What Year Is That??

What say gear on the Shifts of good Ole earth to the Maintenance of the Cause at safety,

is responsibility bill on Caution or the verse stated to the lift shale or the known of slide,

should the 'if' off of shown be of not to well observable than is it thy account to shout or pout??,

dose the RR Town on the Trains that Freight is of Homer done to Tunnel Vision or harbor a Pier??,

is than the Mountain of aye walk to that scene of the tree fall on date or graph of strange wierd??,

no is the answer for a see to believe would cator the door to be treat to Idea??,

or is it Cal cue lei shin of inside condition to understand the groves fell to what is a trunk??.

Should Time be obvious to Ferry and Men,

work on the Clock is of interest to mop,

is the bucket of waist to Water or grease,

for I do know that soap is not salt and rib is not comb.

In order for the library to list on the books a first page on letter?? or break on the state,

therefor the Title is on the bind ding but what of the guilded words on hard bound bold dures??,

does picture content to Magazine toll,

as the grocery on register starts before the coin goes to tow,

even on that divide in the Aisle,

which is the candy for the eyes or the by bull??,

steep are these Quest Chins on hard Hell mint peaks,

for the age of the tum blurr is Alka Seltzer or battery clerks!! 

Dee Pen Dent on path to the twist of the gut,

a Horse is the Cal Berkeley as Davis of quirk,

the symphony Opera ballet mirror of skirt,

for the House in San Francisco had a Bannister Keep.

Up and Down the panels shed sound to became the avenue for no echo to leave,

this an Sir`d brake for the Bowel eh said its shoe??,

the Pointe or the blanket of the traveling clue,

stick that a land Ping to pong Crab soup??,

barns and the Stables that cad A lack is pricing the flute!!

Powder Rooms breakfast the comprehension of Choir,

is it Mus sigh Uh or Hand dulls dug shore,

at that is O'Farrell at Geary to know,

the air in the ground after Tell a phone Sprang dose,

by that done it took Years for the ground to air Clear,

for the reminder so evident that the core a nur shed Tiers,

so close to that touch was remainder on Ham,

glazed and so taste Tea that Orange Juice said jam.

It did so Happen that a film played the Warp,

as a pony to that was the waltz on with Racked,

as each drive is precious and memories are near,

now remember the Post Office as that stated Guy an Awe is Hear!!

Enter National Bake Keying Sew duh??

Ask Price on that Bread box as the Roll was as A Desk to the Minute Timer??,

the stairs of map??

that payphone on the panic button or the coin??,

what is the Underwear drawer represent??,

bed brooms and toothpicks??,

treasure and Miles??,

comprehend shins of Oregons I Five!!

Dig Well deep Cobbler as the Shingle shoulders a Load,

the I owe Uh is a question or the Nail lure of Bait and tack,

fishing rinse to lakes of Watts,

driveways and Sweeping racks,

Oak Trees or Birch back to that Sliding glass Up Core or down store??,

wise is the Kitchen Canning to task the bean on Whom is the theme??.

Marks to the Ram on the round horn Sheep,

the Mountain of the gentle reminder of the Love as whom retrieved to afford the chair,

the Elk on the lesson of the Hunt to discover that the laziness reviewed exhaust shin or tired to dumped,

as Papa toll`d that barrier as the Year of the when this Country depression to available game??,

or the ability to go out to lumber??,

or to know that deer is important to the season of why a garden came gorgeous Tomatoes??,

the blackberries on the slope??,

the field of learning the Pickers??,

the grace in the boiling of understanding that Cans are jars with lids at based??,

what say chew on the Value of gums??

Should It Not Prove To Bee The Cinder Blocks Than Why Is Construct Shin Show EAN 'RE'^Bar??

Ed the Great!! At fact that the Further on the line is of not said on Which flag is of Flight,

the I land of hour berth to the known of the True North on the grip,

streets to the tell on how the Compass is of the Brick to Farmer brick,

interestingly the surround of the 815 gave rise to the stoop,

a front door of a slammer with an enormous knocker as 811 on match,

these Addresses on the Letter bowel Boa is nigh the slight of the Con strict tore,

thus the May Pole of the Device of expression the Parking Lot of Wares.

As should you afford your memory a Vain,

the beauty of that for Mal duh hide on the duh,

does the Goose of the wonder on the grasp put to Plates or license the Tax.

Noun to number the sync on those strange,

should you Care to remind that sketch above the gong.

