st Century Insurance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup></div>
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On June 11, 2008, three stockholders, collectively owning 4% of the outstanding stock of AIG, delivered a letter to the Board of Directors of AIG seeking to oust CEO Martin Sullivan and make certain other management and Board of Directors changes. This letter was the latest volley in what <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> called a "public spat" between the company's board and management, on the one hand, and its key stockholders, and former CEO Maurice Greenberg on the other hand.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></div>
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On June 15, 2008, after disclosure of financial losses and subsequent to a falling stock price, Sullivan resigned and was replaced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Willumstad" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert B. Willumstad">Robert B. Willumstad</a>, Chairman of the AIG Board of Directors since 2006. Willumstad was forced by the US government to step down and was replaced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Liddy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ed Liddy">Ed Liddy</a> on September 17, 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup>AIG's board of directors named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Benmosche" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bob Benmosche">Bob Benmosche</a> CEO on August 3, 2009, to replace Mr. Liddy, who earlier in the year announced his retirement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Liquidity_crisis_and_government_bailout">Liquidity crisis and government bailout</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Liquidity crisis and government bailout">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4>
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Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">Subprime mortgage crisis</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">Financial crisis of 2007–08</a></div>
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AIG faced the most difficult financial crisis in its history when a series of events unfolded in late 2008. AIG was bailed out by the federal government for $180 billion, and the government took control. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Crisis_Inquiry_Commission" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission">Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission</a> (FCIC) made the major government study of the crisis. It concluded in January 2011:</div>
<dl style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">The Commission concludes AIG failed and was rescued by the government primarily because its enormous sales of credit default swaps were made without putting up the initial collateral, setting aside capital reserves, or hedging its exposure – a profound failure in corporate governance, particularly its risk management practices. AIG's failure was possible because of the sweeping deregulation of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, including credit default swaps, which effectively eliminated federal and state regulation of these products, including capital and margin requirements that would have lessened the likelihood of AIG's failure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Phil_Angelides_2011_352_11-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-Phil_Angelides_2011_352-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-47" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup></dd></dl>
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AIG had sold credit protection through its London unit in the form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_default_swap" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Credit default swap">credit default swaps</a> (CDSs) on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateralized_debt_obligation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Collateralized debt obligation">collateralized debt obligations</a> (CDOs) but they had declined in value.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_49-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-New_York_Times-49" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup> The AIG Financial Products division, headed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cassano" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joseph Cassano">Joseph Cassano</a>, in London, had entered into credit default swaps to insure $441 billion worth of securities originally rated AAA. Of those securities, $57.8 billion were structured debt securities backed by subprime loans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_49-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-New_York_Times-49" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> As a result, AIG’s credit rating was downgraded and it was required to post additional collateral with its trading counter-parties, leading to a liquidity crisis that began on September 16, 2008, and essentially bankrupted all of AIG. The United States Federal Reserve Bank stepped in, announcing the creation of a secured credit facility of up to US$85 billion to prevent the company's collapse, enabling AIG to deliver additional collateral to its credit default swap trading partners. The credit facility was secured by the stock in AIG-owned subsidiaries in the form of warrants for a 79.9% equity stake in the company and the right to suspend dividends to previously issued common and preferred stock.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> The AIG board accepted the terms of the Federal Reserve rescue package that same day, making it the largest government bailout of a private company in U.S. history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup></div>
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On March 17, 2009, AIG announced that they were paying $165 million in executive bonuses, prompting the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIG_bonus_payments_controversy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="AIG bonus payments controversy">AIG bonus payments controversy</a>. Total bonuses for the financial unit could reach $450 million and bonuses for the entire company could reach $1.2 billion. President Barack Obama, who voted for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">TARP</a> as a Senator<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup>responded to the planned payments by saying "[I]t's hard to understand how derivative traders at AIG warranted any bonuses, much less $165 million in extra pay. How do they justify this outrage to the taxpayers who are keeping the company afloat?"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup> Politicians on both sides of the Congressional aisle reacted with outrage to the planned bonuses. Political commentators and journalists expressed an equally bipartisan outrage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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Due to the Q3 2011 net loss widening, on November 3, 2011, AIG shares plunged 49 percent year to date. The insurer's board approved a share buyback of as much as $1 billion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-59" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup></div>
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AIG since September 2008 marketed its assets to pay off its government loans. A global decline in the valuation of insurance businesses, and the weakening financial condition of potential bidders, challenged its efforts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-60" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> AIG closed on the sale of its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Steam_Boiler_Inspection_and_Insurance_Company" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company">Hartford Steam Boiler</a> unit on March 31, 2009, to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Re" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Munich Re">Munich Re</a> for $742 million, which was announced December 22, 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-61" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-62" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup> On April 16, 2009, AIG announced plans to sell 21st Century Insurance subsidiary to Farmers Insurance Group for $1.9 billion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-63" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup> June 10, 2009. AIG sold down its majority ownership of reinsurer Transatlantic Re.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-64" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> reported on September 7, 2009, that <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Century_Regional_Developments_Limited" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific Century Regional Developments Limited">Pacific Century Group</a> had agreed to pay $500 million for a part of American International Group's asset management business, and that they also expected to pay an additional $200 million to AIG in carried interest and other payments linked to future performance of the business.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-65" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup></div>
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AIG agreed in March 2010 to sell its American Life Insurance Co. (ALICO) to MetLife Inc. for $15.5 billion in cash and MetLife stock.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-66" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a> reported on March 29 that after almost three months of delays, AIG had completed the $500 million sale of a portion of its asset management business, branded PineBridge Investments, to the Asia-based <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Century_Regional_Developments_Limited" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pacific Century Regional Developments Limited">Pacific Century Group</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-67" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_Investment_Group" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fortress Investment Group">Fortress Investment Group</a> purchased 80% of the interest in financing company <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springleaf" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Springleaf">American General Finance</a>in August 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-68" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup> AIG in September sold AIG Starr and AIG Edison, two of its Japan-based companies, to Prudential Financial for $4.2 billion in cash and $600 million in assumption of third party AIG debt by Prudential.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MarketWatch_69-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-MarketWatch-69" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MarketWatch_69-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-MarketWatch-69" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup> On November 1, AIG announced it has raised $36.71 billion from both the sale of ALICO and its IPO of AIA. Proceeds go specifically to pay off FRB of New York loan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-70" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup></div>
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In October 2010 the WSJ reported that a family sued AIG for alleged complicity in a '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger-originated_life_insurance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stranger-originated life insurance">stranger-originated life insurance</a>' scheme, whereby AIG managers allegedly welcomed people without an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurable_interest" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Insurable interest">insurable interest</a> to take out life insurance policies against others. The case involved <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JB_Carlson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JB Carlson">JB Carlson</a> and Germaine Tomlinson, and was one of many similar lawsuits in the US at the time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-71" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup></div>
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It was reported in January 2011, that AIG sold its Taiwanese life insurance company, Nan Shan Life, to a consortium of buyers for $2.16 billion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-72" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_era:_2012_to_present">Modern era: 2012 to present</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Modern era: 2012 to present">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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On May 7, 2012, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> announced an offering of 188.5 million shares of AIG for a total of $5.8 billion. The sale reduced Treasury’s stake in AIG to 61 percent, from 70 percent before the transaction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-73" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup></div>
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On September 6, 2012, AIG sold $2 billion of its investment in AIA to repay government loans. The board also approved a $5 billion stock repurchase of government-owned shares in AIA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-74" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup></div>
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On September 14, 2012, the Department of Treasury completed its fifth sale of AIG common stock, with proceeds of approximately $20.7 billion, reducing the Treasury’s ownership stake in AIG to approximately 15.9 percent from 53 percent. Government commitments were fully recovered, and Treasury and the FRBNY to date had received a combined positive return of approximately $15.1 billion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-75" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup></div>
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On October 12, 2012, AIG announced a five and a half year agreement to sponsor six New Zealand-based rugby teams, including world champion All Blacks. The AIG logo and the Adidas logo, the league’s primary sponsor, will be displayed on the league’s team jerseys.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-76" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup></div>
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The U.S. Department of the Treasury in December 2012 published an itemized list of the loans, stock purchases, special purpose vehicles (SPVs) and other investments engaged in with AIG, the amount AIG paid back and the positive return on the loans and investments to the government.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-77" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup> Treasury said that it and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York provided a total $182.3 billion to AIG, which paid back a total $205 billion, for a total positive return, or profit, to the government of $22.7 billion. In addition, AIG sold off a number of its own assets to raise money to pay back the government.</div>
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On December 14, 2012, the Treasury Department sold the last of its AIG stock in its sixth stock stale for a total of approximately $7.6 billion. In total, the Treasury Department realized a gain of more than $22 billion from the sale of AIG common stock and $0.9 billion from the sale of AIG preferred stock.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-78" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-79" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup></div>
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AIG began an advertising campaign on January 1, 2013, called "Thank You America," in which several company employees, including AIG President and CEO Robert Benmosche, talked directly to the camera and offered their thanks for the government assistance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-80" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup></div>
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In June 2015, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>’s Nan Shan Life Insurance acquired a stake in AIG’s subsidiary in Taiwan for a fee of $158 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-81" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup></div>
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In a January 2016 news release, AIG announced plans for an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> of 19.9 percent of United Guaranty Corp., a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a>-based provider of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenders_mortgage_insurance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lenders mortgage insurance">mortgage insurance for lenders</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-82" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup></div>
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In 2016, AIG announced a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Duperreault#Hamilton_Insurance_Group" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brian Duperreault">Hamilton Insurance Group</a> and Two Sigma Investments to serve as insurance needs for small- to medium-sized enterprises. Industry veteran <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Duperreault" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brian Duperreault">Brian Duperreault</a> will be the chairman of the new entity, and Richard Friesenhahn, the executive vice president of U.S. casualty lines at AIG, will be CEO.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-83" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup></div>
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In August 2016, AIG announced the sale of United Guaranty, its mortgage-guarantee unit, to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Capital_Group" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arch Capital Group">Arch Capital Group</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>-based insurer, for $3.4 billion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-84" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Bailout_litigation">Bailout litigation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Bailout litigation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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In January 2013, AIG's board discussed joining a lawsuit against the United States government because the bailout they received was unfair to their investors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-85" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup>The idea was rejected.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-86" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup> AIG was criticized, however, when news stories soon appeared that it was considering joining a lawsuit brought by AIG shareholders and former CEO <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_R._Greenberg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maurice R. Greenberg">Maurice R. Greenberg</a> against the New York Federal Reserve Bank for what the plaintiffs considered unfair terms imposed on AIG by the New York Fed. The AIG board announced on January 9, 2013, that the company would not join the lawsuit, and on January 9, 2013, Bob Benmosche told CNBC’s Maria Bartiromo that it would not be “socially acceptable” for AIG to sue the government, continuing that while people may be angry, "a deal’s a deal."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-87" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-88" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup></div>
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The specific issue was whether the New York Federal Reserve transferred $18 billion in litigation claims on troubled mortgage debt through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Lane_Transactions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maiden Lane Transactions">Maiden Lane Transactions</a>, entities created by the Fed in 2008, and thus prevented AIG from recouping losses from insured banks. On May 7, 2013, Los Angeles U.S. District Judge, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Pfaelzer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mariana Pfaelzer">Mariana Pfaelzer</a>, ruled that $7.3 billion of the disputed claims had, in fact, not been assigned. AIG withdrew the case "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_prejudice" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="With prejudice">with prejudice</a>" on May 28, 2013. Praelzer was overseeing a suit between AIG and Bank of America (BAC-US) concerning possible misrepresentations by Merrill Lynch and Countrywide as to the quality of the mortgage portfolio. In signing the order closing the case, U.S. District Judge <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_A._Kaplan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lewis A. Kaplan">Lewis Kaplan</a> who also adjudicated the Maiden Lane case, American International Group Inc. et al. v. Maiden Lane II LLC, U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, No. 13-00951 admonished the Fed saying, "On the face of it" some of its actions "perhaps are unattractive and, indeed, wrongful.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-89" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup></div>
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After the case was thrown out by the District Court, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit</a> affirmed, holding that federal common law preempted any Delaware fiduciary duties owed to shareholders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-90" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Money_damages">Money damages</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Money damages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Hank Greenberg next had <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Boies" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Boies">David Boies</a> sue the U.S. Government separately for money damages in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Court of Federal Claims">United States Court of Federal Claims</a>, prompting strong criticism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-91" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup> After hearing thirty-seven days of testimony and requiring appearances by Ben Bernanke, Timothy Geithner and Hank Paulson,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup> Judge <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Wheeler" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas C. Wheeler">Thomas C. Wheeler</a> ruled that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_responses_to_the_subprime_crisis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis">Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis</a> had been illegal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-93" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup> The court reasoned the AIG <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailout" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bailout">bailout</a> had been an illegal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exaction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exaction">exaction</a>because the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> did not authorize the New York Fed to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalize" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nationalize">nationalize</a> a corporation by owning its stock.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-94" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup></div>
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However, Judge Wheeler did not award monetary compensation to the plaintiffs ruling that they did not suffer economic damage because "if the government had done nothing, the shareholders would have been left with 100 percent of nothing."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-95" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup> Both parties appealed to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit</a>. The New York Fed volunteered an amicus brief arguing that “Apart from an erroneous interpretation of a federal statute, the trial court’s opinion is riddled with material, clearly erroneous findings of fact.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-96" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Corporate_governance">Corporate governance</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Corporate governance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Board_of_directors">Board of directors</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Board of directors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<ul style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 version=%221.1%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Duperreault" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brian Duperreault">Brian Duperreault</a> – President and Chief Executive Officer, American International Group, Inc.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Don_Cornwell" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="W. Don Cornwell">W. Don Cornwell</a> – Former Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, Granite Broadcasting Corporation</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_R._Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peter R. Fischer (page does not exist)">Peter R. Fischer</a> - Former Head of Fixed Income Portfolio Management, Blackrock Inc.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_H._Fitzpatrick_(insurance_executive)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John H. Fitzpatrick (insurance executive) (page does not exist)">John H. Fitzpatrick</a> – Chairman, Oak Street Management Co., LLC</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_S._Lynch&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christopher S. Lynch (page does not exist)">Christopher S. Lynch</a> – Former Partner, KPMG LLP</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_J._Merksamer&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samuel J. Merksamer (page does not exist)">Samuel J. Merksamer</a> - Managing Director of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icahn_Enterprises" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Icahn Enterprises">Icahn Capital LP</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_L._Miles,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George L. Miles, Jr. (page does not exist)">George L. Miles, Jr.</a> – President and Chief Executive Officer, WQED Multimedia</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_S._Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry S. Miller (page does not exist)">Henry S. Miller</a> – Chairman, Marblegate Asset Management, LLC</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Miller" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert S. Miller">Robert S. Miller</a> – Non-Executive Chairman of the Board, American International Group, Inc.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linda_A._Mills&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Linda A. Mills (page does not exist)">Linda A. Mills</a> - Former Vice President of Operations, Northrop Grumman Corporation</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Nora_Johnson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Suzanne Nora Johnson">Suzanne Nora Johnson</a> – Former Vice Chairman, The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paulson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Paulson">John Paulson</a> - President and Portfolio Manager of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulson_%26_Co." style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paulson & Co.">Paulson & Co.</a> Inc</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_A._Rittenmeyer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ronald A. Rittenmeyer">Ronald A. Rittenmeyer</a> – Former Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President, Electronic Data Systems Corporation</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Steenland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Douglas Steenland">Douglas Steenland</a> – Former President and Chief Executive Officer, Northwest Airlines Corporation</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theresa_M._Stone&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theresa M. Stone (page does not exist)">Theresa M. Stone</a> - Former Executive Vice President and Treasurer, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_G._Jurgensen&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William G. Jurgensen (page does not exist)">William G. Jurgensen</a> - Former Chief Executive Officer Nationwide Insurance</li>
</ul>
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As of May 15, 2017<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-97" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Business">Business</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Business">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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In the United States, AIG is the largest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriting" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Underwriting">underwriter</a> of commercial and industrial insurance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-98" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup></div>
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AIG offers property casualty insurance, life insurance, retirement products, mortgage insurance and other financial services.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AIG_2012_Annual_Report_99-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-AIG_2012_Annual_Report-99" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup> In the third quarter of 2012, the global property-and-casualty insurance business, Chartis, was renamed AIG Property Casualty. SunAmerica, life-insurance and retirement-services division, was renamed AIG Life and Retirement, other existing brands continue to be used in certain geographies and market segments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AIG_2012_Annual_Report_99-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-AIG_2012_Annual_Report-99" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wall_Street_Journal_100-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-Wall_Street_Journal-100" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup></div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Subsidiaries">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdings_of_American_International_Group" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holdings of American International Group">Holdings of American International Group</a></div>
<ul style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 version=%221.1%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AIG_Europe_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="AIG Europe Limited (page does not exist)">AIG Europe Limited</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-sig_subsidiaries-101" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AIU_Insurance_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="AIU Insurance Company (page does not exist)">AIU Insurance Company</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-sig_subsidiaries-101" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_General_Life_Insurance_Company" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American General Life Insurance Company">American General Life Insurance Company</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-sig_subsidiaries-101" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Home_Assurance_Company" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Home Assurance Company">American Home Assurance Company</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-sig_subsidiaries-101" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_Fire_and_Marine_Insurance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fuji Fire and Marine Insurance">Fuji Fire and Marine Insurance Company</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-sig_subsidiaries-101" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Insurance_Company" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lexington Insurance Company">Lexington Insurance Company</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-sig_subsidiaries-101" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_Fire_Insurance_Company_of_Pittsburgh,_PA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA">National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-sig_subsidiaries-101" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_States_Life_Insurance_Company_in_the_City_of_New_York" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The United States Life Insurance Company in the City of New York">The United States Life Insurance Company in the City of New York</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-sig_subsidiaries-101" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VALIC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="VALIC">The Variable Annuity Life Insurance Company (VALIC)</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_note-sig_subsidiaries-101" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[101]</a></sup></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailout" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bailout">Bailout</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Connolly" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bernard Connolly">Bernard Connolly</a> - former strategist for AIG</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_financial_crisis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Late-2000s financial crisis">Late-2000s financial crisis</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_insurance_companies" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of United States insurance companies">List of United States insurance companies</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBIA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="MBIA">MBIA</a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<ol class="references" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://china.blogs.time.com/2008/09/18/aig_and_china_could_a_special" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG and China: Could A "Special Relationship" Translate into Cash?"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. September 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">August 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+and+China%3A+Could+A+%22Special+Relationship%22+Translate+into+Cash%3F&rft.date=2008-09-18&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchina.blogs.time.com%2F2008%2F09%2F18%2Faig_and_china_could_a_special&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Scism, Leslie (April 16, 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/aig-names-douglas-steenland-as-chairman-1429188948" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG Names Douglas Steenland As Chairman"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">May 13,</span> 2017</span> – via www.wsj.com.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.aulast=Scism&rft.btitle=AIG+Names+Douglas+Steenland+As+Chairman&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Faig-names-douglas-steenland-as-chairman-1429188948&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222181830/http://www.aig.com/about-us/corporategovernance/board-of-directors" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Board of Directors - Insurance from AIG in the US"</a>. <i>www.aig.com</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.aig.com/about-us/corporategovernance/board-of-directors" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on February 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">May 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Board+of+Directors+-+Insurance+from+AIG+in+the+US&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aig.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aig.com%2Fabout-us%2Fcorporategovernance%2Fboard-of-directors&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2016_10-K-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-2016_10-K_4-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-2016_10-K_4-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-2016_10-K_4-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-2016_10-K_4-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-2016_10-K_4-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-2016_10-K_4-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.aig.com/content/dam/aig/america-canada/us/documents/investor-relations/december-31-2016-10k.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">"2016 10-K"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>AIG.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=2016+10-K&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIG.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aig.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Faig%2Famerica-canada%2Fus%2Fdocuments%2Finvestor-relations%2Fdecember-31-2016-10k.