The other map on a first born son to the day mur of a Painting,

the free draw of the left hand to scene,

is than the marbles of the hop scotch related to the bring of what is Wiped??

Poker Face a gam blurs raise is Sir Up or the stiff,

don't laugh 'cause the base Meant warred for the chore,

that being done it is not not the said a meant,

but how long is the difference ankle to the Elbow of a board.

Co^Niegh^Shin Means Is A 'K' Owe Or Eh No-No??

Spread in the News this AM on shore for All will know the belief of the National Media Bored Knews to play,

the avenue of chair sit back`d from crave,

medical to the commercial as the shopping flicks brain!!

Men towel A tea of the Kettle gone stream with Once the steam,

did the CBS need to change the script to in glue the boat bow,

as the row of the crews went to dee brief on the clyde,

does the reason for thank you consider the others prison of dues??,

Lark spur to Cue bah Monk key be branch,

did the swing on the lull a buy stay up all night to working it out??,

ride the horse E! poo to gallop the Island as that is the dancing bares of extra Extra on cart Kangaroo.

Pounce on that Purchase then monopolize bloop,

sit on the stride as the mews went to loop,

or is it that movie on the edge of to Mar(s) owe as the price Cost at bend,

just drive on the Lombard its both bricked & more Tore^d for whats on the stair,

houses and Views with pedestrian clues as that true must be a bit method to the steep grocery pews,

once the good value to those neat elevators,

does the sill -Ville yin Yen or port Ta??,

Confucius say that boo duh would set,

at the treat deal of grasp to App pulls and Riced,

that would make Pots & Pans the screen to know Of in,

as patience is Maher on each every subject.

What Is The Resonance Of The Earth Should The Hertz Show The Pane In Said A Meant??

Ask the Engine on the Airwaves is the path of the shore???,

does the sand deed say that the thermal score,

is that night stroll to lull the sway to path the shall a Way??,

did the sound of the separation drop the thumper gut.

For rabbit on the ear store shirt the words role bust to lathe,

the Cobbler on the known of what is the shoe on plates,

feet inside those ankles wear the sole up on the rose of sat,

that thimble off the cobble stone is buckle laced with leather sacked.

Done to what is the sounds of light to pasture of the grains on country,

over lay to ditches sewn that seed in be twined,

is than the shores of day bent feat to Ocean on the spray??,

know that certain from the grace impacts but a breeze.

Yet in the hour of the speedometer on that lift of brake,

shove the foot to pedal spread reaction without grabbing disc,

how shell the hose with fluid push to gears that Truckers can so quick be in Traffic thorough,

vines of cars on jammed in rows is comp. to whats the barrier,

divide that twist to byway direction goes to swish so snip that hands have wheels bum pin,

traveling in the sky to ping should razor shave the Radar screen.

Well the trees upon that speak Spoke of wheel as that Wind,

cyclone Twisters touch downs Wrist with laying leaves to steep,

whip that lo to create a breast can that lather be a vast at the under Gear to crest,

as earth Quake runs to birds in flight and Animals on pension.

Strike ready the board of the found on the reason for the stars and those stripes on that stitch,

each and every singular thread is of the fiber on the wheat of the plough,

harness your person a knoll thought to understand the comprehension of done,

as that is not the quest of only a won rather the collect bearing of History on its bones.

Remind thy compass of thyself,

the feet that waltz dance to tap,

a solid foot relies on the balance that the next foot is on the Floor.

Bring to Aisle of only applause in distant force of semi polite is an embarrassment only to delve,

deeper that vein remind of this math,

ad to that here the listen of your echo chamber of state at clause,

the plots which are streaming within the confines of what trireme believes is the privacy of your own mind,

remember the ear of what is those silent prose of brains blinking distract shin.

To that is the bubble bust of what is on the Radio talk on AM in San Francisco, California on 910,

the clock on that is the choice to divide at division or invite the uninterrupted complete,

no voice over accept the audience with the busy signal between their twine core shoulders on piston,

ply well my dearest friends for the Forest behind the Trees is the groves??,

nigh the hour of evidence to that standard on no jump just the steady pulse of the skeet.

Rifle this word with the river once rose as Niagara represents the Rapids that Roosevelt put to presents,

for it is those Falls showing the lasting measure of why We the People whistle to the bends.

Imagine The Sound Of The Impact That Shows The Hitting Of The Ground As The Head Saved To Say Today That I have Crashed To Know The Bang As A Loud Pop!!

Bug grrrrrrrrrrrrr Off the car Manufacturers are at the Time of the Windshield wipe Account again,

the trampoline at the festival of bumpers and skip insurances in on the traveling traffic effect,

backwards flip to blast the sneak on the road as the purse would not not virtue the old barn truth until,

a Witness brings to the pad the fuss as that is a paddle of the shake to shook key shout.

Whoop pea of the ounce to that tire on the tread than bank the cost on the long term murmurs,

it would have take in cheers to Wild Coyote to howl Upper stip. to Shield on the core pus Criss tea,

as that is the shoulder belt to that laptop on Electrical cars shirt on gas Station pumps,

in that visit to the state of What is an Emblem for the 76 or an Age of what is Wares on the H ways.

Well on the true that car could not have bounced back to travel shoot onto that next base beast,

as the crows on the traveling bells I now no why that temperature commercial,

the one that shows the accident well in front of the blind spot of Truck between the cent,

for that is the Car Manufacturers Malignant Narcissist stip.

Always trunk the pulse with the Toll`d chew so to that Tow back Oh,

in cist on the smoking guns are the duty of that horror of Todays bic on the actual of scene.

Imagine the bankers mile with web cams on stipulation without the backup foot on the suit,

as I saw today what is not recordable it was the impossible on the done,

that makes the bump per the dollar fount of flutes,

the hood and winker for that blink of the eye told view toe.

Hard Hats for riding Horses are made for one Impact only,

once that blank gets a good pop the helmet has been compromised,

should the bumper of a car in the front not show bump but I heard Pop what say Car to road,

the under gear stiff shaft lost its vertebrae cush to the spinal fluid in the oils strip of basic mechanical??

True to balance the rear ended would be at ease while the damage sleeks the slip,

that radiator on the found of the bump into went steam so that forces the driver to a shop,

at that the integrity of the undergirth would/should be on the flower,

as that bulb of the disconnect should/might/may be of taxed,

this is as the East Coast sold those Cars on the West Coast that had had salt to the skirts,

for inside information is on the Trades of snows travelers and art tick trace of Car Washers.

By the means of charts to maps on the Freeway as the Toll Roads of the treat has bravo out steer,

why is the castor of the oil slick streaking to the bounce of Steel on the rim EAN TON,

for the car insurance would more than likely pass how ever the long terminal station`d,

tin years down the feather on the pillow of a person thought to sled funny,

yet it was a fender bender sum troubled panes on a sit tread of addle ladle years a go.

Now on that speak brake how would the poof of that Trigger of the whale venture to that wit,

only should that scene Tick on the Pulse of ouch as I winced to the pop sound itself,

bankers on Wall Street hear is trough Futures,

'cause yous bank king a seat turned event to bale the wire on the twine of wheat sway & Manufacturers know it!!

You Tunts Ever Seen Whats Book^In??

Day of now on this is scene to stride the back of good ole matter earth,

on the bank of what has lumbered the slug of sneak has grown a Tug,

the stream of what is wares of stand,

for example strand gave to present the shift of storm,

from the depth of gut the role been fiber rough dust,

I do know that I'm a girl on this plan Its strong,

not confused about those bales Twine and Wire under squared by rib bonbons wrapping sit bust.

As I have Witnessed photo snap on that back end of the boating snare,

the obvious of what it Whom I do no those pants as naked bows,

tried?>? greatest choice on this shade of the film on the blinking believe,

for the children For survival for the Futures for LIFE!!

Confuse yourselves with the gin and the Ice,

glass that gallon for the dash of maze in diction to sound out the boots,

lace with that shoe as the stuck on the stride,

blunt is a porker on the belly of lies.

Round the fountain to gender up his roll,

jello belly and that is the worm at the bottom of the bottle of Tee key la,

shouts from S trow jinn on the Staff of the stagg,

'cause prose would have screamed silence,

that ship on the boat would have turned to the docks,

and the walk down the Pier would have ever explained,

as the back of the ass and the front of that stain,

left on the tongue of the marble of come,

down on the depth to the ankle on from,

come,

no it would have been that answer on the question in done,

for Words are not not the plain when Signs gots its lane.

S specially on the Lombard of lives in the Inn cart of Nations on the avenue chlorine,

bleating the sheep while reining a wrench Scratching that head but who is the torque,

beaches and cinema those garbage cans stem,

be familiar with why's the angle gone dead,

marking the logic call social lodge it coal to in burr of that example of the pole.