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2016_10-K_p8-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-2016_10-K_p8_5-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="color: #dd3333; font-size: larger; font-weight: bold; unicode-bidi: embed;">Cite error: The named reference <code style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">2016_10-K_p8</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2016_10-K_p7-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-2016_10-K_p7_6-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-2016_10-K_p7_6-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.aig.com/content/dam/aig/america-canada/us/documents/investor-relations/december-31-2016-10k.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">"2016 10-K"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>AIG.com</i>. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=2016+10-K&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIG.com&rft.pages=7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aig.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Faig%2Famerica-canada%2Fus%2Fdocuments%2Finvestor-relations%2Fdecember-31-2016-10k.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2016_10-K_p4-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-2016_10-K_p4_7-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.aig.com/content/dam/aig/america-canada/us/documents/investor-relations/december-31-2016-10k.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">"2016 10-K"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>AIG.com</i>. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=2016+10-K&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIG.com&rft.pages=4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aig.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Faig%2Famerica-canada%2Fus%2Fdocuments%2Finvestor-relations%2Fdecember-31-2016-10k.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2016_Fortune_500-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-2016_Fortune_500_8-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://beta.fortune.com/fortune500/list" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Fortune 500"</a>. <i>Fortune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">15 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Fortune+500&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeta.fortune.com%2Ffortune500%2Flist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2016_Forbes_Global-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-2016_Forbes_Global_9-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/2/#tab:overall" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"The World’s Biggest Public Companies"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">15 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=The+World%E2%80%99s+Biggest+Public+Companies&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fglobal2000%2Flist%2F2%2F%23tab%3Aoverall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2016_10-K_p34-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-2016_10-K_p34_10-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="color: #dd3333; font-size: larger; font-weight: bold; unicode-bidi: embed;">Cite error: The named reference <code style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); color: black; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: 1px 4px;">2016_10-K_p34</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Phil_Angelides_2011_352-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-Phil_Angelides_2011_352_11-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-Phil_Angelides_2011_352_11-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Phil Angelides (2011). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QIKfTVrhNfMC&pg=PA352" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Financial Crisis Inquiry Report</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. p. 352. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781437980721" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781437980721">9781437980721</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.au=Phil+Angelides&rft.btitle=Financial+Crisis+Inquiry+Report&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781437980721&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQIKfTVrhNfMC%26pg%3DPA352&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Laing-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-Laing_12-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-Laing_12-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-Laing_12-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-Laing_12-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Laing, Jonathan R. (July 8, 1991). "Are the Glory Years Over? – Much Slower Growth Seems in the Offing for AIG". <i>Barron's</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Are+the+Glory+Years+Over%3F+%E2%80%93+Much+Slower+Growth+Seems+in+the+Offing+for+AIG&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.date=1991-07-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barron%27s&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BloomberBusinsssWeek-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-BloomberBusinsssWeek_13-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Tracer, Zachary (December 18, 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-12-18/benmosche-exits-greenberg-jewel-linked-to-aig-founding" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Benmosche Exits Greenberg Jewel Linked to AIG Founding."</a>. <i>Bloomberg Businessweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 21,</span>2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Benmosche+Exits+Greenberg+Jewel+Linked+to+AIG+Founding.&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft.aulast=Tracer&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2012-12-18%2Fbenmosche-exits-greenberg-jewel-linked-to-aig-founding&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-AIG_Europe_.E2.80.93_History-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-AIG_Europe_.E2.80.93_History_14-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-AIG_Europe_.E2.80.93_History_14-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">"AIG Europe – History". <i>Marketline</i>. February 18, 2004.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+Europe+%E2%80%93+History&rft.date=2004-02-18&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marketline&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Bandler, James (October 7, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/26/magazines/fortune/bandler_greenberg.fortune/index.htm." rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Hank's Last Stand"</a>. <i>Fortune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Hank%27s+Last+Stand&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Bandler&rft.date=2008-10-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2008%2F09%2F26%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Fbandler_greenberg.fortune%2Findex.htm.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=AIG.N" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"American International Group Inc (New York Stock Exchange)"</a>. <i>Company profile</i>. New York: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220123409/https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=AIG.N" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=American+International+Group+Inc+%28New+York+Stock+Exchange%29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Company+profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Ffinance%2Fstocks%2FcompanyProfile%3Fsymbol%3DAIG.N&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7621574.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG: What does this US giant do?"</a>. BBC News. September 17, 2008. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320013252/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7621574.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG%3A+What+does+this+US+giant+do%3F&rft.date=2008-09-17&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7621574.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013085518/http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/digital_guides/fo_china_part_1/Publishers-Note.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Foreign Office Files for China, 1949–1976"</a>. <i>Part 1: Complete Files for 1949: Publisher's Note</i>. Adam Matthew Publications. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/digital_guides/fo_china_part_1/Publishers-Note.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on October 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Foreign+Office+Files+for+China%2C+1949%E2%80%931976&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Part+1%3A+Complete+Files+for+1949%3A+Publisher%27s+Note&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk%2Fdigital_guides%2Ffo_china_part_1%2FPublishers-Note.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">"80 Years of Growth and Diversification; the AIG Story". <i>Business Insurance</i>. April 12, 1999.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=80+Years+of+Growth+and+Diversification%3B+the+AIG+Story&rft.date=1999-04-12&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insurance&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Collins, Stuart (May 28, 2003). "Greenberg Hails London Role". <i>Insurance Day</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Greenberg+Hails+London+Role&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.date=2003-05-28&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insurance+Day&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Fallen_Giant-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-Fallen_Giant_21-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-Fallen_Giant_21-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-Fallen_Giant_21-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Ehrbar, Al (2006). <i>Fallen Giant The Amazing Story of Hank Greenberg and the History of AIG</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 82–83 and 91. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-91696-X" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-91696-X">0-471-91696-X</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.aufirst=Al&rft.aulast=Ehrbar&rft.btitle=Fallen+Giant+The+Amazing+Story+of+Hank+Greenberg+and+the+History+of+AIG&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-91696-X&rft.pages=82-83+and+91&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">"Greenberg Joining C.V. Starr & Co. in Development Capacity". <i>Insurance Advocate</i>. December 17, 1960.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Greenberg+Joining+C.V.+Starr+%26+Co.+in+Development+Capacity&rft.date=1960-12-17&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insurance+Advocate&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Bowers, Barbara (August 1998). "Building a Global Platform". <i>Best’s Review/Life-Health Edition</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Building+a+Global+Platform&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.date=1998-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Best%E2%80%99s+Review%2FLife-Health+Edition&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=0okYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22AIG+went+public+in+1969%22" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Hoover's Handbook of American Business</i></a> (9th ed.). Austin, TX: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover%27s" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hoover's">Hoover's Business Press</a>. 1999. p. 134. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57311-045-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57311-045-7">978-1-57311-045-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 18,</span>2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=Hoover%27s+Handbook+of+American+Business&rft.date=1999&rft.edition=9th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-57311-045-7&rft.pages=134&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=Hoover%27s+Business+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D0okYAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522AIG%2Bwent%2Bpublic%2Bin%2B1969%2522&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-The_AIG_Story-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-The_AIG_Story_25-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-The_AIG_Story_25-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-The_AIG_Story_25-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-The_AIG_Story_25-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Cunningham, Lawrence A (2013). <i>The AIG Story</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 14–15. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34587-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34587-0">978-1-118-34587-0</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.btitle=The+AIG+Story&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-118-34587-0&rft.pages=14-15&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Barreto, Elzio (December 16, 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/18/us-aia-aig-idUSBRE8BG01020121218" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG marks end of era with $6.45 billion AIA stake sale"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+marks+end+of+era+with+%246.45+billion+AIA+stake+sale&rft.aufirst=Elzio&rft.aulast=Barreto&rft.date=2012-12-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fus-aia-aig-idUSBRE8BG01020121218&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">"AIG, SunAmerica to Merge on New Year's Day". <i>AMBest</i>. December 30, 1998.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG%2C+SunAmerica+to+Merge+on+New+Year%27s+Day&rft.date=1998-12-30&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AMBest&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">"AIG Closes American General Acquisition". <i>National Underwriter Life & Health</i>. August 30, 2001.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+Closes+American+General+Acquisition&rft.date=2001-08-30&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Underwriter+Life+%26+Health&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/02/12/stories/14124102.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Tata-AIG to Kick off with IT Products"</a>. <i>Business Line Internet Edition</i>. February 11, 2001.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Tata-AIG+to+Kick+off+with+IT+Products&rft.date=2001-02-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Line+Internet+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fbusinessline%2F2001%2F02%2F12%2Fstories%2F14124102.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://ir.aigcorporate.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=76115&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=231037&highlight" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL GROUP, INC., THE BLACKSTONE GROUP L.P. AND KISSINGER ASSOCIATES, INC. ANNOUNCE A NEW STRATEGIC ADVISORY VENTURE"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=AMERICAN+INTERNATIONAL+GROUP%2C+INC.%2C+THE+BLACKSTONE+GROUP+L.P.+AND+KISSINGER+ASSOCIATES%2C+INC.+ANNOUNCE+A+NEW+STRATEGIC+ADVISORY+VENTURE&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.aigcorporate.com%2Fphoenix.zhtml%3Fc%3D76115%26p%3Dirol-newsArticle%26ID%3D231037%26highlight&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">De La Merced, Michael J. (March 2, 2002). <a class="external text" href="https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/a-i-g-sheds-stake-in-blackstone/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"A.I.G. Sheds Stake in Blackstone"</a>. New York Times DealBook.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.au=De+La+Merced%2C+Michael+J.&rft.btitle=A.I.G.+Sheds+Stake+in+Blackstone&rft.date=2002-03-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=New+York+Times+DealBook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdealbook.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F03%2F02%2Fa-i-g-sheds-stake-in-blackstone%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2004/11/24/47993.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG Forks Up $126 million to SEC on PNC Deals"</a>. Insurance Journal. November 24, 2004. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829181256/http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2004/11/24/47993.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">September 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=AIG+Forks+Up+%24126+million+to+SEC+on+PNC+Deals&rft.date=2004-11-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Insurance+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insurancejournal.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2F2004%2F11%2F24%2F47993.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14704060/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"MSNBC"</a>. MSNBC. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628194002/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14704060/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">July 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=MSNBC&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F14704060%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Zuill, Lilla (March 3, 2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE5222EV20090303" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Reuters"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">July 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Reuters&rft.aufirst=Lilla&rft.aulast=Zuill&rft.date=2009-03-03&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fousiv%2FidUSTRE5222EV20090303&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.thestreet.com/story/10898446/greenberg-found-liable-for-aig-fraud.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Street.com"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=The+Street.com&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestreet.com%2Fstory%2F10898446%2Fgreenberg-found-liable-for-aig-fraud.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2008676239_apgenreaigtrial.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG executive sentenced to 4 years in prison"</a>. The Seattle Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2014-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=AIG+executive+sentenced+to+4+years+in+prison&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Seattle+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.com%2Fhtml%2Fbusinesstechnology%2F2008676239_apgenreaigtrial.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/5272/000095012305005362/y08505exv99w1.txt" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG Nears Completion of Internal Review; Will Restate Results Provides Update on Internal Review and Timing"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=AIG+Nears+Completion+of+Internal+Review%3B+Will+Restate+Results+Provides+Update+on+Internal+Review+and+Timing&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2FArchives%2Fedgar%2Fdata%2F5272%2F000095012305005362%2Fy08505exv99w1.txt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-115058504.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG to Again Restates Previous Results"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=AIG+to+Again+Restates+Previous+Results&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P1-115058504.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NYT-Andrews-2008-09-16-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-NYT-Andrews-2008-09-16_39-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Andrews, Edmund L.; de la Merced, Michael J.; Williams Walsh, Mary (September 16, 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/17/business/17insure.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Fed's $85 billion Loan Rescues Insurer"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430061807/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/17/business/17insure.html?hp" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">September 17,</span>2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Fed%27s+%2485+billion+Loan+Rescues+Insurer&rft.au=Williams+Walsh%2C+Mary&rft.au=de+la+Merced%2C+Michael+J.&rft.aufirst=Edmund+L.&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.date=2008-09-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F17%2Fbusiness%2F17insure.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-40" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice R. Greenberg and Lawrence A. Cunningham, <i>The AIG Story</i> (2013)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-41" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/28/business/fi-aig28" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG buys 21st Century Insurance"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. September 28, 2007.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+buys+21st+Century+Insurance&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2007%2Fsep%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Ffi-aig28&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-42" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.tradingmarkets.com/.site/news/Stock%20News/2053392/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG rebrand US auto insurance unit 21st Century Insurance, and cut jobs"</a>. November 26, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">Dec 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=AIG+rebrand+US+auto+insurance+unit+21st+Century+Insurance%2C+and+cut+jobs&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradingmarkets.com%2F.site%2Fnews%2FStock%2520News%2F2053392%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-43" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ifawebnews.com/articles/2008/11/26/news/property/doc492c16082e4df440597990.txt" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG renaming auto insurance division, cutting jobs"</a>. November 26, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">Dec 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=AIG+renaming+auto+insurance+division%2C+cutting+jobs&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifawebnews.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F11%2F26%2Fnews%2Fproperty%2Fdoc492c16082e4df440597990.txt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-44" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=asOzAMceAsiY&refer=us" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG Investors Seek Ouster of Chief Executive Sullivan"</a>. Bloomberg. June 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">July 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+Investors+Seek+Ouster+of+Chief+Executive+Sullivan&rft.date=2008-06-11&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D20601103%26sid%3DasOzAMceAsiY%26refer%3Dus&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Zuill, Lilla (December 30, 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/ousivMolt/idUSTRE4BT5CL20081230" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Former AIG CEO Willumstad foregoes some stock awards"</a>. New York: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Former+AIG+CEO+Willumstad+foregoes+some+stock+awards&rft.aufirst=Lilla&rft.aulast=Zuill&rft.date=2008-12-30&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FousivMolt%2FidUSTRE4BT5CL20081230&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-46" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Dennis, Brady (August 3, 2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/03/AR2009080302562.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"<i>The Washington Post</i>, "AIG Names Robert Benmosche New President and CEO<span style="padding-right: 0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">July 11,</span>2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=The+Washington+Post%2C+%22AIG+Names+Robert+Benmosche+New+President+and+CEO%22&rft.aufirst=Brady&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F08%2F03%2FAR2009080302562.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-47" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Jerry M. Rosenberg (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8YSYIHuSX2oC&pg=PA244" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007-2012</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 244. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810883406" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780810883406">9780810883406</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.au=Jerry+M.+Rosenberg&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+The+Great+Recession+2007-2012&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780810883406&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8YSYIHuSX2oC%26pg%3DPA244&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-48" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Asli Yüksel Mermod; Samuel O. Idowu (2013). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVqRAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Corporate Social Responsibility in the Global Business World</i></a>. Springer. p. 127. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642376207" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9783642376207">9783642376207</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.au=Asli+Y%C3%BCksel+Mermod&rft.au=Samuel+O.+Idowu&rft.btitle=Corporate+Social+Responsibility+in+the+Global+Business+World&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783642376207&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKVqRAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-New_York_Times-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-New_York_Times_49-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-New_York_Times_49-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Morgenson, Gretchen (September 29, 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/28/business/28melt.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Behind Insurer's Crisis, Blind Eye to a Web of Risk"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">September 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Behind+Insurer%27s+Crisis%2C+Blind+Eye+to+a+Web+of+Risk&rft.aufirst=Gretchen&rft.aulast=Morgenson&rft.date=2008-09-29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F28%2Fbusiness%2F28melt.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-50" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ng, Serena, and Mollenkamp, Carrick “<a class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704201404574590453176996032" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Goldman Fueled AIG’s Gambles</a>”, <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>, December 12, 2009</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Pittman, Mark (September 29, 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aTzTYtlNHSG8" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Goldman, Merrill Collect Billions After Fed's AIG Bailout Loans"</a>. <i>Bloomberg News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Goldman%2C+Merrill+Collect+Billions+After+Fed%27s+AIG+Bailout+Loans&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=Pittman&rft.date=2008-09-29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3DaTzTYtlNHSG8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-52" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Andrews, Edmund L (September 16, 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/17/business/17insure.html?hp" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Fed's $85 billion Loan Rescues Insurer"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">September 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Fed%27s+%2485+billion+Loan+Rescues+Insurer&rft.aufirst=Edmund+L&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.date=2008-09-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F17%2Fbusiness%2F17insure.html%3Fhp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Kaiser, Emily (September 17, 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKN1644235820080917" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"After AIG rescue, Fed may find more at its door"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">September 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=After+AIG+rescue%2C+Fed+may+find+more+at+its+door&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.date=2008-09-17&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUKN1644235820080917&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/other/20080916a.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Federal Reserve Board, with full support of the Treasury Department, authorizes the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to lend up to $85 billion to the American International Group (AIG)"</a>. <i>United States Federal Reserve Board of Governors</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">September 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Federal+Reserve+Board%2C+with+full+support+of+the+Treasury+Department%2C+authorizes+the+Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+New+York+to+lend+up+to+%2485+billion+to+the+American+International+Group+%28AIG%29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+States+Federal+Reserve+Board+of+Governors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalreserve.gov%2Fnewsevents%2Fpress%2Fother%2F20080916a.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-55" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Schmidt, Krista (April 15, 2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.propublica.org/special/government-bailouts" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"History of U.S. Gov't Bailouts"</a>. Pro Publica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">December 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.aufirst=Krista&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.btitle=History+of+U.S.+Gov%27t+Bailouts&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Pro+Publica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propublica.org%2Fspecial%2Fgovernment-bailouts&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-56" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Stein, Jerome (2012). "AIG in the Crisis". <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9FJYvim-52QC&lpg=PA99&dq=largest%20bailouts%20in%20us%20history%20aig&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q=largest%20bailouts%20in%20us%20history%20aig&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Stochastic Optimal Control and the U.S. Financial Debt Crisis</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 99. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461430797" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781461430797">9781461430797</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2014-12-29</span></span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">The AIG liquidity crisis led to the largest government bailout of a private company in US history, totaling $182 billion.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+in+the+Crisis&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.btitle=Stochastic+Optimal+Control+and+the+U.S.+Financial+Debt+Crisis&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9781461430797&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9FJYvim-52QC%26lpg%3DPA99%26dq%3Dlargest%2520bailouts%2520in%2520us%2520history%2520aig%26pg%3DPA99%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dlargest%2520bailouts%2520in%2520us%2520history%2520aig%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-57" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=110&session=2&vote=00213" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"U.S. Senate vote on Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008"</a>. <i>Senate.gov</i>. June 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">July 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate+vote+on+Emergency+Economic+Stabilization+Act+of+2008&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Senate.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Flegislative%2FLIS%2Froll_call_lists%2Froll_call_vote_cfm.cfm%3Fcongress%3D110%26session%3D2%26vote%3D00213&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-58" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/16/AIG.bonuses/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Obama tries to stop AIG bonuses: 'How do they justify this outrage?' - CNN.com"</a>. <i>www.cnn.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Obama+tries+to+stop+AIG+bonuses%3A+%27How+do+they+justify+this+outrage%3F%27+-+CNN.com&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FPOLITICS%2F03%2F16%2FAIG.bonuses%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-59" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-04/aig-posts-loss-on-writedowns-tied-to-aia-mortgage-declines.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG Posts Loss on Writedowns Tied to AIA, Mortgage Declines"</a>. November 4, 2011.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=AIG+Posts+Loss+on+Writedowns+Tied+to+AIA%2C+Mortgage+Declines&rft.date=2011-11-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2011-11-04%2Faig-posts-loss-on-writedowns-tied-to-aia-mortgage-declines.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-60" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Bansal, Paritosh (February 24, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/americasDealsNews/idUKTRE51N6DW20090224" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG may rethink asset sales in tough markets"</a>. Reuters UK. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228114450/http://uk.reuters.com/article/americasDealsNews/idUKTRE51N6DW20090224" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+may+rethink+asset+sales+in+tough+markets&rft.aufirst=Paritosh&rft.aulast=Bansal&rft.date=2009-02-24&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FamericasDealsNews%2FidUKTRE51N6DW20090224&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-61" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Yvette Essen, Insurance Correspondent (December 22, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/3901571/Munich-Re-buys-AIGs-Hartford-Steam-Boiler-for-742m.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Munich Re buys AIG's Hartford Steam Boiler for $742m"</a>. <i>Telegraph.co.uk</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Munich+Re+buys+AIG%27s+Hartford+Steam+Boiler+for+%24742m&rft.au=Yvette+Essen%2C+Insurance+Correspondent&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fbanksandfinance%2F3901571%2FMunich-Re-buys-AIGs-Hartford-Steam-Boiler-for-742m.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-62" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004175417/http://www.hsb.com/cmsfiles/Munich_Re_Press_Rls_HSB_Close41200933752.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Munich Re concludes purchase of Hartford Steam Boiler"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.hsb.com/cmsfiles/Munich_Re_Press_Rls_HSB_Close41200933752.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span> on October 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">May 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=Munich+Re+concludes+purchase+of+Hartford+Steam+Boiler&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsb.com%2Fcmsfiles%2FMunich_Re_Press_Rls_HSB_Close41200933752.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-63" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Lifsher, Marc (April 17, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2009/apr/17/business/fi-aig-21st-century17" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG selling 21st Century Insurance to Farmers Insurance"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+selling+21st+Century+Insurance+to+Farmers+Insurance&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.aulast=Lifsher&rft.date=2009-04-17&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2009%2Fapr%2F17%2Fbusiness%2Ffi-aig-21st-century17&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-64" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.postonline.co.uk/post/news/1271261/aig-confirms-sale-transatlantic-re-shares" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG confirms sale of Transatlantic Re shares"</a>. <i>postonline.co.uk</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+confirms+sale+of+Transatlantic+Re+shares&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=postonline.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.postonline.co.uk%2Fpost%2Fnews%2F1271261%2Faig-confirms-sale-transatlantic-re-shares&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-65" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Carew, Rick (September 7, 2009). <a class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125226030606889371" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Li Is Back In Game With AIG Purchase"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">July 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Li+Is+Back+In+Game+With+AIG+Purchase&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft.aulast=Carew&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB125226030606889371&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-66" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Ellis, Blake (March 8, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2010/03/08/news/companies/AIG_sells_Alico_MetLife/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG in $15.5 billion unit sale to MetLife"</a>. <i>CNNMoney</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+in+%2415.5+billion+unit+sale+to+MetLife&rft.aufirst=Blake&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.date=2010-03-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNNMoney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2010%2F03%2F08%2Fnews%2Fcompanies%2FAIG_sells_Alico_MetLife%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-67" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Son, Hugh (March 29, 2010). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601203&sid=ahXYCmtEBAJc" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG Completes Sale of PineBridge Investments to Pacific Century"</a>. Bloomberg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">July 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+Completes+Sale+of+PineBridge+Investments+to+Pacific+Century&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.aulast=Son&rft.date=2010-03-29&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D20601203%26sid%3DahXYCmtEBAJc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-68" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.courierpress.com/news/2010/aug/11/80-percent-american-general-finance-sold-aig/?partner=RSS" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Update: American General Finance sold to Fortress Investment Group » Evansville Courier & Press"</a>. Courierpress.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2013-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=Update%3A+American+General+Finance+sold+to+Fortress+Investment+Group+%C2%BB+Evansville+Courier+%26+Press&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Courierpress.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courierpress.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Faug%2F11%2F80-percent-american-general-finance-sold-aig%2F%3Fpartner%3DRSS&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MarketWatch-69" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-MarketWatch_69-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-MarketWatch_69-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/aig-sells-star-edison-units-to-prudential-2010-09-30" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG to sell Star, Edison to Prudential"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MarketWatch" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="MarketWatch">MarketWatch</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">July 11,</span>2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=AIG+to+sell+Star%2C+Edison+to+Prudential&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=MarketWatch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Faig-sells-star-edison-units-to-prudential-2010-09-30&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-70" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Bernard, Stephen (November 1, 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/nov/1/aig-set-repay-37-billion-bailout-money/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG set to repay $37 billion in bailout money"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+set+to+repay+%2437+billion+in+bailout+money&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Fnov%2F1%2Faig-set-repay-37-billion-bailout-money%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-71" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704847104575532410440815610" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Judge Allows 'Death Bet' Case</a>, Leslie Scism and Mark Maremont, <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>, 2010 10 5</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-72" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Wassener, Bettina (January 12, 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/01/12/a-i-g-to-sell-nan-shan-to-taiwan-group/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"A.I.G. to Sell Taiwan Unit for $2.16 Billion"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=A.I.G.+to+Sell+Taiwan+Unit+for+%242.16+Billion&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rft.aulast=Wassener&rft.date=2011-01-12&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdealbook.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F12%2Fa-i-g-to-sell-nan-shan-to-taiwan-group%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-73" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Buhayar, Noah (May 7, 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-07/u-s-treasury-sells-5-billion-of-aig-stock.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"U.S. Treasury Sells $5.8 Billion of AIG Stock"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=U.S.+Treasury+Sells+%245.8+Billion+of+AIG+Stock&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft.aulast=Buhayar&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2012-05-07%2Fu-s-treasury-sells-5-billion-of-aig-stock.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-74" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nypost.com/p/news/business/aig_to_sell_billion_in_aia_shares_845luJvZD0xSexN1lfALyN" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG to sell $2 billion in AIA shares, repay US government"</a>. <i>New York Post</i>. September 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+to+sell+%242+billion+in+AIA+shares%2C+repay+US+government&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypost.com%2Fp%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Faig_to_sell_billion_in_aia_shares_845luJvZD0xSexN1lfALyN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-75" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Tara LaCapra, Lauren (September 11, 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/11/us-aig-treasury-idUSBRE88A00F20120911" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Treasury sells big chunk of AIG stock at a profit"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Treasury+sells+big+chunk+of+AIG+stock+at+a+profit&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft.aulast=Tara+LaCapra&rft.date=2012-09-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2012%2F09%2F11%2Fus-aig-treasury-idUSBRE88A00F20120911&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-76" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-76" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Baynes, Dan (12 October 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-10-12/aig-becomes-jersey-sponsor-of-rugby-world-champion-all-blacks.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG Sponsors Jersey of Rugby World Champion All Blacks Team"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">27 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+Sponsors+Jersey+of+Rugby+World+Champion+All+Blacks+Team&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.aulast=Baynes&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2012-10-12%2Faig-becomes-jersey-sponsor-of-rugby-world-champion-all-blacks.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-77" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/financial-stability/TARP-Programs/aig/Pages/status.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Investment in AIG"</a>. US Department of Treasury<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=Investment+in+AIG&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Treasury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Finitiatives%2Ffinancial-stability%2FTARP-Programs%2Faig%2FPages%2Fstatus.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-78" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/financial-stability/TARP-Programs/aig/Pages/status.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Investment in AIG"</a>. US Department of Treasury<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=Investment+in+AIG&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Treasury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Finitiatives%2Ffinancial-stability%2FTARP-Programs%2Faig%2FPages%2Fstatus.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-79" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1796.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Treasury Sells Final Shares of AIG Common Stock, Positive Return on Overall AIG Commitment Reaches $22.7 Billion"</a>. Department of Treasury<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=Treasury+Sells+Final+Shares+of+AIG+Common+Stock%2C+Positive+Return+on+Overall+AIG+Commitment+Reaches+%2422.7+Billion&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Department+of+Treasury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Fpress-center%2Fpress-releases%2FPages%2Ftg1796.aspx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-80" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Irwin, Neil (December 31, 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2012/12/31/aig-to-america-thanks-guys/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG to America: Thanks, guys!"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">June 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+to+America%3A+Thanks%2C+guys%21&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.date=2012-12-31&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fwonkblog%2Fwp%2F2012%2F12%2F31%2Faig-to-america-thanks-guys%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-81" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Emily Chan (11 June 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/11/taiwan-insurance-idUSL3N0YX36720150611" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Nan Shan Life to buy part of AIG's Taiwan unit for $158 mln"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">11 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.au=Emily+Chan&rft.btitle=Nan+Shan+Life+to+buy+part+of+AIG%27s+Taiwan+unit+for+%24158+mln&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Reuters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2015%2F06%2F11%2Ftaiwan-insurance-idUSL3N0YX36720150611&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-82" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-82" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.greensboro.com/business/local_business/corporate-giant-aig-to-begin-spinoff-of-greensboro-s-united/article_bda0eb0e-13cd-5d25-8b75-c6ad20e92c33.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Corporate giant AIG to begin spinoff of Greensboro's United Guaranty"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_%26_Record" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="News & Record">News & Record</a></i>. 26 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">24 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Corporate+giant+AIG+to+begin+spinoff+of+Greensboro%27s+United+Guaranty&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Record&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greensboro.com%2Fbusiness%2Flocal_business%2Fcorporate-giant-aig-to-begin-spinoff-of-greensboro-s-united%2Farticle_bda0eb0e-13cd-5d25-8b75-c6ad20e92c33.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-83" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Basak, Sonali (26 Apr 2016). <a class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-26/aig-to-join-with-two-sigma-in-tech-driven-insurance-venture" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG to Join Two Sigma, Duperreault in Technology Venture"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">7 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+to+Join+Two+Sigma%2C+Duperreault+in+Technology+Venture&rft.aufirst=Sonali&rft.aulast=Basak&rft.date=2016-04-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-04-26%2Faig-to-join-with-two-sigma-in-tech-driven-insurance-venture&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-84" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Scism, Leslie; Lublin, Joann S. (2016-08-16). <a class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/aig-nears-deal-to-sell-mortgage-insurance-unit-to-arch-capital-for-about-3-4-billion-1471280311" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG Reaches Deal to Sell Mortgage-Insurance Unit to Arch Capital for About $3.4 Billion"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">0099-9660</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2016-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+Reaches+Deal+to+Sell+Mortgage-Insurance+Unit+to+Arch+Capital+for+About+%243.4+Billion&rft.au=Lublin%2C+Joann+S.&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.aulast=Scism&rft.date=2016-08-16&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Faig-nears-deal-to-sell-mortgage-insurance-unit-to-arch-capital-for-about-3-4-billion-1471280311&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-85" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/business/2013/01/aig-may-join-suit-over-us-bailout" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG May Join Suit Over US Bailout"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ABC News">ABC News</a>. January 8, 2013.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=AIG+May+Join+Suit+Over+US+Bailout&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fblogs%2Fbusiness%2F2013%2F01%2Faig-may-join-suit-over-us-bailout&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-86" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-86" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20967129" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG will not join lawsuit against US"</a>. BBC News. January 9, 2013.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=AIG+will+not+join+lawsuit+against+US&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-20967129&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-87" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/aig-says-not-join-lawsuit-200834182.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG says will not join lawsuit against U.S. government"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=AIG+says+will+not+join+lawsuit+against+U.S.+government&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Reuters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Faig-says-not-join-lawsuit-200834182.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-88" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/id/100367805" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"As public fumes, AIG says will not sue US over bailout"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=As+public+fumes%2C+AIG+says+will+not+sue+US+over+bailout&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Reuters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2Fid%2F100367805&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-89" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Stempel, Jonathan. <a class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/30/us-aig-newyorkfed-maidenlane-idUSBRE94T11020130530" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG drops a lawsuit versus New York Fed related to bailout"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2013-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Stempel&rft.btitle=AIG+drops+a+lawsuit+versus+New+York+Fed+related+to+bailout&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Reuters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F05%2F30%2Fus-aig-newyorkfed-maidenlane-idUSBRE94T11020130530&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-90" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://apps.americanbar.org/ababoards/blog/blogpost.cfm?threadid=29904&catid=14909" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"ABA Case Alert: <i>Starr International Co., Inc. v. Federal Reserve Bank of New York</i>"</a>. American Bar Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=ABA+Case+Alert%3A+Starr+International+Co.%2C+Inc.+v.+Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+New+York&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Bar+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.americanbar.org%2Fababoards%2Fblog%2Fblogpost.cfm%3Fthreadid%3D29904%26catid%3D14909&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-91" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Zeitlin, Matthew. <a class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/matthewzeitlin/jon-stewart-to-former-aig-chief-hank-greenberg-go-fck-yourse#.evLElvarb" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"John Stewart to Former AIG Chief Hank Greenberg: "Go F*ck Yourself!<span style="padding-right: 0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. Buzzfeed<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.aulast=Zeitlin&rft.btitle=John+Stewart+to+Former+AIG+Chief+Hank+Greenberg%3A+%22Go+F%2Ack+Yourself%21%22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Buzzfeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeed.com%2Fmatthewzeitlin%2Fjon-stewart-to-former-aig-chief-hank-greenberg-go-fck-yourse%23.evLElvarb&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-92" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Scism, Leslie. <a class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2015/04/21/closing-arguments-loom-in-aig-bailout-trial/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Closing Arguments Loom in AIG Bailout Trial"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.aulast=Scism&rft.btitle=Closing+Arguments+Loom+in+AIG+Bailout+Trial&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27The+Wall+Street+Journal%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Flaw%2F2015%2F04%2F21%2Fclosing-arguments-loom-in-aig-bailout-trial%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-93" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16172413846926507990&hl=en&as_sdt=2006" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Google Scholar"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=Google+Scholar&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_case%3Fcase%3D16172413846926507990%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D2006&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-94" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://cdn.harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/859-866-Online.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Recent Cases: Court of Federal Claims Holds that Government Acquisition of Equity Share in AIG Effected an Illegal Exaction</i></a>, 129 Harv. L. Rev. 859 (2016).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-95" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Sorkin, Andrew (2015-06-15). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/business/dealbook/surprise-ruling-finds-bailout-shorted-aig.html?rref=homepage&module=Ribbon&version=origin%C2%AEion=Header&action=click&contentCollection=Home%20Page&pgtype=article" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"In A.I.G. Case, Surprise Ruling That Could End All Bailouts"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New York Times Company">The New York Times Company</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2015-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=In+A.I.G.+Case%2C+Surprise+Ruling+That+Could+End+All+Bailouts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Sorkin&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F16%2Fbusiness%2Fdealbook%2Fsurprise-ruling-finds-bailout-shorted-aig.html%3Frref%3Dhomepage%26module%3DRibbon%26version%3Dorigin%C2%AEion%3DHeader%26action%3Dclick%26contentCollection%3DHome%2520Page%26pgtype%3Darticle&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-96" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Frankel, Alison (15 December 2015). <a class="external text" href="http://blogs.reuters.com/alison-frankel/2015/12/15/federal-reserve-tries-to-repair-damage-from-aig-bailout-case-in-new-brief/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Federal Reserve tries to repair damage from AIG bailout case in new brief"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=Federal+Reserve+tries+to+repair+damage+from+AIG+bailout+case+in+new+brief&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.reuters.com%2Falison-frankel%2F2015%2F12%2F15%2Ffederal-reserve-tries-to-repair-damage-from-aig-bailout-case-in-new-brief%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-97" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222181830/http://www.aig.com/about-us/corporategovernance/board-of-directors" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Board of Directors"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.aig.com/about-us/corporategovernance/board-of-directors" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on February 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">May 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=Board+of+Directors&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aig.com%2Fabout-us%2Fcorporategovernance%2Fboard-of-directors&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-98" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-98" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.aigag.com/life/life.nsf/contents/aboutus_whyaigag_history" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"History of American General Life Companies"</a>. AIGAG.com. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707095336/http://www.aigag.com/life/life.nsf/contents/aboutus_whyaigag_history" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">July 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=History+of+American+General+Life+Companies&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=AIGAG.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aigag.com%2Flife%2Flife.nsf%2Fcontents%2Faboutus_whyaigag_history&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-AIG_2012_Annual_Report-99" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-AIG_2012_Annual_Report_99-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-AIG_2012_Annual_Report_99-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.aig.com/Chartis/internet/US/en/2012%20AIG%20Annual%20Report%20(lower)_tcm3171-484181.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG 2012 Annual Report 10-K"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>. American International Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.btitle=AIG+2012+Annual+Report+10-K&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+International+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aig.com%2FChartis%2Finternet%2FUS%2Fen%2F2012%2520AIG%2520Annual%2520Report%2520%28lower%29_tcm3171-484181.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Wall_Street_Journal-100" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-Wall_Street_Journal_100-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Ng, Serena (June 28, 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304830704577495092980975870" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"AIG Brand Revived"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=AIG+Brand+Revived&rft.aufirst=Serena&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702304830704577495092980975870&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-sig_subsidiaries-101" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group#cite_ref-sig_subsidiaries_101-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.aig.com/content/dam/aig/america-canada/us/documents/investor-relations/december-31-2016-10k.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") right center no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;">"2016 10-K"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>AIG.com</i>. p. 143<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=2016+10-K&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIG.com&rft.pages=143&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aig.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Faig%2Famerica-canada%2Fus%2Fdocuments%2Finvestor-relations%2Fdecember-31-2016-10k.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
</ol>
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<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_International_Group&action=edit&section=20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<ul style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 version=%221.1%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Angelides, Phil (2011). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QIKfTVrhNfMC&pg=PA352" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Financial Crisis Inquiry Report</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-8072-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-8072-1">978-1-4379-8072-1</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.au=Angelides%2C+Phil&rft.btitle=Financial+Crisis+Inquiry+Report&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4379-8072-1&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQIKfTVrhNfMC%26pg%3DPA352&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Maurice R. Greenberg and Lawrence A. Cunningham, <i>The AIG Story</i> (2013)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Sjostrom, Jr., William K. "The AIG Bailout". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Social Science Research Network">SSRN</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1346552" rel="nofollow" style="background: none !important; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none;">1346552</a> <img alt="Freely accessible" data-file-height="813" data-file-width="512" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Freely accessible" width="9" /></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.aufirst=William+K.&rft.aulast=Sjostrom%2C+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+AIG+Bailout&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D1346552&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span> (2009)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/09/27/business/20080928_MELT_GRAPHIC.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"An Insurance Giant, Brought Down"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. September 27, 2008. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930071745/http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/09/27/business/20080928_MELT_GRAPHIC.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">September 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=An+Insurance+Giant%2C+Brought+Down&rft.date=2008-09-27&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fimagepages%2F2008%2F09%2F27%2Fbusiness%2F20080928_MELT_GRAPHIC.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span> (Graphic)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/09/17/business/17aig-graf01.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Losses in Perspective"</a> New York Times. September 17, 2008. (Graphic of AIG quarterly net profit & losses over five years, comparing Finance vs. Insurance activities.)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Marsh, Bill (September 28, 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/09/28/weekinreview/20080928_MARSH_GRFK.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Tally of Federal Rescues"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001202707/http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2008/09/28/weekinreview/20080928_MARSH_GRFK.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">September 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=A+Tally+of+Federal+Rescues&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.date=2008-09-28&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fimagepages%2F2008%2F09%2F28%2Fweekinreview%2F20080928_MARSH_GRFK.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Schneiderman, R.M; Caulfield, Philip; Fang, Celena; Goodridge, Elisabeth; Bajaj, Vikas (September 15, 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/09/15/business/20080915_TURMOIL_TIMELINE.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"How a Market Crisis Unfolded: Some of the key events in the upheaval"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916231720/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/09/15/business/20080915_TURMOIL_TIMELINE.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">September 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.atitle=How+a+Market+Crisis+Unfolded%3A+Some+of+the+key+events+in+the+upheaval&rft.au=Bajaj%2C+Vikas&rft.au=Caulfield%2C+Philip&rft.au=Fang%2C+Celena&rft.au=Goodridge%2C+Elisabeth&rft.aufirst=R.M&rft.aulast=Schneiderman&rft.date=2008-09-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2008%2F09%2F15%2Fbusiness%2F20080915_TURMOIL_TIMELINE.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span> (Graphic and interactive timeline.)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Shelp" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ronald Shelp">Shelp, Ron</a> (2006). <i>Fallen Giant: The Amazing Story of Hank Greenberg and the History of AIG</i>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-91696-X" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-91696-X">0-471-91696-X</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+International+Group&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.aulast=Shelp&rft.btitle=Fallen+Giant%3A+The+Amazing+Story+of+Hank+Greenberg+and+the+History+of+AIG&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-91696-X&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Wiley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">For a list of counterparties receiving U.S. taxpayer dollars, see: <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110204144/http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/economicsunbound/archives/2009/03/german_and_fren.html#more" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Business Week – List of Counterparties and Payouts</a></li>
</ul>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">You've worked hard to get to where you are today. Let us help you protect your future. <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">AIG</span> offers personal insurance solutions to help you build a stronger ...</span></div>
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AIG's customizable life insurance products offer coverage that fits ...</div>
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AIG offers insurance solutions to help protect your family and ...</div>
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Contact Us Directory - History - Corporate Governance - <b>...</b></div>
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General Feedback. Have a question or comment ...</div>
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Does AIG's Lower Valuation Raise Concerns?</div>
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<cite style="color: #006621; font-style: normal;">Market Realist</cite> · 7 hours ago</div>
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AIG: What Are Analysts Recommending for the Stock?</div>
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<cite style="color: #006621; font-style: normal;">Market Realist</cite> · 7 hours ago</div>
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WEBSITE</div>
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<g-link><a href="https://twitter.com/AIGinsurance?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">AIG (@AIGinsurance) · Twitter</a></g-link></div>
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Are you getting security from your employer's life insurance? It may be time to take a look at your needs. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a><a class="_Lgi" href="http://spr.ly/60108AarQ" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #666666; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">spr.ly/60108AarQ</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a><a class="_Lgi" href="https://twitter.com/AIGinsurance/status/920016509522587649/photo/1" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #666666; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">pic.twitter.com/AtLAUMY…</a></div>
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<span class="f" style="color: grey;">5 hours ago</span><span class="f" style="color: grey;"> · </span><g-link><a href="https://twitter.com/AIGinsurance/status/920016509522587649?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Twitter</a></g-link></div>
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Learn how we're helping deliver insurance solutions to the underserved through our involvement with Blue Marble. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a><a class="_Lgi" href="http://spr.ly/601684JcK" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #666666; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">spr.ly/601684JcK</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a><a class="_Lgi" href="https://twitter.com/AIGinsurance/status/920007734581395462/video/1" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #666666; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">pic.twitter.com/GEMEiRA…</a></div>
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<span class="f" style="color: grey;">5 hours ago</span><span class="f" style="color: grey;"> · </span><g-link><a href="https://twitter.com/AIGinsurance/status/920007734581395462?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Twitter</a></g-link></div>
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Our employees are volunteering around the country in celebration of @doubleicf Week of Giving. #insurancegivesback <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a><a class="_Lgi" href="https://twitter.com/AIGinsurance/status/919933463821803520/photo/1" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #666666; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">pic.twitter.com/x2O7Sjq…</a></div>
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<span class="f" style="color: grey;">10 hours ago</span><span class="f" style="color: grey;"> · </span><g-link><a href="https://twitter.com/AIGinsurance/status/919933463821803520?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Twitter</a></g-link></div>
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The European Risk Management Forum has kicked off! See our #FERMAForum portal for the latest risk management trends. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a><a class="_Lgi" href="http://spr.ly/60108fIlA" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #666666; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">spr.ly/60108fIlA</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a><a class="_Lgi" href="https://twitter.com/AIGinsurance/status/919880605743149056/photo/1" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #666666; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">pic.twitter.com/o19jSey…</a></div>
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<span class="f" style="color: grey;">14 hours ago</span><span class="f" style="color: grey;"> · </span><g-link><a href="https://twitter.com/AIGinsurance/status/919880605743149056?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Twitter</a></g-link></div>
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We are proud to support the incredible Disabled Sports USA athletes and their expedition to Alaska's Mt. Denali: <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a><a class="_Lgi" href="http://spr.ly/60128APxm" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #666666; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">spr.ly/60128APxm</a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a><a class="_Lgi" href="https://twitter.com/AIGinsurance/status/919578618161975298/photo/1" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #666666; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">pic.twitter.com/Xf1TwzZ…</a></div>
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<span class="f" style="color: grey;">1 day ago</span><span class="f" style="color: grey;"> · </span><g-link><a href="https://twitter.com/AIGinsurance/status/919578618161975298?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Twitter</a></g-link></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">American International Group</span>, Inc., also known as <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">AIG</span>, is an American multinational insurance corporation with operations in more than 80 countries and ...</span><br />
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<a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/AIG/" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">AIG : Summary for American International Group, I - Yahoo Finance</a></h3>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">Walmart jumps on buyback plan, Pfizer weighs sale of consumer health care biz, <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">AIG's</span> hurricane losses.<wbr></wbr>Walmart, Honeywell, Pfizer and <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">AIG</span> are among the stocks to watch.<wbr></wbr> ... American International Group, Inc. provides insurance products for commercial, institutional, and individual ...</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">Arch Capital Group Ltd.<wbr></wbr> ... Safety Insurance Group Inc.<wbr></wbr> ... American International Group, Inc. is an insurance company, which engages in the provision of property casualty insurance, life insurance, retirement products, mortgage insurance and other financial services.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-3434108809927150692017-10-15T02:26:00.002-07:002017-10-15T02:26:58.426-07:00When A Wife Is A Microphone Or Is It A T-Shirt Or Is This The Year It's a Clam As A Muscle Shirt??<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/LJHDAliOhrY/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LJHDAliOhrY?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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I thor'd this Time in the fine on a draw of Water to thirst?,</div>
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nigh the men it to the tree in the Space of application,</div>
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it is the theme.</div>
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To gasp is mirror?,</div>
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why is the bother to the women of what the restroom of twilights mask care uh?,</div>
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than Y is the Venue.</div>
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The excuse of where is the nail ole grates to cheese,</div>
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although at the table Wine Stein is your been ewe?,</div>
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chat with chute and Chimney of SAT at the World of the fist?,</div>
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punking is chapel.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Church is the pew with a taste at the cross of haul,</div>
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train is the bend to garden of E den,</div>
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dungeon fall lows to chains.</div>
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Scratch that with Gloria all Right to that for way Stop?,</div>
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shoes to read light is not suppose today the 15 of October,</div>
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a year.</div>
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Heavy are my arms for the hugs to shoulder a clean,</div>
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women have gang banged this Country,</div>
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call it the ram bull.</div>
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Mixture of recipe back to the Rule of Thumb,</div>
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a measure of oop's,</div>
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no the explanation for the five digit tummed,</div>
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bottom bell Lee's women,</div>
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Civil War with a brake to engage sexual perhaps,</div>
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as a Pan sexual I just go Goods.</div>
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Inch that with I don't like Women 'cause I'm a girl and their not a boy.</div>
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Grain to Sand touching the Chin Stride of hell meant,</div>
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and as I bring the envelope of insult open it for Plato and air a Stot Toll!!</div>
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Bridge that with the Nursery,</div>
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garden of E den?</div>
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Hmm a grape to gel Lee,</div>
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ankles round the grip of Joggers,</div>
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pounding on the Tar Mac of Mike Crow Phones?,</div>
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opulence to violence with a Trailhead of brain?,</div>
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a thought to sentence a verb to noun.</div>
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Dark hours with Cream and Milk,</div>
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sugar to brown Sir ip,</div>
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some go to the sum,</div>
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others go to the in vase shin,</div>
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crocks say to the hip poe,</div>
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that the river is but a stone,</div>
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rapids are not the ridge,</div>
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caves are valley?</div>
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______________________________________________________________________</div>
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Get chew a Harvey,</div>
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drain the Water Cooler,</div>
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coffee is here.</div>
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~ ~ ~</div>
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Rule of thumb</h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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A <b>rule of thumb</b> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Principle">principle</a> with broad application that is not intended to be strictly accurate or reliable for every situation. It is an easily learned and easily applied procedure for approximately calculating or recalling some value, or for making some determination. It is based not on theory but on practical experience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OED_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-OED-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> Compare this to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heuristic">heuristic</a>, a similar concept used in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mathematics">mathematical discourse</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, particularly in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> design.</div>
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Contents</h2>
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<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 12.502px; user-select: none;"> [<a class="togglelink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#Origin_of_the_phrase" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Origin of the phrase</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#Thumb_as_measurement_device" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Thumb as measurement device</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#Reference_to_spousal_abuse" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Reference to spousal abuse</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#Notes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Origin_of_the_phrase">Origin of the phrase</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rule_of_thumb&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Origin of the phrase">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The exact origin of the phrase is uncertain.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Martin_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-Martin-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The earliest known citation comes from J. Durham’s <i>Heaven upon Earth</i>, 1685, ii. 217: "Many profest Christians are like to foolish builders, who build by guess, and by rule of thumb."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OED_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-OED-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[a]</a></sup></div>
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Sir William Hope wrote in his <i>The Compleat Fencing Master</i>, 1692: "What he doth, he doth by rule of Thumb, and not by Art."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> James Kelly's <i>The Complete Collection of Scottish Proverbs</i>, 1721, pg 257, includes: "No Rule so good as Rule of Thumb, if it hit."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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According to <i>phrases.org.uk</i>, "The phrase joins <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_whole_nine_yards" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The whole nine yards">the whole nine yards</a> as one that probably derives from some form of measurement but which is unlikely ever to be definitively pinned down."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Martin_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-Martin-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Thumb_as_measurement_device">Thumb as measurement device</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rule_of_thumb&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Thumb as measurement device">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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The term is thought to originate with carpenters who used the length of the tip of their thumbs (i.e., <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inches" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Inches">inches</a>) rather than rulers for measuring things, cementing its modern use as an imprecise yet reliable and convenient standard.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OED_1-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-OED-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sommers_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-Sommers-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[b]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[c]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Reference_to_spousal_abuse">Reference to spousal abuse</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rule_of_thumb&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Reference to spousal abuse">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Caricature condemning Buller: <i>Judge Thumb - Patent Sticks for Family Correction - Warranted Lawful!</i></div>
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It is often claimed that the term <i>rule of thumb</i> is derived from a law that limited the maximum thickness of a stick with which it was permissible for a man to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wife_beating" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wife beating">beat his wife</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sommers_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-Sommers-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> English <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Common law">common law</a> before the reign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> permitted a man to give his wife "moderate correction", but no "rule of thumb" (whether called by this name or not) has ever been the law in England.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Martin_2-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-Martin-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Straight_Dope_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-Straight_Dope-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[d]</a></sup></div>
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Belief in the existence of a "rule of thumb" to excuse spousal abuse can be traced as far back as 1782, the year that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gillray" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> published his satirical cartoon <i>Judge Thumb</i>. The cartoon lambastes English judge <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Francis_Buller,_1st_Baronet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sir Francis Buller, 1st Baronet">Sir Francis Buller</a> for allegedly ruling that a man may legally beat his wife provided that he used a stick no thicker than his thumb, although there is no other written record of Buller making such a pronouncement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kelly_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-Kelly-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></div>
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In the United States, where the "rule of thumb" was mentioned in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Case law">case law</a>, it was usually to reject it as a legal standard.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fast_12-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-Fast-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup>Legal decisions in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> (1824) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (1868 and 1874) make reference to—and reject—an unnamed "old doctrine" or "ancient law" by which a man was allowed to beat his wife with a stick no wider than his thumb.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Straight_Dope_11-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-Straight_Dope-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[e]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[f]</a></sup> In 1976, women's rights activist <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Martin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Del Martin">Del Martin</a> used the phrase "rule of thumb" as a metaphorical reference to describe such a doctrine. She was interpreted by many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2017)">Like whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as claiming the doctrine as a direct origin of the phrase, and the connection gained currency in 1982, when the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Commission_on_Civil_Rights" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="U.S. Commission on Civil Rights">U.S. Commission on Civil Rights</a> issued a report on wife abuse titled "Under the Rule of Thumb".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Straight_Dope_11-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-Straight_Dope-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kelly_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb#cite_note-Kelly-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-57312045844458368582017-10-10T05:28:00.001-07:002017-10-10T05:28:25.760-07:00An The Rein Directs Call Eyes: At Zod!!<div style="text-align: left;">
I request a Newspaper to produce the ballistic reports for not every Cop accused, rather each cop (which means every cop that has been reported to have killed, maimed or injured a citizen [U.S.A.]) wrapped inside a coil that a snake would speak to say that this country of the United States of America has called name, home, pistol? No, that is the problem. The vista of Paddock in Las Vegas leaped to his death? No, then the shattered windows would have broken glass at the entrance of the Mandalay Bay? The name to describe is a bother as the internet says less than 500 people went to the hospital while the News says over 500 people went to the hospital. Then is it the News or the Newspaper that is not published? No, Newspapers are printed.</div>
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Fabian Society</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<table class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption class="fn org" style="font-size: 15.4px; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;">The Fabian Society</caption><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fabian_Society_Logo_CMYK.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Fabian Society Logo CMYK.JPG" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="500" height="120" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fabian_Society_Logo_CMYK.JPG/120px-Fabian_Society_Logo_CMYK.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fabian_Society_Logo_CMYK.JPG/180px-Fabian_Society_Logo_CMYK.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fabian_Society_Logo_CMYK.JPG/240px-Fabian_Society_Logo_CMYK.JPG 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a><div>
Fabian Society logo</div>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Abbreviation</th><td class="nickname" style="vertical-align: top;">Fabian Society</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Formation</th><td class="note" style="vertical-align: top;">January 4, 1884<span class="noprint">; 133 years ago</span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Legal status</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Unincorporated membership association</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Purpose</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><i>It aims to promote greater equality of power, wealth and opportunity; the value of collective action and public service; an accountable, tolerant and active democracy; citizenship, liberty and human rights; sustainable development; and multilateral international cooperation</i></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Headquarters</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Location</th><td class="label" style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist">
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">61 Petty France, London, SW1H 9EU</li>
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Membership</div>
</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">7,000</td></tr>
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Official language</div>
</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">English</td></tr>
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General Secretary</div>
</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Andrew Harrop</td></tr>
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Main organ</div>
</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Executive Committee</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Fabians" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Young Fabians">Young Fabians</a>, Fabian Women's Network, Scottish Fabians, around 60 local Fabian Societies</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Affiliations</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foundation_for_European_Progressive_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Foundation for European Progressive Studies (page does not exist)">Foundation for European Progressive Studies</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Website</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="http://fabians.org.uk/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2212%22 height=%2212%22%3E%3Cpath fill=%22%23fff%22 stroke=%22%2306c%22 d=%22M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z%22 fill=%22%2306f%22/%3E%3Cpath d=%22M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22 fill=%22%23fff%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">fabians<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>.org<wbr style="display: inline-block;"></wbr>.uk</a></span></td></tr>
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The <b>Fabian Society</b> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">British socialist</a> organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gradualism">gradualist</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reformism">reformist</a> effort in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Democracy">democracies</a>, rather than by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Revolution">revolutionary</a> overthrow.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gt76_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-gt76-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> As one of the founding organisations of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_(1900)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Labour Representation Committee (1900)">Labour Representation Committee</a> in 1900, and as an important influence upon the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> which grew from it, the Fabian Society has had a powerful influence on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_politics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British politics">British politics</a>. Other members of the Fabian Society have included political leaders from countries formerly part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, such as: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, who adopted Fabian principles as part of their own political ideologies.</div>
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The Fabian Society founded the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="London School of Economics and Political Science">London School of Economics and Political Science</a> in 1895 "for the betterment of society".</div>
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Today, the society functions primarily as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Think tank">think tank</a> and is one of 15 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_society_(Labour_Party)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socialist society (Labour Party)">socialist societies</a> affiliated with the Labour Party. Similar societies exist in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australia">Australia</a> (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Fabian_Society" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australian Fabian Society">Australian Fabian Society</a>), in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canada">Canada</a> (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%E2%80%93Coldwell_Foundation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Douglas–Coldwell Foundation">Douglas–Coldwell Foundation</a> and the now disbanded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_for_Social_Reconstruction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="League for Social Reconstruction">League for Social Reconstruction</a>), in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (Sicilian Fabian Society) and in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (The NZ Fabian Society).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 12.502px; user-select: none;"> [<a class="togglelink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Organisational_history" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Organisational history</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Establishment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Establishment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Organisational_growth" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Organisational growth</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Early_Fabian_views" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Early Fabian views</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Second_generation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Second generation</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Contemporary_Fabianism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Contemporary Fabianism</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Influence_on_Labour_government" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Influence on Labour government</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Fabianism_outside_the_United_Kingdom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Fabianism outside the United Kingdom</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Structure" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Structure</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Executive_Committee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Executive Committee</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Secretariat" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Secretariat</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Young_Fabians" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Young Fabians</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Fabian_Women.27s_Network" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Fabian Women's Network</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Local_Fabians" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Local Fabians</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Criticism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Criticism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Footnotes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Footnotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#Further_reading" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Organisational_history">Organisational history</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Organisational history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Establishment">Establishment</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Establishment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blue plaque">Blue plaque</a> at 17 Osnaburgh St, where the Society was founded in 1884</div>
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Fabian Society was named after "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Fabius the Delayer</a>" at the suggestion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Podmore" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frank Podmore">Frank Podmore</a>, above</div>
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Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing, the original coat of arms</div>
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The Fabian Society was founded on 4 January 1884 in London as an offshoot of a society founded a year earlier called <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_New_Life" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Fellowship of the New Life">The Fellowship of the New Life</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pease_1916_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-Pease_1916-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Early Fellowship members included the visionary Victorian elite, among them poets <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davidson_(poet)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Davidson (poet)">John Davidson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sexology">sexologist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Havelock Ellis">Havelock Ellis</a>, and early socialist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Pease" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edward R. Pease">Edward R. Pease</a>. They wanted to transform society by setting an example of clean simplified living for others to follow. Some members also wanted to become politically involved to aid society's transformation; they set up a separate society, the Fabian Society. All members were free to attend both societies. The Fabian Society additionally advocated renewal of Western European <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> ideas and their promulgation throughout the world.</div>
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The Fellowship of the New Life was dissolved in 1899,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> but the Fabian Society grew to become the pre-eminent academic society in the United Kingdom in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_period" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edwardian period">Edwardian era</a>. It was typified by the members of its vanguard <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficients_(dining_club)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coefficients (dining club)">Coefficients club</a>. Public meetings of the Society were for many years held at <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Hall" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Essex Hall">Essex Hall</a>, a popular location just off <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_London" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Strand, London">the Strand</a> in central London.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></div>
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The Fabian Society was named—at the suggestion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Podmore" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frank Podmore">Frank Podmore</a>—in honour of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> general <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus</a> (nicknamed "Cunctator", meaning the "Delayer").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> His <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_strategy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian strategy</a> sought gradual victory against the superior <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carthage">Carthaginian</a> army under the renowned general <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> through persistence, harassment, and wearing the enemy down by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attrition_warfare" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Attrition warfare">attrition</a> rather than pitched, climactic battles.</div>
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An explanatory note appearing on the title page of the group's first pamphlet declared:</div>
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For the right moment you must wait, as Fabius did most patiently, when warring against Hannibal, though many censured his delays; but when the time comes you must strike hard, as Fabius did, or your waiting will be in vain, and fruitless.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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According to author <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_B._Perdue" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jon B. Perdue">Jon Perdue</a>, "The logo of the Fabian Society, a tortoise, represented the group’s predilection for a slow, imperceptible transition to socialism, while its coat of arms, a 'wolf in sheep’s clothing', represented its preferred methodology for achieving its goal."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> The wolf in sheep’s clothing symbolism was later abandoned, due to its obvious negative connotations.</div>
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Its nine<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Story_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-Story-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> founding members were Frank Podmore, Edward R. Pease, William Clarke, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Bland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hubert Bland">Hubert Bland</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McBriar_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-McBriar-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percival_Chubb&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Percival Chubb (page does not exist)">Percival Chubb</a>, Frederick Keddell,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Story_10-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-Story-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hyde_Champion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Hyde Champion">H. H. Champion</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Pease_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-Pease-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Nesbit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="E. Nesbit">Edith Nesbit</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> and Rosamund Dale Owen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Story_10-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-Story-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McBriar_11-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-McBriar-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> Havelock Ellis is sometimes also mentioned as a tenth founding member, though there is some question about this.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Story_10-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-Story-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Organisational_growth">Organisational growth</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Organisational growth">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Immediately upon its inception, the Fabian Society began attracting many prominent contemporary figures drawn to its socialist cause, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Wallas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Graham Wallas">Graham Wallas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Marson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles Marson">Charles Marson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Olivier,_1st_Baron_Olivier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier">Sydney Olivier</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a>. Even <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> briefly became a member, but resigned after he expressed his belief that the Society's principle of <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/entente" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:entente">entente</a> (in this case, between countries allying themselves against Germany) could lead to war.</div>
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At the core of the Fabian Society were <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Webb" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a>. Together, they wrote numerous studies<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> of industrial Britain, including alternative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_economics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Co-operative economics">co-operative economics</a> that applied to ownership of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> as well as land.</div>
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Many Fabians participated in the formation of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_(1900)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Labour Representation Committee (1900)">Labour Representation Committee</a> in 1900 and the group's constitution, written by Sidney Webb, borrowed heavily from the founding documents of the Fabian Society. At the meeting that founded the Labour Representation Committee in 1900, the Fabian Society claimed 861 members and sent one delegate.</div>
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The years 1903 to 1908 saw a growth in popular interest in the socialist idea in Great Britain and the Fabian Society grew accordingly, tripling its membership to nearly 2500 by the end of the period, half of whom were located in London.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Morgan63_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-Morgan63-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> In 1912 a student section was organised called the <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Socialist_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University Socialist Federation (page does not exist)">University Socialist Federation</a>(USF) and by the outbreak of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World War I">World War I</a> this contingent counted its own membership of more than 500.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Morgan63_15-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-Morgan63-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Fabian_views">Early Fabian views</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Early Fabian views">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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The first Fabian Society pamphlets<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> advocating tenets of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Social justice">social justice</a> coincided with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitgeist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zeitgeist">zeitgeist</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_reforms" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liberal reforms">Liberal reforms</a> during the early 1900s, including eugenics. The Fabian proposals however were considerably more progressive than those that were enacted in the Liberal reform legislation. The Fabians lobbied for the introduction of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> in 1906, for the creation of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system in 1911 and for the abolition of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_peers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hereditary peers">hereditary peerages</a> in 1917.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></div>
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Fabian socialists were in favour of reforming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British Empire">Britain's imperialist</a> foreign policy as a conduit for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liberal internationalism">internationalist reform</a>, and were in favour of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Welfare capitalism">capitalist welfare state</a>modelled on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck#Bismarck.27s_social_legislation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarckian</a> German model; they criticised <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian liberalism</a> both for its individualism at home and its internationalism abroad. They favoured a national <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> in order to stop British industries compensating for their inefficiency by lowering wages instead of investing in capital equipment; slum clearances and a health service in order for "the breeding of even a moderately Imperial race" which would be more productive and better militarily than the "stunted, anaemic, demoralised denizens ... of our great cities"; and a national education system because "it is in the classrooms ... that the future battles of the Empire for commercial prosperity are already being lost".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></div>
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In 1900 the Society produced <i>Fabianism and the Empire</i>, the first statement of its views on foreign affairs, drafted by Bernard Shaw and incorporating the suggestions of 150 Fabian members. It was directed against the liberal individualism of those such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morley,_1st_Viscount_Morley_of_Blackburn" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn">John Morley</a> and Sir <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vernon_Harcourt_(politician)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Vernon Harcourt (politician)">William Harcourt</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Semmel.2C_p._61_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-Semmel.2C_p._61-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> It claimed that the classical liberal political economy was outdated, and that imperialism was the new stage of the international polity. The question was whether Britain would be the centre of a world empire or whether it would lose its colonies and end up as just two islands in the North Atlantic. It expressed support for Britain in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Boer War">Boer War</a> because small nations, such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boers">Boers</a>, were anachronisms in the age of empires.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Semmel.2C_p._61_19-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-Semmel.2C_p._61-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> In order to hold onto the Empire, the British needed to fully exploit the trade opportunities secured by war; maintain the British armed forces in a high state of readiness to defend the Empire; the creation of a citizen army to replace the professional army; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_Acts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Factory Acts">Factory Acts</a> would be amended to extend to 21 the age for half-time employment, so that the thirty hours gained would be used in "a combination of physical exercises, technical education, education in civil citizenship ... and field training in the use of modern weapons".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></div>
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The Fabians also favoured the nationalisation of land rent, believing that rents collected by landowners in respect of their land's value were unearned, an idea which drew heavily from the work of American economist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry George">Henry George</a>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Second_generation">Second generation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Second generation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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In the period between the two World Wars, the "Second Generation" Fabians, including the writers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._H._Tawney" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a>, continued to be a major influence on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socialist">socialist</a> thought.</div>
<table class="rquote floatright" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: none; clear: right; color: #222222; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0.75em; position: relative; width: 338px;"><tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 3.3em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1em; padding: 4px 2px 2px; width: 0.5em;">“</td><td style="padding: 0px 10px;">But the general idea is that each man should have power according to his knowledge and capacity. [...] And the keynote is that of my fairy State: From every man according to his capacity; to every man according to his needs. A democratic Socialism, controlled by majority votes, guided by numbers, can never succeed; a truly aristocratic Socialism, controlled by duty, guided by wisdom, is the next step upwards in civilisation.</td><td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 3.3em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1em; padding: 4px 2px 2px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom; width: 0.5em;">”</td></tr>
<tr><td class="rquotecite" colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1em; padding-top: 10px; text-align: right;"><cite style="font-style: inherit;">— Annie Besant, a Fabian Society member and later president of Indian National Congress, <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 9.33333px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></cite></td></tr>
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It was at this time that many of the future leaders of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Third World">Third World</a> were exposed to Fabian thought, most notably India's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, who subsequently framed economic policy for India on Fabian socialism lines. After independence from Britain, Nehru’s Fabian ideas committed India to an economy in which the state owned, operated and controlled means of production, in particular key heavy industrial sectors such as steel, telecommunications, transportation, electricity generation, mining and real estate development. Private activity, property rights and entrepreneurship were discouraged or regulated through permits, nationalisation of economic activity and high taxes were encouraged, rationing, control of individual choices and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalanobis_model" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mahalanobis model">Mahalanobis model</a> considered by Nehru as a means to implement the Fabian Society version of socialism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> In addition to Nehru, several pre-independence leaders in colonial India such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>—Nehru's mentor and later a president of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> – were members of the Fabian Society.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Obafemi Awolowo</a>, who later became the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prime minister">premier</a> of Nigeria's now defunct Western Region, was also a Fabian member in the late 1940s. It was the Fabian ideology that Awolowo used to run the Western Region during his premiership with great success, although he was prevented from using it in a similar fashion on the national level in Nigeria. It is less known that the founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, Muhammad Ali <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jinnah">Jinnah</a>, was an avid member of the Fabian Society in the early 1930s. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>, the first <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, stated in his memoirs that his initial political philosophy was strongly influenced by the Fabian Society. However, he later altered his views, considering the Fabian ideal of socialism as impractical.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mb1_26-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-mb1-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> In 1993, Lee said:</div>
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They [Fabian Socialists] were going to create a just society for the British workers—the beginning of a welfare state, cheap council housing, free medicine and dental treatment, free spectacles, generous unemployment benefits. Of course, for students from the colonies, like Singapore and Malaya, it was a great attraction as the alternative to communism. We did not see until the 1970s that that was the beginning of big problems contributing to the inevitable decline of the British economy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mb1_26-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-mb1-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></div>
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In the Middle East, the theories of Fabian Society intellectual movement of early-20th-century Britain inspired the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athist</a> vision. The Middle East adaptation of Fabian socialism led the state to control big industry, transport, banks, internal and external trade. The state would direct the course of economic development, with the ultimate aim to provide a guaranteed minimum standard of living for all.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a>, widely considered as the founder of the Ba'athist movement, was a Fabian socialist. Aflaq's ideas, with those of Salah al-Din al-Bitar and Zaki al-Arsuzi, came to fruition in the Arab world in the form of dictatorial regimes in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-led_faction)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-led faction)">Iraq</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-led_faction)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-led faction)">Syria</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salama_Moussa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Salama Moussa">Salāmah Mūsā</a> of Egypt, another prominent champion of Arab Socialism, was a keen adherent of Fabian Society, and a member since 1909.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></div>
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Fabian academics of the late 20th-century included the political scientist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Crick" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bernard Crick">Bernard Crick</a>, the economists <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Balogh" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Balogh">Thomas Balogh</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Kaldor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nicholas Kaldor">Nicholas Kaldor</a> and the sociologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Townsend_(sociologist)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peter Townsend (sociologist)">Peter Townsend</a>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Contemporary_Fabianism">Contemporary Fabianism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Contemporary Fabianism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Through the course of the 20th century the group has always been influential in Labour Party circles, with members including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hugh Dalton">Hugh Dalton</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Crossman" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Mikardo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ian Mikardo">Ian Mikardo</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> and more recently <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Williams" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shirley Williams">Shirley Williams</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Marsden" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gordon Marsden">Gordon Marsden</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Balls" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ed Balls">Ed Balls</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ben Pimlott">Ben Pimlott</a> served as its Chairman in the 1990s. (A Pimlott Prize for Political Writing was organised in his memory by the Fabian Society and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> in 2005 and continues annually.) The Society is affiliated to the Party as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_society_(Labour_Party)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Socialist society (Labour Party)">socialist society</a>. In recent years the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Fabians" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Young Fabians">Young Fabian group</a>, founded in 1960, has become an important networking and discussion organisation for younger (under 31) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> activists and played a role in the 1994 election of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> as Labour Leader. Today there is also an active Fabian Women's Network and Scottish and Welsh Fabian groups.</div>
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On 21 April 2009 the Society's website stated that it had 6,286 members: "Fabian national membership now stands at a 35 year high: it is over 20% higher than when the Labour Party came to office in May 1997. It is now double what it was when Clement Attlee left office in 1951".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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The latest edition of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (a reference work listing details of famous or significant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British people">Britons</a> throughout history) includes 174 Fabians. Four Fabians, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Webb" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney Webb</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Wallas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Graham Wallas">Graham Wallas</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> founded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> with the money left to the Fabian Society by Henry Hutchinson. Supposedly the decision was made at a breakfast party on 4 August 1894. The founders are depicted in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Window" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fabian Window">Fabian Window</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup>designed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>. The window was stolen in 1978 and reappeared at Sotheby's in 2005. It was restored to display in the Shaw Library at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> in 2006 at a ceremony over which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> presided.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></div>
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As of 2016, the Fabian Society had about 7,000 members.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-annualrep-2016_32-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-annualrep-2016-32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Influence_on_Labour_government">Influence on Labour government</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Influence on Labour government">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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With the advent of a Labour Party <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Tony_Blair" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Premiership of Tony Blair">government in 1997</a>, the Fabian Society was a forum for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Labour" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> ideas and for critical approaches from across the party.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup>The most significant Fabian contribution to Labour's policy agenda in government was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Balls" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ed Balls">Ed Balls</a>'s 1992 pamphlet, advocating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Monetary Policy Committee">Bank of England independence</a>. Balls had been a <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> journalist when he wrote this Fabian pamphlet, before going to work for Gordon Brown. BBC Business Editor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peston" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Peston">Robert Peston</a>, in his book <i>Brown's Britain</i>, calls this an "essential tract" and concludes that Balls "deserves as much credit – probably more – than anyone else for the creation of the modern Bank of England";<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Keegan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Keegan">William Keegan</a> offered a similar analysis of Balls's Fabian pamphlet in his book on Labour's economic policy,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> which traces in detail the path leading up to this dramatic policy change after Labour's first week in office.</div>
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The Fabian Society Tax Commission of 2000 was widely credited<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> with influencing the Labour government's policy and political strategy for its one significant public tax increase: the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Insurance" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Insurance">National Insurance</a> rise to raise £8 billion for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> spending. (The Fabian Commission had in fact called for a directly <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothecation_(taxation)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hypothecation (taxation)">hypothecated</a> "NHS tax"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> to cover the full cost of NHS spending, arguing that linking taxation more directly to spending was essential to make tax rise publicly acceptable. The 2001 National Insurance rise was not formally hypothecated, but the government committed itself to using the additional funds for health spending.) Several other recommendations, including a new top rate of income tax, were to the left of government policy and not accepted, though this comprehensive review of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_taxation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="UK taxation">UK taxation</a> was influential in economic policy and political circles, and a new top rate of income tax of 50% was introduced in 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup></div>
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In early 2017 Fabian general secretary, Andrew Harrop, produced a report<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fabian-20170103_39-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-fabian-20170103-39" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> arguing the only feasible route for Labour to return to government would be to work with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a>. It predicted Labour would win fewer than 200 seats in the next general election, the lowest since 1935, due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, lack of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Labour_Party" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scottish Labour Party">support in Scotland</a>, and Labour leader <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a>’s unpopularity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-guardian-20170102_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-guardian-20170102-40" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-reuters-20170103_41-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-reuters-20170103-41" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> This prediction was proved false in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_2017" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Kingdom general election, 2017">general election later in 2017</a>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Fabianism_outside_the_United_Kingdom">Fabianism outside the United Kingdom</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Fabianism outside the United Kingdom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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The major influence on the Labour Party and on the English-speaking socialist movement worldwide, has meant that Fabianism became one of the main inspirations of international social democracy. An American Fabian Society was established in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boston">Boston</a> in February 1895 by Rev. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._P._Bliss" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="W. D. P. Bliss">W. D. P. Bliss</a>, a prominent <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_socialist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christian socialist">Christian socialist</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bliss_42-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-Bliss-42" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup>The group published a periodical, <i>The American Fabian,</i> and issued a small series of pamphlets.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bliss_42-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-Bliss-42" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> Around the same time a parallel organization emerged on the Pacific coast, centered in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="California">California</a>, under the influence of socialist activist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Gronlund" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Laurence Gronlund">Laurence Gronlund</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bliss_42-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-Bliss-42" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup></div>
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Direct or indirect Fabian influence may also be seen in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_socialism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liberal socialism">liberal socialism</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo Rosselli</a> (founder, with his brother <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nello" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nello">Nello Rosselli</a>, of the anti-fascist group's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Freedom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Justice and Freedom">Giustizia e Libertà</a>), and all its derivatives, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Action Party (Italy)">Action Party</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Movement" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Community Movement">Community Movement</a>, created by the socialist entrepreneur <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Olivetti" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adriano Olivetti">Adriano Olivetti</a>, was then the only Italian party which referred explicitly to Fabianism, among his main inspirations along with federalism, social liberalism, fighting to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitocracy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Partitocracy">partitocracy</a> and social democracy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></div>
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During 2000 the Sicilian Fabian Society was founded in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Messina">Messina</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Structure">Structure</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Executive_Committee">Executive Committee</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Executive Committee">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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The Fabian Society is governed by an elected Executive Committee. The committee consists of ten ordinary members elected from a national list, three members nationally elected from a list nominated by local groups, representatives from the Young Fabians, Fabians Women's Network and Scottish and Welsh Fabians. There is also one staff representative and a directly elected Honorary Treasurer from the membership. Elections are held every other year, with the exception of the Young Fabians and staff representation which are elected annually. The Executive Committee meet quarterly. The Executive Committee elect a Chair and at least one Vice Chair annually to conduct its business.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Secretariat">Secretariat</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Secretariat">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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The Fabian Society have a number of employees based in their headquarters in London. The secretariat is led by a General Secretary who is the organisation's CEO. The staff are arranged into departments including Research, Editorial, Events and Operations.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Young_Fabians">Young Fabians</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Young Fabians">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Fabians" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Young Fabians">Young Fabians</a></div>
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Since 1960 members aged under 31 years of age are also members of the Young Fabians. This group has its own elected Chair, executive committee and sub-groups. The Young Fabians are a voluntary organisation that serves as an incubator for member-led activities such as policy and social events, pamphlets and delegations. Within the group are five special interest communities called Networks that are run by voluntary steering groups and elect their own Chair and officers. The current Networks are Finance, Health, International Affairs, Education and Communications (Industry). It also publishes the quarterly magazine <i>Anticipations</i>.</div>
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<span id="Fabian_Women's_Network"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fabian_Women.27s_Network">Fabian Women's Network</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Fabian Women's Network">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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All female members of the Fabian Society are also members of the <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Women%27s_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fabian Women's Network (page does not exist)">Fabian Women's Network</a>. This group has its own elected Chair and Executive Committee which organises conferences and events and works with the wider political movement to secure increased representation for women in politics and public life. It has a flagship mentoring programme that recruits on an annual basis and its President is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seema_Malhotra" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seema Malhotra">Seema Malhotra</a>, a Labour Party and Co-operative MP. The Network also publishes the quarterly magazine, <i>Fabiana</i>, runs a range of public speaking events, works closely in partnership with a range of women's campaigning organisations and regularly hosts a fringe at the Labour Party conference.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Local_Fabians">Local Fabians</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Local Fabians">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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There are over 60 Local Fabian Societies across the UK, bringing Fabian debates to communities around the country. Many of these are affiliated to their local constituency Labour party and have their own executive bodies. These local branches are affiliated to the National Fabians and local members have same voting rights as their national counterparts.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Society&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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In the early 1900s Fabian Society members advocated the ideal of a scientifically planned society and supported <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> by way of sterilisation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> In an article published in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> on 14 February 2008 (following the apology offered by Australian Prime Minister <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a> to the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_generations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stolen generations">stolen generations</a>"), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Robertson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geoffrey Robertson">Geoffrey Robertson</a> criticised Fabian socialists for providing the intellectual justification for the eugenics policy that led to the stolen generations scandal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-47" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> Similar claims have been repeated in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> However, these views on eugenics were not limited to one group of people and were widely shared throughout the political spectrum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup></div>
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Although H. G. Wells was a member of the Fabian Society from 1903 to 1908, he was a critic of its operations, particularly in his 1905 paper "The Faults of the Fabian",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> and parodied the society in his 1910 novel <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Machiavelli" style="background: none; color: #faa700;" title="The New Machiavelli">The New Machiavelli</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-61027417570070761652017-10-10T02:31:00.000-07:002017-10-10T02:42:34.848-07:00Parental Guidance?? National Geographic for KIDs There Is a Whopper, What Say You As BBC Did A Fancy With A Twitter Account Or Storied?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/35857514/we-look-back-at-famous-first-tweets-as-twitter-turns-10">http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/35857514/we-look-back-at-famous-first-tweets-as-twitter-turns-10</a></div>
<h1 class="headline" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #121212; font-family: effraMedium, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 44px; font-weight: normal !important; line-height: 48px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 16px 0px 8px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 976px;">
We look back at famous first </h1>
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tweets as Twitter turns 10</h1>
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<div class="timestamp" data-time="2016-03-21T05:05:26+00:00" style="color: #333333; float: left; font-family: effraLight, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 10px; visibility: visible;">
20 Mar 2016<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIKiaHeUHTspa4rxt9QheFgWz30LrISz1dhrGd3z_Gp0VlhrYclW4HhDUe8xFotiUd04s_FMzByIzUtZTXQA8UudWdkygPRRFI892xA1YxoUkJQ2i8rpYUhMo0nqbpXKHzOnb_wx3KhoA/s1600/_88866539_gettyimages-187222016.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="976" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIKiaHeUHTspa4rxt9QheFgWz30LrISz1dhrGd3z_Gp0VlhrYclW4HhDUe8xFotiUd04s_FMzByIzUtZTXQA8UudWdkygPRRFI892xA1YxoUkJQ2i8rpYUhMo0nqbpXKHzOnb_wx3KhoA/s640/_88866539_gettyimages-187222016.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div style="color: #121212; float: none; font-family: helvetica, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; margin-right: 16.5313px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562.422px;">
<b>Happy Birthday Twitter! The site is 10.</b></div>
<div style="color: #121212; float: none; font-family: helvetica, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-right: 16.5313px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562.422px;">
Although the first tweet was actually sent on the 21 March 2006 many of us probably didn't start using the social network until several years later.</div>
<div style="color: #121212; float: none; font-family: helvetica, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-right: 16.5313px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562.422px;">
And a lot of those first attempts at writing something interesting, witty and informative within 140 characters failed.</div>
<div style="color: #121212; float: none; font-family: helvetica, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-right: 16.5313px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562.422px;">
So as a birthday treat we've put together a selection of Twitter debuts for you.</div>
<div class="embedded" style="border-bottom: none; border-top: none; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: hidden;">
<twitterwidget class="twitter-tweet twitter-tweet-rendered" data-tweet-id="20" id="twitter-widget-0" style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 220px; position: static; transform: rotate(0deg); visibility: visible; width: 500px;"></twitterwidget><br />
<div class="SandboxRoot env-bp-350" data-twitter-event-id="0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #1c2022; direction: ltr; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, "Segoe UI", Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; white-space: initial;">
<div class="EmbeddedTweet EmbeddedTweet--edge js-clickToOpenTarget tweet-InformationCircle-widgetParent js-enableExperiments" data-click-to-open-target="https://twitter.com/jack/status/20" data-dt-abbr="%{number}%{symbol}" data-dt-am="AM" data-dt-explicit-timestamp="13:50 - 21 Mar 2006" data-dt-full="%{hours12}:%{minutes} %{amPm} - %{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-h="h" data-dt-hour="hour" data-dt-hours="hours" data-dt-long="%{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-m="m" data-dt-minute="minute" data-dt-minutes="minutes" data-dt-months="Jan|Feb|Mar|Apr|May|Jun|Jul|Aug|Sep|Oct|Nov|Dec" data-dt-now="now" data-dt-pm="PM" data-dt-s="s" data-dt-second="second" data-dt-seconds="seconds" data-dt-short="%{day} %{month}" data-iframe-title="Twitter Tweet" data-scribe="page:tweet" data-twitter-event-id="12" id="twitter-widget-0" lang="en-gb" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 232, 237); cursor: pointer; max-width: 520px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;">
<div class="EmbeddedTweet-tweet" style="padding: 20px 20px 11.6px;">
<blockquote cite="https://twitter.com/jack/status/20" class="Tweet h-entry js-tweetIdInfo subject expanded
is-deciderHtmlWhitespace" data-scribe="section:subject" data-tweet-id="20" style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="Tweet-header u-cf" style="padding-left: 45px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap;">
<div class="Tweet-brand u-floatRight" style="float: right !important; position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;"></span></span><br />
<div aria-label="View on Twitter" class="Icon Icon--twitter " role="presentation" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="View on Twitter">
</div>
<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;">
</span> Follow</span></div>
<div class="TweetAuthor " data-scribe="component:author" style="line-height: 0; margin-top: 2px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden !important; text-overflow: ellipsis !important; word-wrap: normal !important;">
<a aria-label="jack (screen name: jack)" class="TweetAuthor-link Identity u-linkBlend" data-scribe="element:user_link" href="https://twitter.com/jack" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.2; outline: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="TweetAuthor-avatar Identity-avatar" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 4px; display: inline-block; height: 36px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 36px;"><img alt="" class="Avatar Avatar--edge" data-scribe="element:avatar" data-src-1x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/839863609345794048/mkpdB9Tf_normal.jpg" data-src-2x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/839863609345794048/mkpdB9Tf_bigger.jpg" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/839863609345794048/mkpdB9Tf_normal.jpg" style="border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%;" /></span><span class="TweetAuthor-name Identity-name customisable-highlight" data-scribe="element:name" style="font-weight: 700;" title="jack">jack</span> <span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;"></span></a><br />
<div aria-label="Verified Account" class="Icon Icon--verified " role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.11111em;" title="Verified Account">
</div>
<span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;">
<span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">✔</span></span><span class="TweetAuthor-screenName Identity-screenName" data-scribe="element:screen_name" dir="ltr" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px;" title="@jack">@jack</span></div>
</div>
<div class="Tweet-body e-entry-content" data-scribe="component:tweet" style="margin-top: 14px;">
<div class="Tweet-text e-entry-title" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="border: none; cursor: text; direction: ltr; list-style: none; padding: 0px;">
just setting up my twttr</div>
<div class="Tweet-metadata dateline" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 3.2px;">
13:50 - 21 Mar 2006</div>
<ul aria-label="Tweet actions" class="Tweet-actions" data-scribe="component:actions" role="menu" style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 8.4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block;"><a class="TweetAction TweetAction--replyEdge web-intent" data-scribe="element:reply" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?in_reply_to=20" style="background-color: transparent; color: #697882; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><div aria-label="Reply" class="Icon Icon--reply TweetAction-icon Icon--replyEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; transform: scaleX(1); vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Reply">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:reply_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">2,970</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">2,970 Replies</span></a></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><a class="TweetAction TweetAction--retweetEdge web-intent" data-scribe="element:retweet" href="https://twitter.com/intent/retweet?tweet_id=20" style="background-color: transparent; color: #697882; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><div aria-label="Retweet" class="Icon Icon--retweet TweetAction-icon Icon--retweetEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; transform: scaleX(1); vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Retweet">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:retweet_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">105,790</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">105,790 Retweets</span></a></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><a class="TweetAction TweetAction--heartEdge web-intent" data-scribe="element:heart" href="https://twitter.com/intent/like?tweet_id=20" style="background-color: transparent; color: #697882; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><div aria-label="Like" class="Icon Icon--heart TweetAction-icon Icon--heartEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Like">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:heart_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">79,117</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">79,117 likes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="tweet-InformationCircle--bottom tweet-InformationCircle" data-scribe="element:notice" style="bottom: 3px; margin: 10px 20px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">
<a class="Icon Icon--informationCircleWhite js-privacyNotice" href="https://support.twitter.com/articles/20175256" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: #2b7bb9; display: inline-block; height: 18px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 18px;" title="Twitter Ads information and privacy"><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">Twitter Ads information and privacy</span></a></div>
</div>
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<div class="resize-sensor-expand" style="bottom: 0px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; z-index: -1;">
<div style="height: 170px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: 0s; width: 510px;">
</div>
</div>
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</div>
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<div style="color: #121212; float: none; font-family: helvetica, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-right: 16.5313px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562.422px;">
We should of course start with the first ever tweet, posted by co-founder Jack Dorsey in 2006, when the service was still called Twttr.</div>
<div style="color: #121212; float: none; font-family: helvetica, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-right: 16.5313px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562.422px;">
Other names reportedly suggested were Friendstalker and Jitter.</div>
<div class="embedded" style="border-bottom: none; border-top: none; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: hidden;">
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<div class="SandboxRoot env-bp-350" data-twitter-event-id="1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #1c2022; direction: ltr; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, "Segoe UI", Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; white-space: initial;">
<div class="EmbeddedTweet EmbeddedTweet--edge js-clickToOpenTarget tweet-InformationCircle-widgetParent js-enableExperiments" data-click-to-open-target="https://twitter.com/Twitter/status/145344012" data-dt-abbr="%{number}%{symbol}" data-dt-am="AM" data-dt-explicit-timestamp="13:48 - 11 Jul 2007" data-dt-full="%{hours12}:%{minutes} %{amPm} - %{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-h="h" data-dt-hour="hour" data-dt-hours="hours" data-dt-long="%{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-m="m" data-dt-minute="minute" data-dt-minutes="minutes" data-dt-months="Jan|Feb|Mar|Apr|May|Jun|Jul|Aug|Sep|Oct|Nov|Dec" data-dt-now="now" data-dt-pm="PM" data-dt-s="s" data-dt-second="second" data-dt-seconds="seconds" data-dt-short="%{day} %{month}" data-iframe-title="Twitter Tweet" data-scribe="page:tweet" data-twitter-event-id="15" id="twitter-widget-1" lang="en-gb" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 232, 237); cursor: pointer; max-width: 520px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;">
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<blockquote cite="https://twitter.com/Twitter/status/145344012" class="Tweet h-entry js-tweetIdInfo subject expanded
is-deciderHtmlWhitespace" data-scribe="section:subject" data-tweet-id="145344012" style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="Tweet-header u-cf" style="padding-left: 45px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap;">
<div class="Tweet-brand u-floatRight" style="float: right !important; position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;"></span></span><br />
<div aria-label="View on Twitter" class="Icon Icon--twitter " role="presentation" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="View on Twitter">
</div>
<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;">
</span> Follow</span></div>
<div class="TweetAuthor " data-scribe="component:author" style="line-height: 0; margin-top: 2px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden !important; text-overflow: ellipsis !important; word-wrap: normal !important;">
<a aria-label="Twitter (screen name: Twitter)" class="TweetAuthor-link Identity u-linkBlend" data-scribe="element:user_link" href="https://twitter.com/Twitter" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.2; outline: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="TweetAuthor-avatar Identity-avatar" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 4px; display: inline-block; height: 36px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 36px;"><img alt="" class="Avatar Avatar--edge" data-scribe="element:avatar" data-src-1x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/875087697177567232/Qfy0kRIP_normal.jpg" data-src-2x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/875087697177567232/Qfy0kRIP_bigger.jpg" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/875087697177567232/Qfy0kRIP_normal.jpg" style="border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%;" /></span><span class="TweetAuthor-name Identity-name customisable-highlight" data-scribe="element:name" style="font-weight: 700;" title="Twitter">Twitter</span> <span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;"></span></a><br />
<div aria-label="Verified Account" class="Icon Icon--verified " role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.11111em;" title="Verified Account">
</div>
<a aria-label="Twitter (screen name: Twitter)" class="TweetAuthor-link Identity u-linkBlend" data-scribe="element:user_link" href="https://twitter.com/Twitter" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.2; outline: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;">
<span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">✔</span></span><span class="TweetAuthor-screenName Identity-screenName" data-scribe="element:screen_name" dir="ltr" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px;" title="@Twitter">@Twitter</span></a></div>
</div>
<div class="Tweet-body e-entry-content" data-scribe="component:tweet" style="margin-top: 14px;">
<div class="Tweet-text e-entry-title" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="border: none; cursor: text; direction: ltr; list-style: none; padding: 0px;">
working on iphones via 'hahlo' and 'pocket tweets' - fun!</div>
<div class="Tweet-metadata dateline" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 3.2px;">
13:48 - 11 Jul 2007</div>
<ul aria-label="Tweet actions" class="Tweet-actions" data-scribe="component:actions" role="menu" style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 8.4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block;"><div aria-label="Reply" class="Icon Icon--reply TweetAction-icon Icon--replyEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; transform: scaleX(1); vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Reply">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:reply_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">143</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">143 Replies</span></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><div aria-label="Retweet" class="Icon Icon--retweet TweetAction-icon Icon--retweetEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; transform: scaleX(1); vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Retweet">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:retweet_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">2,035</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">2,035 Retweets</span></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><div aria-label="Like" class="Icon Icon--heart TweetAction-icon Icon--heartEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Like">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:heart_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">1,236</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">1,236 likes</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="tweet-InformationCircle--bottom tweet-InformationCircle" data-scribe="element:notice" style="bottom: 3px; margin: 10px 20px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">
<a class="Icon Icon--informationCircleWhite js-privacyNotice" href="https://support.twitter.com/articles/20175256" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: #2b7bb9; display: inline-block; height: 18px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 18px;" title="Twitter Ads information and privacy"><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">Twitter Ads information and privacy</span></a></div>
</div>
<div class="resize-sensor" style="bottom: 0px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; z-index: -1;">
<div class="resize-sensor-expand" style="bottom: 0px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; z-index: -1;">
<div style="height: 170px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: 0s; width: 490px;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="resize-sensor-shrink" style="bottom: 0px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; z-index: -1;">
<div style="height: 320.344px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: 0s; width: 960.531px;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="color: #121212; float: none; font-family: helvetica, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-right: 16.5313px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562.422px;">
The first tweet from the official Twitter account didn't come for another 478 days.</div>
<div class="embedded" style="border-bottom: none; border-top: none; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: hidden;">
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<div class="SandboxRoot env-bp-350" data-twitter-event-id="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #1c2022; direction: ltr; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, "Segoe UI", Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; white-space: initial;">
<div class="EmbeddedTweet EmbeddedTweet--edge js-clickToOpenTarget tweet-InformationCircle-widgetParent js-enableExperiments" data-click-to-open-target="https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/44240662" data-dt-abbr="%{number}%{symbol}" data-dt-am="AM" data-dt-explicit-timestamp="12:04 - 29 Apr 2007" data-dt-full="%{hours12}:%{minutes} %{amPm} - %{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-h="h" data-dt-hour="hour" data-dt-hours="hours" data-dt-long="%{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-m="m" data-dt-minute="minute" data-dt-minutes="minutes" data-dt-months="Jan|Feb|Mar|Apr|May|Jun|Jul|Aug|Sep|Oct|Nov|Dec" data-dt-now="now" data-dt-pm="PM" data-dt-s="s" data-dt-second="second" data-dt-seconds="seconds" data-dt-short="%{day} %{month}" data-iframe-title="Twitter Tweet" data-scribe="page:tweet" data-twitter-event-id="16" id="twitter-widget-2" lang="en-gb" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 232, 237); cursor: pointer; max-width: 520px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;">
<div class="EmbeddedTweet-tweet" style="padding: 20px 20px 11.6px;">
<blockquote cite="https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/44240662" class="Tweet h-entry js-tweetIdInfo subject expanded
is-deciderHtmlWhitespace" data-scribe="section:subject" data-tweet-id="44240662" style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="Tweet-header u-cf" style="padding-left: 45px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap;">
<div class="Tweet-brand u-floatRight" style="float: right !important; position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;"></span></span><br />
<div aria-label="View on Twitter" class="Icon Icon--twitter " role="presentation" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="View on Twitter">
</div>
<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;">
</span> Follow</span></div>
<div class="TweetAuthor " data-scribe="component:author" style="line-height: 0; margin-top: 2px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden !important; text-overflow: ellipsis !important; word-wrap: normal !important;">
<span class="TweetAuthor-avatar Identity-avatar" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 4px; display: inline-block; height: 36px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 36px;"><img alt="" class="Avatar Avatar--edge" data-scribe="element:avatar" data-src-1x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/822547732376207360/5g0FC8XX_normal.jpg" data-src-2x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/822547732376207360/5g0FC8XX_bigger.jpg" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/822547732376207360/5g0FC8XX_normal.jpg" style="border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%;" /></span><span class="TweetAuthor-name Identity-name customisable-highlight" data-scribe="element:name" style="font-weight: 700;" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</span> <span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;"></span><br />
<div aria-label="Verified Account" class="Icon Icon--verified " role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.11111em;" title="Verified Account">
</div>
<a aria-label="Barack Obama (screen name: BarackObama)" class="TweetAuthor-link Identity u-linkBlend" data-scribe="element:user_link" href="https://twitter.com/BarackObama" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.2; outline: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;">
<span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">✔</span></span><span class="TweetAuthor-screenName Identity-screenName" data-scribe="element:screen_name" dir="ltr" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px;" title="@BarackObama">@BarackObama</span></a></div>
</div>
<div class="Tweet-body e-entry-content" data-scribe="component:tweet" style="margin-top: 14px;">
<div class="Tweet-text e-entry-title" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="border: none; cursor: text; direction: ltr; list-style: none; padding: 0px;">
Thinking we're only one signature away from ending the war in Iraq.<br />
Learn more at http://www.barackobama.com</div>
<div class="Tweet-metadata dateline" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 3.2px;">
12:04 - 29 Apr 2007</div>
<ul aria-label="Tweet actions" class="Tweet-actions" data-scribe="component:actions" role="menu" style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 8.4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block;"><div aria-label="Reply" class="Icon Icon--reply TweetAction-icon Icon--replyEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; transform: scaleX(1); vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Reply">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:reply_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">107</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">107 Replies</span></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><div aria-label="Retweet" class="Icon Icon--retweet TweetAction-icon Icon--retweetEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; transform: scaleX(1); vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Retweet">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:retweet_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">791</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">791 Retweets</span></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><div aria-label="Like" class="Icon Icon--heart TweetAction-icon Icon--heartEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Like">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:heart_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">447</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">447 likes</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="tweet-InformationCircle--bottom tweet-InformationCircle" data-scribe="element:notice" style="bottom: 3px; margin: 10px 20px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">
<a class="Icon Icon--informationCircleWhite js-privacyNotice" href="https://support.twitter.com/articles/20175256" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: #2b7bb9; display: inline-block; height: 18px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 18px;" title="Twitter Ads information and privacy"><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">Twitter Ads information and privacy</span></a></div>
</div>
<div class="resize-sensor" style="bottom: 0px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; z-index: -1;">
<div class="resize-sensor-expand" style="bottom: 0px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; z-index: -1;">
<div style="height: 214px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: 0s; width: 490px;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="resize-sensor-shrink" style="bottom: 0px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; visibility: hidden; z-index: -1;">
<div style="height: 408.344px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; transition: 0s; width: 960.531px;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="color: #121212; float: none; font-family: helvetica, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-right: 16.5313px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562.422px;">
The president of the United States was a relatively early user. His first tweet came just over a year after the site was created.</div>
<div style="color: #121212; float: none; font-family: helvetica, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-right: 16.5313px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562.422px;">
He now has the 4th highest number of followers - more than any other world leader.</div>
<div class="embedded" style="border-bottom: none; border-top: none; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: hidden;">
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<div class="SandboxRoot env-bp-350" data-twitter-event-id="3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #1c2022; direction: ltr; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, "Segoe UI", Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; white-space: initial;">
<div class="EmbeddedTweet EmbeddedTweet--edge js-clickToOpenTarget tweet-InformationCircle-widgetParent js-enableExperiments" data-click-to-open-target="https://twitter.com/David_Cameron/status/254625004321386496" data-dt-abbr="%{number}%{symbol}" data-dt-am="AM" data-dt-explicit-timestamp="09:51 - 6 Oct 2012" data-dt-full="%{hours12}:%{minutes} %{amPm} - %{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-h="h" data-dt-hour="hour" data-dt-hours="hours" data-dt-long="%{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-m="m" data-dt-minute="minute" data-dt-minutes="minutes" data-dt-months="Jan|Feb|Mar|Apr|May|Jun|Jul|Aug|Sep|Oct|Nov|Dec" data-dt-now="now" data-dt-pm="PM" data-dt-s="s" data-dt-second="second" data-dt-seconds="seconds" data-dt-short="%{day} %{month}" data-iframe-title="Twitter Tweet" data-scribe="page:tweet" data-twitter-event-id="10" id="twitter-widget-3" lang="en-gb" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 232, 237); cursor: pointer; max-width: 520px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;">
<div class="EmbeddedTweet-tweet" style="padding: 20px 20px 11.6px;">
<blockquote cite="https://twitter.com/David_Cameron/status/254625004321386496" class="Tweet h-entry js-tweetIdInfo subject expanded
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<div class="Tweet-header u-cf" style="padding-left: 45px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap;">
<div class="Tweet-brand u-floatRight" style="float: right !important; position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;"></span></span><br />
<div aria-label="View on Twitter" class="Icon Icon--twitter " role="presentation" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="View on Twitter">
</div>
<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;">
</span> Follow</span></div>
<div class="TweetAuthor " data-scribe="component:author" style="line-height: 0; margin-top: 2px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden !important; text-overflow: ellipsis !important; word-wrap: normal !important;">
<span class="TweetAuthor-avatar Identity-avatar" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 4px; display: inline-block; height: 36px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 36px;"><img alt="" class="Avatar Avatar--edge" data-scribe="element:avatar" data-src-1x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/664868323377717248/E7dALt_-_normal.jpg" data-src-2x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/664868323377717248/E7dALt_-_bigger.jpg" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/664868323377717248/E7dALt_-_normal.jpg" style="border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%;" /></span><span class="TweetAuthor-name Identity-name customisable-highlight" data-scribe="element:name" style="font-weight: 700;" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</span> <span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;"></span><br />
<div aria-label="Verified Account" class="Icon Icon--verified " role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.11111em;" title="Verified Account">
</div>
<a aria-label="David Cameron (screen name: David_Cameron)" class="TweetAuthor-link Identity u-linkBlend" data-scribe="element:user_link" href="https://twitter.com/David_Cameron" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.2; outline: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;">
<span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">✔</span></span><span class="TweetAuthor-screenName Identity-screenName" data-scribe="element:screen_name" dir="ltr" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px;" title="@David_Cameron">@David_Cameron</span></a></div>
</div>
<div class="Tweet-body e-entry-content" data-scribe="component:tweet" style="margin-top: 14px;">
<div class="Tweet-text e-entry-title" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="border: none; cursor: text; direction: ltr; list-style: none; padding: 0px;">
I'm starting Conference with this new Twitter feed about my role as Conservative Leader. I promise there won't be "too many tweets..."</div>
<div class="Tweet-metadata dateline" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 3.2px;">
09:51 - 6 Oct 2012</div>
<ul aria-label="Tweet actions" class="Tweet-actions" data-scribe="component:actions" role="menu" style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 8.4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block;"><div aria-label="Reply" class="Icon Icon--reply TweetAction-icon Icon--replyEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; transform: scaleX(1); vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Reply">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:reply_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">1,339</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">1,339 Replies</span></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><div aria-label="Retweet" class="Icon Icon--retweet TweetAction-icon Icon--retweetEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; transform: scaleX(1); vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Retweet">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:retweet_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">829</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">829 Retweets</span></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><div aria-label="Like" class="Icon Icon--heart TweetAction-icon Icon--heartEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Like">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:heart_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">244</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">244 likes</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<a class="Icon Icon--informationCircleWhite js-privacyNotice" href="https://support.twitter.com/articles/20175256" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: #2b7bb9; display: inline-block; height: 18px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 18px;" title="Twitter Ads information and privacy"><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">Twitter Ads information and privacy</span></a></div>
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It took David Cameron two years in his role as prime Minister before he started tweeting in 2012.</div>
<div style="color: #121212; float: none; font-family: helvetica, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-right: 16.5313px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562.422px;">
He has actually posted just over 2000 tweets since.</div>
<div style="color: #121212; float: none; font-family: helvetica, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-right: 16.5313px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562.422px;">
Which may seem a lot to some but Kim Kardashian has posted over 21 thousand musings since this first one in 2009.</div>
<div class="embedded" style="border-bottom: none; border-top: none; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 16px; overflow: hidden;">
<twitterwidget class="twitter-tweet twitter-tweet-rendered" data-tweet-id="1367721316" id="twitter-widget-4" style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 220px; position: static; transform: rotate(0deg); visibility: visible; width: 500px;"></twitterwidget><br />
<div class="SandboxRoot env-bp-350" data-twitter-event-id="4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #1c2022; direction: ltr; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, "Segoe UI", Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; white-space: initial;">
<div class="EmbeddedTweet EmbeddedTweet--edge js-clickToOpenTarget tweet-InformationCircle-widgetParent js-enableExperiments" data-click-to-open-target="https://twitter.com/KimKardashian/status/1367721316" data-dt-abbr="%{number}%{symbol}" data-dt-am="AM" data-dt-explicit-timestamp="15:03 - 21 Mar 2009" data-dt-full="%{hours12}:%{minutes} %{amPm} - %{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-h="h" data-dt-hour="hour" data-dt-hours="hours" data-dt-long="%{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-m="m" data-dt-minute="minute" data-dt-minutes="minutes" data-dt-months="Jan|Feb|Mar|Apr|May|Jun|Jul|Aug|Sep|Oct|Nov|Dec" data-dt-now="now" data-dt-pm="PM" data-dt-s="s" data-dt-second="second" data-dt-seconds="seconds" data-dt-short="%{day} %{month}" data-iframe-title="Twitter Tweet" data-scribe="page:tweet" data-twitter-event-id="11" id="twitter-widget-4" lang="en-gb" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 232, 237); cursor: pointer; max-width: 520px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;">
<div class="EmbeddedTweet-tweet" style="padding: 20px 20px 11.6px;">
<blockquote cite="https://twitter.com/KimKardashian/status/1367721316" class="Tweet h-entry js-tweetIdInfo subject expanded
is-deciderHtmlWhitespace" data-scribe="section:subject" data-tweet-id="1367721316" style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<div class="Tweet-header u-cf" style="padding-left: 45px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap;">
<div class="Tweet-brand u-floatRight" style="float: right !important; position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;"></span></span><br />
<div aria-label="View on Twitter" class="Icon Icon--twitter " role="presentation" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="View on Twitter">
</div>
<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;">
</span> Follow</span></div>
<div class="TweetAuthor " data-scribe="component:author" style="line-height: 0; margin-top: 2px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden !important; text-overflow: ellipsis !important; word-wrap: normal !important;">
<span class="TweetAuthor-avatar Identity-avatar" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 4px; display: inline-block; height: 36px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 36px;"><img alt="" class="Avatar Avatar--edge" data-scribe="element:avatar" data-src-1x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/875432723837362176/j5NOs7Dj_normal.jpg" data-src-2x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/875432723837362176/j5NOs7Dj_bigger.jpg" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/875432723837362176/j5NOs7Dj_normal.jpg" style="border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%;" /></span><span class="TweetAuthor-name Identity-name customisable-highlight" data-scribe="element:name" style="font-weight: 700;" title="Kim Kardashian West">Kim Kardashian West</span> <span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;"></span><br />
<div aria-label="Verified Account" class="Icon Icon--verified " role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.11111em;" title="Verified Account">
</div>
<span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;">
<span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">✔</span></span><span class="TweetAuthor-screenName Identity-screenName" data-scribe="element:screen_name" dir="ltr" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px;" title="@KimKardashian">@KimKardashian</span></div>
</div>
<div class="Tweet-body e-entry-content" data-scribe="component:tweet" style="margin-top: 14px;">
<div class="Tweet-text e-entry-title" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="border: none; cursor: text; direction: ltr; list-style: none; padding: 0px;">
Hey guys it's Kim Kardashian! I finally signed up for Twitter! There are a few fakes so just know this is the real me!!!</div>
<div class="Tweet-metadata dateline" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 3.2px;">
15:03 - 21 Mar 2009</div>
<ul aria-label="Tweet actions" class="Tweet-actions" data-scribe="component:actions" role="menu" style="border: none; list-style: none; margin: 8.4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block;"><a class="TweetAction TweetAction--replyEdge web-intent" data-scribe="element:reply" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?in_reply_to=1367721316" style="background-color: transparent; color: #697882; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><div aria-label="Reply" class="Icon Icon--reply TweetAction-icon Icon--replyEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; transform: scaleX(1); vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Reply">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:reply_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">130</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">130 Replies</span></a></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><a class="TweetAction TweetAction--retweetEdge web-intent" data-scribe="element:retweet" href="https://twitter.com/intent/retweet?tweet_id=1367721316" style="background-color: transparent; color: #697882; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><div aria-label="Retweet" class="Icon Icon--retweet TweetAction-icon Icon--retweetEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; transform: scaleX(1); vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Retweet">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:retweet_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">4,143</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">4,143 Retweets</span></a></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><a class="TweetAction TweetAction--heartEdge web-intent" data-scribe="element:heart" href="https://twitter.com/intent/like?tweet_id=1367721316" style="background-color: transparent; color: #697882; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><div aria-label="Like" class="Icon Icon--heart TweetAction-icon Icon--heartEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Like">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:heart_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">4,727</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">4,727 likes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="tweet-InformationCircle--bottom tweet-InformationCircle" data-scribe="element:notice" style="bottom: 3px; margin: 10px 20px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">
<a class="Icon Icon--informationCircleWhite js-privacyNotice" href="https://support.twitter.com/articles/20175256" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: #2b7bb9; display: inline-block; height: 18px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 18px;" title="Twitter Ads information and privacy"><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">Twitter Ads information and privacy</span></a></div>
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Some were slow to find their "Twitter voice;" unsure whether it was a place to publicise their material or somewhere to talk about their cats.</div>
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<twitterwidget class="twitter-tweet twitter-tweet-rendered" data-tweet-id="1770013181" id="twitter-widget-5" style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 220px; position: static; transform: rotate(0deg); visibility: visible; width: 500px;"></twitterwidget><br />
<div class="SandboxRoot env-bp-350" data-twitter-event-id="5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #1c2022; direction: ltr; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, "Segoe UI", Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; white-space: initial;">
<div class="EmbeddedTweet EmbeddedTweet--edge js-clickToOpenTarget tweet-InformationCircle-widgetParent js-enableExperiments" data-click-to-open-target="https://twitter.com/justinbieber/status/1770013181" data-dt-abbr="%{number}%{symbol}" data-dt-am="AM" data-dt-explicit-timestamp="20:27 - 11 May 2009" data-dt-full="%{hours12}:%{minutes} %{amPm} - %{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-h="h" data-dt-hour="hour" data-dt-hours="hours" data-dt-long="%{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-m="m" data-dt-minute="minute" data-dt-minutes="minutes" data-dt-months="Jan|Feb|Mar|Apr|May|Jun|Jul|Aug|Sep|Oct|Nov|Dec" data-dt-now="now" data-dt-pm="PM" data-dt-s="s" data-dt-second="second" data-dt-seconds="seconds" data-dt-short="%{day} %{month}" data-iframe-title="Twitter Tweet" data-scribe="page:tweet" data-twitter-event-id="9" id="twitter-widget-5" lang="en-gb" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 232, 237); cursor: pointer; max-width: 520px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;">
<div class="EmbeddedTweet-tweet" style="padding: 20px 20px 11.6px;">
<blockquote cite="https://twitter.com/justinbieber/status/1770013181" class="Tweet h-entry js-tweetIdInfo subject expanded
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<div class="Tweet-header u-cf" style="padding-left: 45px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap;">
<div class="Tweet-brand u-floatRight" style="float: right !important; position: relative; z-index: 1;">
<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;"></span></span><br />
<div aria-label="View on Twitter" class="Icon Icon--twitter " role="presentation" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="View on Twitter">
</div>
<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;">
</span> Follow</span></div>
<div class="TweetAuthor " data-scribe="component:author" style="line-height: 0; margin-top: 2px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden !important; text-overflow: ellipsis !important; word-wrap: normal !important;">
<span class="TweetAuthor-avatar Identity-avatar" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 4px; display: inline-block; height: 36px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 36px;"><img alt="" class="Avatar Avatar--edge" data-scribe="element:avatar" data-src-1x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/898295311893880832/bCps4HFV_normal.jpg" data-src-2x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/898295311893880832/bCps4HFV_bigger.jpg" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/898295311893880832/bCps4HFV_normal.jpg" style="border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%;" /></span><span class="TweetAuthor-name Identity-name customisable-highlight" data-scribe="element:name" style="font-weight: 700;" title="Justin Bieber">Justin Bieber</span> <span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;"></span><br />
<div aria-label="Verified Account" class="Icon Icon--verified " role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.11111em;" title="Verified Account">
</div>
<span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;">
<span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">✔</span></span><span class="TweetAuthor-screenName Identity-screenName" data-scribe="element:screen_name" dir="ltr" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px;" title="@justinbieber">@justinbieber</span></div>
</div>
<div class="Tweet-body e-entry-content" data-scribe="component:tweet" style="margin-top: 14px;">
<div class="Tweet-text e-entry-title" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="border: none; cursor: text; direction: ltr; list-style: none; padding: 0px;">
Check out my single "ONE TIME" on my myspace and spread the word for me. Thanks www.myspace.com/justinbieber</div>
<div class="Tweet-metadata dateline" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 3.2px;">
20:27 - 11 May 2009</div>
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<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:reply_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">12,618</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">12,618 Replies</span></a></li>
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<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:retweet_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">204,442</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">204,442 Retweets</span></a></li>
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<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:heart_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">116,490</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">116,490 likes</span></a></li>
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<div class="EmbeddedTweet EmbeddedTweet--edge js-clickToOpenTarget tweet-InformationCircle-widgetParent js-enableExperiments" data-click-to-open-target="https://twitter.com/Harry_Styles/status/21833296016" data-dt-abbr="%{number}%{symbol}" data-dt-am="AM" data-dt-explicit-timestamp="07:27 - 22 Aug 2010" data-dt-full="%{hours12}:%{minutes} %{amPm} - %{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-h="h" data-dt-hour="hour" data-dt-hours="hours" data-dt-long="%{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-m="m" data-dt-minute="minute" data-dt-minutes="minutes" data-dt-months="Jan|Feb|Mar|Apr|May|Jun|Jul|Aug|Sep|Oct|Nov|Dec" data-dt-now="now" data-dt-pm="PM" data-dt-s="s" data-dt-second="second" data-dt-seconds="seconds" data-dt-short="%{day} %{month}" data-iframe-title="Twitter Tweet" data-scribe="page:tweet" data-twitter-event-id="14" id="twitter-widget-6" lang="en-gb" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 232, 237); cursor: pointer; max-width: 520px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;">
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<blockquote cite="https://twitter.com/Harry_Styles/status/21833296016" class="Tweet h-entry js-tweetIdInfo subject expanded
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<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;"></span></span><br />
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</span> Follow</span></div>
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<span class="TweetAuthor-avatar Identity-avatar" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 4px; display: inline-block; height: 36px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 36px;"><img alt="" class="Avatar Avatar--edge" data-scribe="element:avatar" data-src-1x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/852489294102974465/4ew6HxaY_normal.jpg" data-src-2x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/852489294102974465/4ew6HxaY_bigger.jpg" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/852489294102974465/4ew6HxaY_normal.jpg" style="border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%;" /></span><span class="TweetAuthor-name Identity-name customisable-highlight" data-scribe="element:name" style="font-weight: 700;" title="Harry Styles.">Harry Styles.</span> <span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;"></span><br />
<div aria-label="Verified Account" class="Icon Icon--verified " role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.11111em;" title="Verified Account">
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<span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;">
<span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">✔</span></span><span class="TweetAuthor-screenName Identity-screenName" data-scribe="element:screen_name" dir="ltr" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px;" title="@Harry_Styles">@Harry_Styles</span></div>
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Enjoying my day at home :)</div>
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07:27 - 22 Aug 2010</div>
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<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:reply_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">3,102</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">3,102 Replies</span></li>
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</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:retweet_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">68,269</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">68,269 Retweets</span></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><div aria-label="Like" class="Icon Icon--heart TweetAction-icon Icon--heartEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Like">
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<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:heart_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">52,732</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">52,732 likes</span></li>
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Katy Perry is currently the most followed Twitter user with over 84 million followers since joining with this tweet in 2009.</div>
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<div class="SandboxRoot env-bp-350" data-twitter-event-id="7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #1c2022; direction: ltr; font-family: Helvetica, Roboto, "Segoe UI", Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.4; position: relative; white-space: initial;">
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<div class="EmbeddedTweet-tweet" style="padding: 20px 20px 11.6px;">
<blockquote cite="https://twitter.com/katyperry/status/1232852860" class="Tweet h-entry js-tweetIdInfo subject expanded
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<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;"></span></span><br />
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</div>
<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;">
</span> Follow</span></div>
<div class="TweetAuthor " data-scribe="component:author" style="line-height: 0; margin-top: 2px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden !important; text-overflow: ellipsis !important; word-wrap: normal !important;">
<span class="TweetAuthor-avatar Identity-avatar" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 4px; display: inline-block; height: 36px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 36px;"><img alt="" class="Avatar Avatar--edge" data-scribe="element:avatar" data-src-1x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/902653914465550336/QE3287ZJ_normal.jpg" data-src-2x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/902653914465550336/QE3287ZJ_bigger.jpg" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/902653914465550336/QE3287ZJ_normal.jpg" style="border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%;" /></span><span class="TweetAuthor-name Identity-name customisable-highlight" data-scribe="element:name" style="font-weight: 700;" title="KATY PERRY">KATY PERRY</span> <span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;"></span><br />
<div aria-label="Verified Account" class="Icon Icon--verified " role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.11111em;" title="Verified Account">
</div>
<span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;">
<span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">✔</span></span><span class="TweetAuthor-screenName Identity-screenName" data-scribe="element:screen_name" dir="ltr" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px;" title="@katyperry">@katyperry</span></div>
</div>
<div class="Tweet-body e-entry-content" data-scribe="component:tweet" style="margin-top: 14px;">
<div class="Tweet-text e-entry-title" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="border: none; cursor: text; direction: ltr; list-style: none; padding: 0px;">
Just got into Berlin... feeling better thank you, have my vicks inhaler by my bedside... and P.S. I TWITTTTER! GAH. Such a follower!</div>
<div class="Tweet-metadata dateline" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 3.2px;">
18:31 - 20 Feb 2009</div>
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<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block;"><div aria-label="Reply" class="Icon Icon--reply TweetAction-icon Icon--replyEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; transform: scaleX(1); vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Reply">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:reply_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">327</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">327 Replies</span></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><div aria-label="Retweet" class="Icon Icon--retweet TweetAction-icon Icon--retweetEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; transform: scaleX(1); vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Retweet">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:retweet_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">6,232</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">6,232 Retweets</span></li>
<li class="Tweet-action" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 14px;"><div aria-label="Like" class="Icon Icon--heart TweetAction-icon Icon--heartEdge" role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.25em;" title="Like">
</div>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="TweetAction-stat" data-scribe="element:heart_count" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 14px; vertical-align: text-bottom;">5,035</span><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">5,035 likes</span></li>
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</blockquote>
</div>
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<a class="Icon Icon--informationCircleWhite js-privacyNotice" href="https://support.twitter.com/articles/20175256" style="background-color: transparent; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; color: #2b7bb9; display: inline-block; height: 18px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 18px;" title="Twitter Ads information and privacy"><span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">Twitter Ads information and privacy</span></a></div>
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Statistics show that <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-35544165" style="color: #4d2c7a; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-decoration-line: none;">the popularity of the site is dwindling</a> but there are still 320 million average monthly active users.</div>
<div style="color: #121212; float: none; font-family: helvetica, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-right: 16.5313px; padding-bottom: 16px; padding-top: 0px; width: 562.422px;">
Even Pope Francis now has a Twitter account.</div>
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He's a relative latecomer to social media, <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/35852101/pope-francis-gets-an-instagram-account" style="color: #4d2c7a; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; text-decoration-line: none;">only joining Instagram on Saturday</a> but found his feet on Twitter first, with this tweet back in 2013 using the handle @Pontifex.</div>
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<div class="EmbeddedTweet EmbeddedTweet--edge js-clickToOpenTarget tweet-InformationCircle-widgetParent js-enableExperiments" data-click-to-open-target="https://twitter.com/Pontifex/status/313247631054864384" data-dt-abbr="%{number}%{symbol}" data-dt-am="AM" data-dt-explicit-timestamp="04:17 - 17 Mar 2013" data-dt-full="%{hours12}:%{minutes} %{amPm} - %{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-h="h" data-dt-hour="hour" data-dt-hours="hours" data-dt-long="%{day} %{month} %{year}" data-dt-m="m" data-dt-minute="minute" data-dt-minutes="minutes" data-dt-months="Jan|Feb|Mar|Apr|May|Jun|Jul|Aug|Sep|Oct|Nov|Dec" data-dt-now="now" data-dt-pm="PM" data-dt-s="s" data-dt-second="second" data-dt-seconds="seconds" data-dt-short="%{day} %{month}" data-iframe-title="Twitter Tweet" data-scribe="page:tweet" data-twitter-event-id="17" id="twitter-widget-8" lang="en-gb" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(225, 232, 237); cursor: pointer; max-width: 520px; overflow: hidden; position: relative;">
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<blockquote cite="https://twitter.com/Pontifex/status/313247631054864384" class="Tweet h-entry js-tweetIdInfo subject expanded
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<span class="u-hiddenInNarrowEnv"><span class="FollowButton-bird" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; top: 1px;">
</span> Follow</span></div>
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<a aria-label="Pope Francis (screen name: Pontifex)" class="TweetAuthor-link Identity u-linkBlend" data-scribe="element:user_link" href="https://twitter.com/Pontifex" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.2; outline: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="TweetAuthor-avatar Identity-avatar" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 4px; display: inline-block; height: 36px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 36px;"><img alt="" class="Avatar Avatar--edge" data-scribe="element:avatar" data-src-1x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/507818066814590976/KNG-IkT9_normal.jpeg" data-src-2x="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/507818066814590976/KNG-IkT9_bigger.jpeg" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/507818066814590976/KNG-IkT9_normal.jpeg" style="border-radius: 50%; border: 0px; max-height: 100%; max-width: 100%;" /></span><span class="TweetAuthor-name Identity-name customisable-highlight" data-scribe="element:name" style="font-weight: 700;" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</span> <span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;"></span></a><br />
<div aria-label="Verified Account" class="Icon Icon--verified " role="img" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; display: inline-block; height: 1.25em; vertical-align: text-bottom; width: 1.11111em;" title="Verified Account">
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<a aria-label="Pope Francis (screen name: Pontifex)" class="TweetAuthor-link Identity u-linkBlend" data-scribe="element:user_link" href="https://twitter.com/Pontifex" style="background-color: transparent; display: inline-block; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.2; outline: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;"><span class="TweetAuthor-verifiedBadge" data-scribe="element:verified_badge" style="position: absolute; top: 0px;">
<span class="u-hiddenVisually" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px) !important; height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; width: 1px !important;">✔</span></span><span class="TweetAuthor-screenName Identity-screenName" data-scribe="element:screen_name" dir="ltr" style="color: #697882; font-size: 14px;" title="@Pontifex">@Pontifex</span></a></div>
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<div class="Tweet-text e-entry-title" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="border: none; cursor: text; direction: ltr; list-style: none; padding: 0px;">
Dear friends, I thank you from my heart and I ask you to continue to pray for me.<br />
Pope Francis.</div>
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04:17 - 17 Mar 2013</div>
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<div class="timestamp" data-time="2016-03-21T05:05:26+00:00" style="color: #333333; float: left; font-family: effraLight, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 10px; visibility: visible;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-47434683541951943932017-10-07T05:22:00.001-07:002017-10-07T05:22:55.018-07:00S.F.P.D A Wife Came To The She And Be 'Kin's A Voice Of Language Of We All Think Las Vegas Paned? Like A Wind Doe Shade To The Dear Of That San Francisco Cop 'Cause Love Is More On The View Off A Dream Tonight. May Your Hand Be Skill As Should I Believe That Las Vegas Sheriff It Is Not A War Rent It's The Cope That Makes Men Mice, Be Tide<div style="text-align: center;">
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<br />
<br />
Sing with me in the path to the brick?,<br />
no it is the cobble of the sewage and you are in the stoop,<br />
it is concrete to the hose of that sea,<br />
make a write to that is not the possible as the pen is the paddock and the key is not the swarm,<br />
it is a hive that bee's will not honey to a drink of complete.<br />
<br />
Remember the sky as the soar is no the eagle of a vulture's group,<br />
it is a snail and the banana slugs,<br />
cried to that tunnel?,<br />
make that left o the leaves it is the important?,<br />
no.<br />
<br />
Shallow are the grave to the tombs that Egypt wiped to tears of the World now,<br />
the people piled us to make the ships that get to the Viking and prude,<br />
net to that is no the keel as the Annanuki did not kelp,<br />
so Wees gave my grandmother pride in the story of the Ivy on the filler,<br />
laugh with my grandfather!!<br />
<br />
Oh how those blue eyes Fell,<br />
a pony of the Shetlands gives more to mine,<br />
it is grace beyond.<br />
<br />
Ship to the Sands get to a Wave of no-Title,<br />
this is the Clam and aye the muscle for the Pearl of the Fountain rounds at a Shy knee?,<br />
know that the Buffalo did not Antelope,<br />
the Crocodile said what is soap eh,<br />
no that just gave the Island a clone to wick Ka.<br />
<br />
We more grand to the canyon and the bridge is golden Gate,<br />
capital to this is time on The Watch as people for got!!<br />
<br />
Stride this with Canter,<br />
know that the barn is those Men in the beacon of my youth,<br />
no,<br />
it is the strangest story of my lives and the laughter is still in my!!,<br />
what the fuck!!<br />
<br />
In the kid I choose to ask that horse in the comprehend of communicate,<br />
oh for the Fell on that my see begrained to Bucket knew,<br />
not a plural or a fashion of marriage and spit,<br />
I gulped?,<br />
no-way to path of what the Tuck,<br />
tough?,<br />
not at the spell.<br />
<br />
A memory gross?,<br />
nigh the hour to the Time in the Solar part of galaxies,<br />
across the Milky Way to soar a Suhr 'till these same grossed a building made of stick and Stone,<br />
made my heat cream to milk note,<br />
ahead the eyes as he said never broke.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgysXZc7FKqiV0Wx4ihDE-fvZSLN93KEXTKtwDl51MCZYOvoxQa3Lh0z_rv026pTw00ZQwxoWBoA809JI60PQR_7wtTf0oYXHXi1cdMC_52qe7YLm_WmzhYarUHcQi20TuUxbLs6LQMhBQ/s1600/download+%252881%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="178" data-original-width="283" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgysXZc7FKqiV0Wx4ihDE-fvZSLN93KEXTKtwDl51MCZYOvoxQa3Lh0z_rv026pTw00ZQwxoWBoA809JI60PQR_7wtTf0oYXHXi1cdMC_52qe7YLm_WmzhYarUHcQi20TuUxbLs6LQMhBQ/s640/download+%252881%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Yea Man,<br />
what is the key to October 6th on the Year of seven Teen?<br />
<br />
That is a steam of hot to trot and not to the toy let,<br />
I grift to the Dragon of what is more than Rome on a state,<br />
so what.<br />
<br />
How is the An,<br />
shall the field be a File to the soar?,<br />
Well.<br />
<br />
Challenges come to challenges Show!!<br />
<br />
<br />
~ ~ ~ ~<br />
<br />
Hear on the Bay that the goats got a knicker,<br />
yea so is that stitch to the broom that my grandmother say hay,<br />
the bale of the crop.<br />
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-31463169057794451412017-10-05T04:28:00.001-07:002017-10-05T04:28:38.406-07:00Owl To The Eagle, May The Mountain Majesty!!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="style-scope ytd-video-owner-renderer" id="owner-container" style="--yt-offer-background-color: hsla(0, 0%, 93.3%, 0.4); background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: var(--yt-video-publish-date-color); font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.3rem;">Published on Apr 7, 2011 </span>Rex Tillerson to me.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
⏪________________________________________________________________⏩</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Blast this Bastion of Rex Tillerson and the gauge shall Throttle to Write,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
the left foot to a right Chest is the panther in my cougar of review today 10/5/2017,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
the clatter of the English in words is not of dictionary to date of more on.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Vista this Print as the mural of disease is at the Media,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
in language the verb is not a noun kneeing,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
is the IPA a CDC or the Ef bee Eye at CBS, NBC, MSNBC dun Affiliates?</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Trial by-proxy?,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
what is the vast of that Vat,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
an Iron or the wedge Gee?</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Tripping off a vulture to Elephant a room of News,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
that is the ticket Tape or the wall Street named duh lie la,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
sing a lit toll song?,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
wise are the men that make more of made,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
journal this Reporters on National and Local bark for the Sir Up is of standing,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
the House of Floor,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Congress of honor to Duty of cryers,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
now on the minute to know Timer.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Clique to click of link to Chained,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
may the bright harness of delight did make raise no hare,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
might the bundle that grapes to wine be of glass is option,</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
not a glare ring of met told. </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15795074160551769210noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8555986506658360221.post-15766636379928027652017-10-05T03:12:00.000-07:002017-10-05T03:12:19.909-07:00The Kidnapping Of Children/Women With Nordic Traits Give The German In Germany An Aryan To Be The Fall Or Is It See Sins Of The World Wars Again??<div class="g" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 26px; margin-top: 0px;">
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<h3 class="r" original_target="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/03/vikings-ship-burials-battle-reenactor/" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;">
<a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/03/vikings-ship-burials-battle-reenactor/" saprocessedanchor="true" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">What You Don't Know About the Vikings - National Geographic</a></h3>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">A cold drizzle falls as we shiver in the streets, waiting for the <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Viking</span> lord and his band of raiders to appear. It's a raw January night in the old Shetland town of ...</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;">From their mastery of the seas to their influence over lands, the Scandinavian raiders known as the<span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Vikings</span> shaped the world for centuries.</span></div>
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<span class="st" style="line-height: 1.4; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="f" style="color: grey;">Feb 23, 2017 - </span>Swift and deadly, the <span style="color: #6a6a6a; font-weight: bold;">Vikings</span> dominated the seas of northern Europe from the late eighth century to the 11th. Their ships—technological feats ...</span></div>
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
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Lebensborn</h1>
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<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lebensborn.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Lebensborn.svg" data-file-height="356" data-file-width="322" height="166" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lebensborn.svg/150px-Lebensborn.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lebensborn.svg/225px-Lebensborn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lebensborn.svg/300px-Lebensborn.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Formation</th><td class="note" style="vertical-align: top;">12 December 1935</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Extinction</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1945</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.6em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Headquarters</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany</td></tr>
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Membership</div>
</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">8,000 (1939)</td></tr>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1973-010-11,_Schwester_in_einem_Lebensbornheim.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="787" data-file-width="550" height="286" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1973-010-11%2C_Schwester_in_einem_Lebensbornheim.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1973-010-11%2C_Schwester_in_einem_Lebensbornheim.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1973-010-11%2C_Schwester_in_einem_Lebensbornheim.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1973-010-11%2C_Schwester_in_einem_Lebensbornheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1973-010-11%2C_Schwester_in_einem_Lebensbornheim.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1973-010-11%2C_Schwester_in_einem_Lebensbornheim.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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A <i>Lebensborn</i> birth house</div>
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<b>Lebensborn e.V.</b> (literally: "Fount of Life") was an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>-initiated, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="State (polity)">state</a>-supported, registered association in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> with the goal of raising the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_rate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a>" children of persons classified as "racially pure and healthy" based on Nazi <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_hygiene" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Racial hygiene">racial hygiene</a> and health <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ideology">ideology</a>. Lebensborn provided welfare to its mostly unmarried mothers, encouraged anonymous births by unmarried women at their maternity homes, and mediated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adoption">adoption</a> of these children by likewise "racially pure and healthy" parents, particularly SS members and their families. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Honour_of_the_German_Mother" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cross of Honour of the German Mother">Cross of Honour of the German Mother</a> was given to the women who bore the most Aryan children. Abortion was illegal at this time.</div>
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Initially set up in Germany in 1935, <i>Lebensborn</i> expanded into several occupied European countries with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic populations</a> during the Second World War. It included the selection of "racially worthy" orphans for adoption and care for children born from Aryan women who had been in relationships with SS members. It originally excluded children born from unions between common soldiers and foreign women, because there was no proof of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_purity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Racial purity">racial purity</a> on both sides. During the war, many children were kidnapped from their parents and judged by "aryan" criteria for their suitability to be raised in Lebensborn homes, and fostering by German families.</div>
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At the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>, much direct evidence was found of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_children_by_Nazi_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany">Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany</a>, not just in Poland but across <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greater Germany">Greater Germany</a> during the period 1939-45.</div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 12.502px; user-select: none;"> [<a class="togglelink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#Background" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#Implementation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Implementation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#Germanisation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Germanisation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#Post-war_trial" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Post-war trial</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#Post-war" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Post-war</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#Self-help_groups_and_aftermath" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Self-help groups and aftermath</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#Further_reading" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#England.2FUSA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">England/USA</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#France" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">France</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#Germany" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Germany</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#Norway" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Norway</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebensborn&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The <i>Lebensborn e. V.</i> (e.V. stands for <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eingetragener_Verein" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eingetragener Verein">eingetragener Verein</a></i> or registered association), meaning "fount of life", was founded on 12 December 1935,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-albanese_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-albanese-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> to counteract falling birth rates in Germany, and to promote <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bissell_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-bissell-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> Located in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Munich">Munich</a>, the organization was partly an office within the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS) responsible for certain family welfare programs, and partly a society for Nazi leaders.</div>
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On 13 September 1936, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> wrote the following to members of the SS:</div>
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The organisation "Lebensborn e.V." serves the SS leaders in the selection and adoption of qualified children. The organisation "Lebensborn e.V." is under my personal direction, is part of the Race and Settlement Central Bureau of the SS, and has the following obligations:</div>
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1. Support racially, biologically and hereditarily valuable families with many children.</div>
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2. Placement and care of racially, biologically and hereditarily valuable pregnant women, who, after thorough examination of their and the progenitor's families by the Race and Settlement Central Bureau of the SS, can be expected to produce equally valuable children.</div>
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3. Care for the children.</div>
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4. Care for the children's mothers.</div>
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It is the honorable duty of all leaders of the central bureau to become members of the organisation "Lebensborn e.V.". The application for admission must be filed prior to 23 September 1936.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-himmlerfounding_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-himmlerfounding-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></div>
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In 1939, membership stood at 8,000, of which 3,500 were SS leaders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> The <i>Lebensborn</i> office was part of <i>SS Rasse und Siedlungshauptamt</i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Race_and_Settlement_Main_Office" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SS Race and Settlement Main Office">SS Race and Settlement Main Office</a>) until 1938, when it was transferred to <i>Hauptamt Persönlicher Stab Reichsführer-SS</i> (Personal Staff of the <i>Reichführer</i>-SS), i.e. directly overseen by Himmler. Leaders of <i>Lebensborn e. V.</i> were <i>SS-Standartenführer</i> Max Sollmann and <i>SS-Oberführer</i> Dr. Gregor Ebner.</div>
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[[Filee:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1969-062A-58, "Verein Lebensborn", Taufe.jpg|thumb|300px|<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_baptism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Infant baptism">Christening</a> of a <i>Lebensborn</i> child, c. 1935–1936]]</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Implementation">Implementation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebensborn&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Implementation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Initially the programme served as a welfare institution for wives of SS officers; the organization ran facilities – primarily maternity homes – where women could give birth or get help with family matters. The programme also accepted unmarried women who were either pregnant or had already given birth and were in need of aid, provided that both the woman and the father of the child were classified as "racially valuable". About 60% of the mothers were unmarried. The program allowed them to give birth secretly away from home without <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a>. In case the mothers wanted to give up the children, the program also had orphanages and an adoption service.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-crossland_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-crossland-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> When dealing with non-SS members, parents and children were usually examined by SS doctors before admission.</div>
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The first <i>Lebensborn</i> home (known as 'Heim Hochland') opened in 1936, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinh%C3%B6ring" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Steinhöring">Steinhöring</a>, a tiny village not far from Munich. The first home outside of Germany opened in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Norway">Norway</a> in 1941. Many of these facilities were established in confiscated houses and former <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_home" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nursing home">nursing homes</a> owned by Jews.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bissell_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-bissell-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> Leaders of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a> were instructed to recruit young women with the potential to become good breeding partners for SS officers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></div>
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While <i>Lebensborn e. V.</i> established facilities in several occupied countries, its activities were concentrated around Germany, Norway and occupied <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Europe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Northeastern Europe">northeastern Europe</a>, mainly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Poland">Poland</a>. The main focus in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Norway" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Occupied Norway">occupied Norway</a> was aiding children born to Norwegian women and fathered by German soldiers. In northeastern Europe the organisation, in addition to services provided to SS members, engaged in the transfer of children, mostly orphans, to families in Germany.</div>
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<i>Lebensborn e. V.</i> had or planned to have facilities in the following countries (some were merely field offices):</div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"%3F%3E %3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"5\" height=\"13\"%3E %3Ccircle cx=\"2.5\" cy=\"9.5\" r=\"2.5\" fill=\"%2300528c\"/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Germany: 10</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Austria">Austria</a>: 3</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Poland">Poland</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Government" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="General Government">General Government</a> – the occupied Polish territory and annexed lands of Poland): 6 (8 if <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Szczecin">Stettin</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82czyn-Zdr%C3%B3j" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Połczyn-Zdrój">Bad Polzin</a> are included.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Norway">Norway</a>: 9</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: 2</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="France">France</a>: 1 (February 1944 – August 1944) – in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamorlaye" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lamorlaye">Lamorlaye</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: 1 (March 1943 – September 1944) – in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A9gimont_Castle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wégimont Castle">Wégimont</a>, in the municipality of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soumagne" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soumagne">Soumagne</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: 1</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>: 1</li>
</ul>
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About 8,000 children were born in <i>Lebensborn</i> homes in Germany, and between 8,000 and 12,000 children in Norway.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-simonsen_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-simonsen-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> Elsewhere the total number of births was much lower.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-simonsen_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-simonsen-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> For more information about <i>Lebensborn</i> in Norway, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_children" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="War children">war children</a>.</div>
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In Norway the <i>Lebensborn</i> organisation handled approximately 250 adoptions. In most of these cases the mothers had agreed to the adoption, but not all were informed that their children would be sent to Germany for adoption. The Norwegian government recovered all but 80 of these children after the war.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Germanisation">Germanisation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebensborn&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Germanisation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Polish_children_by_Nazi_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kidnapping of Polish children by Nazi Germany">Kidnapping of Polish children by Nazi Germany</a></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kidnapping_of_Polish_children_by_Nazi-German_occupants_(Zamojszczyzna).jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1217" data-file-width="1871" height="163" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kidnapping_of_Polish_children_by_Nazi-German_occupants_%28Zamojszczyzna%29.jpg/250px-Kidnapping_of_Polish_children_by_Nazi-German_occupants_%28Zamojszczyzna%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kidnapping_of_Polish_children_by_Nazi-German_occupants_%28Zamojszczyzna%29.jpg/375px-Kidnapping_of_Polish_children_by_Nazi-German_occupants_%28Zamojszczyzna%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kidnapping_of_Polish_children_by_Nazi-German_occupants_%28Zamojszczyzna%29.jpg/500px-Kidnapping_of_Polish_children_by_Nazi-German_occupants_%28Zamojszczyzna%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Kidnapping of Polish children during the Nazi-German resettlement operation in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> county</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polish_children_in_Nazi-German_labor_camp_in_Dzier%C5%BC%C4%85zna.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="843" data-file-width="1476" height="143" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Polish_children_in_Nazi-German_labor_camp_in_Dzier%C5%BC%C4%85zna.jpg/250px-Polish_children_in_Nazi-German_labor_camp_in_Dzier%C5%BC%C4%85zna.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Polish_children_in_Nazi-German_labor_camp_in_Dzier%C5%BC%C4%85zna.jpg/375px-Polish_children_in_Nazi-German_labor_camp_in_Dzier%C5%BC%C4%85zna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Polish_children_in_Nazi-German_labor_camp_in_Dzier%C5%BC%C4%85zna.jpg/500px-Polish_children_in_Nazi-German_labor_camp_in_Dzier%C5%BC%C4%85zna.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Polish children in Nazi-German labour camp in Dzierżązna near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgierz" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zgierz">Zgierz</a></div>
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In 1939, the Nazis started to kidnap children from foreign countries – mainly from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Poland">Poland</a>, but also including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Norway">Norway</a> – for the <i>Lebensborn</i> program. They started to do this because "It is our duty to take [the children] with us to remove them from their environment... either we win over any good blood that we can use for ourselves and give it a place in our people or we destroy this blood", Himmler reportedly said.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></div>
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The Nazis would take children from their parents, in full view of the parents. The kidnapped children were administered several tests and were categorised into three groups:</div>
<blockquote class="templatequote" style="margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;">
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"%3F%3E %3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"5\" height=\"13\"%3E %3Ccircle cx=\"2.5\" cy=\"9.5\" r=\"2.5\" fill=\"%2300528c\"/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">those considered desirable to be included into the German population,</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">those who were acceptable, and</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">the unwanted.</li>
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The children classified as unwanted were taken to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camp" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> to work or were killed. The children from the other groups, if between the ages of 2 and 6, were placed with families in the programme to be brought up by them in a kind of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_child" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Foster child">foster child</a> status. Children of ages 6 to 12 were placed in German boarding schools. The schools assigned the children new German names and taught them to be proud to be part of Germany. They forced the children to forget their birth parents and erased any records of their ancestry. Those who resisted Germanisation were beaten and, if a child continued to rebel, he or she would be sent to a concentration camp.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></div>
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In the final stages of the war, the files of all children kidnapped for the programme were destroyed. As a result, researchers have found it nearly impossible to learn how many children were taken. The Polish government has claimed that 10,000 children were kidnapped, and less than 15% were returned to their biological parents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> Other estimates include numbers as high as 200,000, although according to Dirk Moses a more likely number is around 20,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moses255_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-Moses255-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Post-war_trial">Post-war trial</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebensborn&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Post-war trial">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Sollmann_1.JPG" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="328" data-file-width="258" height="280" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Max_Sollmann_1.JPG/220px-Max_Sollmann_1.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Max_Sollmann_1.JPG 1.5x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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Max Sollmann ready for trial at Nuremberg</div>
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After the war, the branch of the <i>Lebensborn</i> organisation operating in north-eastern Europe was accused of kidnapping children deemed racially valuable in order to resettle them with German families. However, of approximately 10,000 foreign-born children located after the war in the American-controlled area of Germany, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuSHA_Trial" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="RuSHA Trial">in the trial</a> of the leaders of the <i>Lebensborn</i>organisation (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America_v._Ulrich_Greifelt,_et_al." style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United States of America v. Ulrich Greifelt, et al.">United States of America v. Ulrich Greifelt, et al.</a></i>), the court found that 340 had been handled by <i>Lebensborn e. V.</i> The accused were acquitted on charges of kidnapping.</div>
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The court found ample evidence of an existing programme of the kidnapping or forced movement of children in north-eastern Europe, but concluded that these activities were carried out by individuals who were not members of <i>Lebensborn</i>. Exactly how many children were moved by <i>Lebensborn</i> or other organisations remains unknown due to the destruction of archives by SS members prior to fleeing the advancing Allied forces.</div>
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From the trial's transcript:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></div>
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The prosecution has failed to prove with the requisite certainty the participation of <i>Lebensborn</i>, and the defendants connected therewith in the kidnapping programme conducted by the Nazis. While the evidence has disclosed that thousands upon thousands of children were unquestionably kidnapped by other agencies or organisations and brought into Germany, the evidence has further disclosed that only a small percentage of the total number ever found their way into <i>Lebensborn</i>. And of this number only in isolated instances did <i>Lebensborn</i> take children who had a living parent. The majority of those children in any way connected with <i>Lebensborn</i> were orphans of ethnic Germans. Upon the evidence submitted, the defendant Sollmann is found not guilty on counts one and two of the indictment.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Post-war">Post-war</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebensborn&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Post-war">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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After Germany's surrender, the press reported on the unusually good weight and health of the "super babies". They spent time outdoors in sunlight and received two baths a day. Everything that came into contact with the babies was disinfected first. Nurses ensured that the children ate everything given to them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-life1945081337_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-life1945081337-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> Until the last days of the war, the mothers and the children at maternity homes got the best treatment available, including food, although others in the area were starving. Once the war ended, local communities often took revenge on the women, beating them, cutting off their hair, and running them out of the community. Many <i>Lebensborn</i>children were born to unwed mothers. After the war, <i>Lebensborn</i> survivors were often subjected to ostracization.</div>
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Himmler's effort to secure a racially pure <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_question#Later_influence" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="German question">Greater Germany</a> and sloppy journalism on the subject in the early years after the war led to false assumptions about the programme. The main misconception was that the programme involved coercive breeding. The first stories reporting that <i>Lebensborn</i> was a coercive breeding programme can be found in the German magazine <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_(magazine)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Revue (magazine)">Revue</a></i>, which ran a series on the subject in the 1950s. The 1961 German film <i><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Der_Lebensborn_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Der Lebensborn (film) (page does not exist)">Der Lebensborn</a></i> purported that young girls were forced to mate with Nazi men in their camps.</div>
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The programme did intend to promote the growth of Aryan populations, through encouraging relationships between German soldiers and Nordic women in occupied countries. Access to <i>Lebensborn</i> was restricted in accordance with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_race" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nordic race">Nordicist</a> eugenic and racial policies of Nazism, which could be referred to as supervised selective breeding. Recently discovered records and ongoing testimony of <i>Lebensborn</i> children – and some of their parents – shows that some SS men did sire children in Himmler's <i>Lebensborn</i> program.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> This was widely rumored within Germany during the period of the programme.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Self-help_groups_and_aftermath">Self-help groups and aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebensborn&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Self-help groups and aftermath">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Help, recognition, and justice for <i>Lebensborn</i> survivors have been varied.</div>
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In Norway, children born to Norwegian mothers by Nazi fathers were allegedly often bullied, raped and abused after the war, and placed in mental institutions. The Norwegian government attempted to deport <i>Lebensborn</i> to Germany, Brazil, and Australia but did not succeed. A group of survivors attempted to fight the Norwegian government into admitting complicity. In 2008, their case before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> was dismissed, but they were each offered a £8,000 token from the Norwegian government.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></div>
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In November 2006, in the German town of Wernigerode, an open meeting took place among several <i>Lebensborn</i> children, with the intention of dispelling myths and encouraging those affected to investigate their origins.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup></div>
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Sweden took in several hundred <i>Lebensborn</i> children from Norway after the war. A famous survivor is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni-Frid_Lyngstad" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anni-Frid Lyngstad">Anni-Frid Lyngstad</a>, a member of the music group <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ABBA">ABBA</a>. Her father was a sergeant in the <i>Wehrmacht</i>, and her mother was Norwegian; to escape persecution after the war, her mother took Anni-Frid to Sweden, where their personal history was not known.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></div>
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Other countries that had <i>Lebensborn</i> clinics include France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland and Luxembourg.</div>
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General documents on <i>Lebensborn</i> activities are administered by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tracing_Service" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Tracing Service">International Tracing Service</a> and by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Federal_Archives" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="German Federal Archives">German Federal Archives</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> The association <i>Verein kriegskind.de</i> is among those that published search efforts (<i>Suchbitten</i>) to identify <i>Lebensborn</i> children.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebensborn&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lidice">Lidice</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_children" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="War children">War children</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuSHA_Trial" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="RuSHA Trial">RuSHA Trial</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_disappearance#Argentina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Forced disappearance">Desaparecidos</a> – Children of the <i>Desaparecidos</i> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> were taken by the military junta in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_War" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a> and placed with junta supporters for adoption and raising.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeding_back" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Breeding back">Breeding back</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebensborn&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;">
<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Notes</dt>
</dl>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;">
<ol class="references" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-albanese-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-albanese_1-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Albanese, Patrizia (2006). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9ivwlTAiQkC&pg=PA37" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Mothers of the Nation: Women, Families and Nationalism in Twentieth-Century Europe</i></a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 37. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9015-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9015-7">978-0-8020-9015-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">15 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebensborn&rft.aufirst=Patrizia&rft.aulast=Albanese&rft.btitle=Mothers+of+the+Nation%3A+Women%2C+Families+and+Nationalism+in+Twentieth-Century+Europe&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9015-7&rft.pages=37&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX9ivwlTAiQkC%26pg%3DPA37&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-bissell-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-bissell_2-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-bissell_2-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Bissell, Kate (13 June 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4080822.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Fountain of Life"</a>. BBC Radio 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">30 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebensborn&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.aulast=Bissell&rft.btitle=Fountain+of+Life&rft.date=2005-06-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F4080822.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-himmlerfounding-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-himmlerfounding_3-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Office of United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality (1946). Barrett, Roger W.; Jackson, William E., eds. <a class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_Nazi_Vol-V.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression</i></a> [<i>Founding of the organization "Lebensborn e.V.", 13 September 1936</i>] <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>. <b>5</b>. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 465–6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">16 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebensborn&rft.au=Office+of+United+States+Chief+of+Counsel+For+Prosecution+of+Axis+Criminality&rft.btitle=Nazi+Conspiracy+and+Aggression&rft.date=1946&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=465-6&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Ffrd%2FMilitary_Law%2Fpdf%2FNT_Nazi_Vol-V.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wernigerode.de/WRPortal/Landkreis/Buergerservice/Kreisgeschichte/Lebensborn.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070329135828/http://www.wernigerode.de/WRPortal/Landkreis/Buergerservice/Kreisgeschichte/Lebensborn.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 29 March 2007 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-crossland-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-crossland_5-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Crossland, David (7 November 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,446978,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Nazi Program to Breed Master Race: Lebensborn Children Break Silence"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. Hamburg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">15 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebensborn&rft.atitle=Nazi+Program+to+Breed+Master+Race%3A+Lebensborn+Children+Break+Silence&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Crossland&rft.date=2006-11-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2F0%2C1518%2C446978%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://spartacus-educational.com/Lebensborn.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Lebensborn"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebensborn&rft.btitle=Lebensborn&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FLebensborn.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bydgoszcz, Kraków, Helenówek pod Łodzią, Otwock, Smoszew koło Krotoszyna, Smoszewo; 8 if you include Stettin and Połczyn-Zdrój (which became a part of Poland only after the war)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-simonsen-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-simonsen_8-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-simonsen_8-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eva Simonsen: "Into the open – or hidden away? – The construction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_children" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="War children">war children</a> as a social category in post-war Norway and Germany" In: NORDEUROPAforum (2006:2), pp. 25–49, <a class="external free" href="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/nordeuropaforum/2006-2/simonsen-eva-25/PDF/simonsen.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif"); background-origin: initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration-line: none; word-wrap: break-word;">http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/nordeuropaforum/2006-2/simonsen-eva-25/PDF/simonsen.pdf</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a class="external text" href="http://colanmc.siu.edu/clockwork/papers/p13.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Lebensborn Origination"</a>, Southern Illinois University</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Lebensborn.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Lebensborn"</a>, Jewish Virtual Library's description of the Lebensborn program</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://colanmc.siu.edu/clockwork/papers/p13.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Lebensborn Orgization"</a>, Southern Illinois University</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Moses255-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-Moses255_12-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">A. Dirk Moses (2004). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=5zHAGNPTkqIC&pg=PA260&dq=Germanization+%22Polish+children" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History</i></a>. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 255. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-410-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-410-4">978-1-57181-410-4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2008-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebensborn&rft.au=A.+Dirk+Moses&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Settler+Society%3A+Frontier+Violence+and+Stolen+Indigenous+Children+in+Australian+History&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-410-4&rft.pages=255&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D5zHAGNPTkqIC%26pg%3DPA260%26dq%3DGermanization%2B%2522Polish%2Bchildren&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/WCC/greifelt3.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Trial of Ulrich Greifelt and Others,</i> United Nations War Crimes Commission. Part III</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-life1945081337-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-life1945081337_14-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1UkEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=true" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"<span style="padding-left: 0.2em;">"</span>Super Babies": Illegitimate children of SS men are housed in a German chateau"</a>. <i>Life</i>. 15 August 1942. p. 37<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">12 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALebensborn&rft.atitle=%22Super+Babies%22%3A+Illegitimate+children+of+SS+men+are+housed+in+a+German+chateau&rft.date=1942-08-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.pages=37&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1UkEAAAAMBAJ%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPA37%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/worl" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">d/europe/article626101.ece "Himmler was my godfather"</a>, <i>Times</i> (UK) Online, 6 November 2006</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grunberger" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Grunberger">Richard Grunberger</a>, <i>The 12-Year Reich</i>, pp. 246–7, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-076435-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-076435-1">0-03-076435-1</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rob Sharp, <a class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-chosen-ones-the-war-children-born-to-nazi-fathers-in-a-sinister-eugenics-scheme-speak-out-771017.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"The chosen ones: The war children born to Nazi fathers in a sinister eugenics scheme speak out"</a>, <i>The Independent</i>, 20 January 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2015.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6117744.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Nazi 'master race' children meet"</a>, BBC News, 4 November 2006</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Crossland, <a class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/nazi-program-to-breed-master-race-lebensborn-children-break-silence-a-446978.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Nazi Program to Breed Master Race: Lebensborn Children Break Silence"</a>, <i>Spiegel</i>, 07 November 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2015.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kate Connolly, <a class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/30/kateconnolly.theobserver" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Torment of the Abba star with a Nazi father"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 29 June 2002. Retrieved 23 April 2015.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.its-arolsen.org/en/archives/overview-of-the-archival-holdings/finding-aids/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">New "Findbuch" (register) to still existing general „Lebensborn“-documents</a> its-arolsen.org, site looked at on 30 March 2017</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn#cite_ref-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.kriegskind.de/suchbitten.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\"%3E%3Cpath fill=\"%23fff\" stroke=\"%2306c\" d=\"M1.5 4.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M5.765 1H11v5.39L9.427 7.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393 9.35l-2.69-2.688 2.81-2.808L4.2 2.544z\" fill=\"%2306f\"/%3E%3Cpath d=\"M9.995 2.004l.022 4.885L8.2 5.07 5.32 7.95 4.09 6.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z\" fill=\"%23fff\"/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: right center; background-repeat: no-repeat, repeat; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Search efforts (Suchbitten) for Lebensborn-children"</a>, kriegskind.de</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebensborn&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span id="England/USA"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="England.2FUSA">England/USA</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebensborn&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: England/USA">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"%3F%3E %3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"5\" height=\"13\"%3E %3Ccircle cx=\"2.5\" cy=\"9.5\" r=\"2.5\" fill=\"%2300528c\"/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Clay, Catrine; Leapman, Michael. (1995). <i>Master race: the Lebensborn experiment in Nazi Germany</i>. Publisher: Hodder & Stoughton, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-58978-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-58978-7">0-340-58978-7</a>. (German version: <i>Herrenmenschen – Das Lebensborn-Experiment der Nazis</i>. Publisher: Heyne-TB, 1997)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Children of World War II: the Hidden Enemy Legacy." Ed. Kjersti Ericsson and Eva Simonsen. New York: Berg Publishers, 2005.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Marc Hillel and Clarissa Henry. <i>Of Pure Blood</i>. Published 1976. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-028895-X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-028895-X">0-07-028895-X</a> (French version: <i>Au nom de la race</i>. Publisher: Fayard)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">von Oelhafen, Ingrid; Tate, Tim. (2016) <i>Hitler's Forgotten Children: A True Story of the Lebensborn Program and One Woman's Search for Her Real Identity</i>. New York: Penguin Random House. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-28332-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-425-28332-5">978-0-425-28332-5</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Trials of War Criminals – Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10. Vol. 5: United States v. Ulrich Greifelt, et al. (Case 8: 'RuSHA Case')</i>. Publisher: US Government Printing Office, District of Columbia, 1950.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Thompson, Larry V. <i>Lebensborn and the Eugenics Policy of the Reichsführer-SS.</i> Central European History 4 (1971): 54–77.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Wältermann, Dieter. <i>The Functions and Activities of the Lebensborn Organization Within the SS, the Nazi Regime, and Nazi Ideology.</i> The Honors Journal II (1985: 5–23).</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 0px; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="France">France</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebensborn&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: France">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"%3F%3E %3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"5\" height=\"13\"%3E %3Ccircle cx=\"2.5\" cy=\"9.5\" r=\"2.5\" fill=\"%2300528c\"/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Marc Hillel, <i>Au nom de la race</i>, Éditions Fayard, 1975. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-253-01592-X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/2-253-01592-X">2-253-01592-X</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Huston" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nancy Huston">Nancy Huston</a>, <i>Lignes de faille</i>, Éd. Actes Sud, 2006. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7427-6259-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/2-7427-6259-0">2-7427-6259-0</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Nancy Huston, <i>Fault Lines</i>, Atlantic Books, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-852-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-852-2">978-1-84354-852-2</a>, 2007.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Katherine Maroger, <i>Les racines du silence</i>, Éditions Anne Carrière, 2008. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84337-505-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84337-505-7">978-2-84337-505-7</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Boris Thiolay: <i>Lebensborn. La fabrique des enfants parfaits. Enqête sur ces Francais nés dans les maternités SS.</i> (Titel aus dem Französischen übersetzt: Lebensborn. Die Fabrik der perfekten Kinder). Éditions Flammarion, Paris, 2012.</li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Germany">Germany</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebensborn&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"%3F%3E %3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"5\" height=\"13\"%3E %3Ccircle cx=\"2.5\" cy=\"9.5\" r=\"2.5\" fill=\"%2300528c\"/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Dorothee Schmitz-Köster: <i>Deutsche Mutter bist du bereit – Alltag im Lebensborn</i>. Publisher: Aufbau-Verlag, 2002.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gisela Heidenreich: <i>Das endlose Jahr. Die langsame Entdeckung der eigenen Biographie – ein Lebensbornschicksal</i>. Published: 2002.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Georg Lilienthal: <i>Der Lebensborn e. V. – Ein Instrument nationalsozialistischer Rassenpolitik</i>. Publisher: Fischer, 1993 (possibly republished in 2003).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kare Olsen: <i>Vater: Deutscher. – Das Schicksal der Norwegischen Lebensbornkinder und ihrer Mütter von 1940 bis heute</i>. Published 2002. (the authoritative resource on <i>Lebensborn</i> in Norway and available in Norwegian: <i>Krigens barn: De norske krigsbarna og deres mødre</i>. Published: Aschehoug 1998. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-03-29090-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/82-03-29090-6">82-03-29090-6</a>).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Jörg Albrecht: <i>Rohstoff für Übermenschen</i>. Published: Artikel in Zeit-Punkte 3/2001 zum Thema Biomedizin, pp. 16–18.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Benz, W.; Graml, H.; Weiß, H.(1997): <i>Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus</i>. Published: Digitale Bibliothek, CD-ROM, Band 25, Directmedia GmbH, Berlin.</li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Norway">Norway</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebensborn&action=edit&section=13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"%3F%3E %3Csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"5\" height=\"13\"%3E %3Ccircle cx=\"2.5\" cy=\"9.5\" r=\"2.5\" fill=\"%2300528c\"/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kåre Olsen: <i>„Vater: Deutscher.“ Das Schicksal der norwegischen Lebensbornkinder und ihrer Mütter von 1940 bis heute</i>. Campus, Frankfurt 2002, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-593-37002-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/3-593-37002-6">3-593-37002-6</a></li>
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