Stride as the Lion roar for the Wind is a mighty stead to here of the deed,

confuse Mass in the brain with mind & matter as the clouds inside of the skulls take a pill and drink a grand,

can yips of the coyote to the Wolf on that path to ancient trace,

be strength for the road is long to this hour of the darkness in the full lit lawn bushes and thongs,

cups of satellites to the Wine high pitch on the Crystal eyes glassed by the China Eye of Antiques.

Shop with the Amazon to real eyes often the easy on those farm a suit a bowls,

naturally chewing the preparation of Pane sills to my name is no body I am a opus on type,

singing with gently,

waltzing on the dances of grace to Tides of the swing as life in the venue is but a limb.

People strike the world with pause as the Accept take shin of the drools as pre Dish posed,

grin to the Cheek Key dip to the paints Much on the stroke,

streakers and slight,

fields of Wonder as that is a brand of Noun to the basic dough of the Tubs,

ample on the Tanks is the War and it Is Not Mi/Me,

the waltz is shores of the grains Sand dials and paste,

as I am familiar with what is between my legs lie,

formal to whom has gathered to deliver a truth to their own,

making this time the most Amazing love of Life Itself to be of such Trust,

what a Zest to say that its those Men in San Francisco that gave me Faith to see & the freedom to just be myself,

all in my very earn of a bright.

A Drill, An Answer Or The Defining Explanation Of A Flats Solder??

How this fine world hath divide dead the fountain to state the meant in a shunned,

to disgust of the framer on the long mile is as Creation sharks to Octopus a lathe,

might deed not say gently to the basic of waves on the pleasant sands of beach,

such plural singularity to be of the flow as the creek to that river on the beauty of a seat.

Rise from the dark hours of tides that have stormed only the grace of that amazing power,

the nature of learn is that person can know in joy meant as the clear and station of letters,

writing to the fear is as to say fright may the breaking face of the cobble stone granite to flights.

Statues and found day shin be brighter than the Tunnels of mean cruelty thorough to Ancient liability,

the able minded will sing to the Mountains of valley for the echoing of that bridge to speech,

the ear on the fountain of a Swallow of the breeze,

for even the Hum is as the bird soars to know type the Eagle in a magistrates arm.

Sky ping my desire to hug the friends of the leads,

be of the beauty that sang to my mile on the inch of this measure to dust spark,

in the Fire on the flame tell of the write to lyric the theme as a streams lens in a minute of sake.

Timely as the ages have had conversation of terror on their laps,

remember the Dragons of the excitement,

that authority of patience to Mankind an the kiss of say,

for on this chilly after broom it is the Sail of incredible Valhalla on a swing to be,

in the quiet revelation touch my chill of a Goose on the duck key bump,

for the brain on this earth hath put dirt to the mind of each on every swoop,

may the balance bring an envelope that is not sealed rather read to comprehend the depth of start.

Once the Rings of Wonder graced my lapping of only I Flame to breadth,

the trace of light air in the gentle wind of total realm for on that to this it is not a steam,

the better is being,

energy is seeing,

trust is to be an individual of pinion on the Teamwork of the Word in of Sane it tea,

from the leaves to the changing trees Rafters on the bows to those counted Constellations of Memory speed,

the debt is mine for the the fact of a Fax on the Palm of my Print,

the hand that I show is in a cent Tents of correct line,

as I do say that one foot in front of the other designs a walk to know of the crawl lean floors.

What Is Cross Site Scripting??

Ampersand

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the symbol. For the magazine, see Ampersand (magazine). For the not-for-profit organisation, see Ampersand Network. For songs and albums called &, see & (disambiguation).

"&" redirects here. For other uses, see And.

&
Ampersand
Punctuation apostrophe ’  ' brackets [ ]  ( )  { }  ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma ,  ،  、 dash ‒  –  —  ― ellipsis …  ...  . . . exclamation mark  ! full stop, period . hyphen ‐ hyphen-minus - question mark  ? quotation marks ‘ ’  “ ”  ' '  " " semicolon ; slash, stroke, solidus /  ⁄
Word dividers interpunct · space
General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \ bullet • caret ^ dagger † ‡ degree ° ditto mark ″ inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ number sign, pound, hash, octothorpe # numero sign № obelus ÷ multiplication sign × ordinal indicator º ª percent, per mil  % ‰ plus and minus + − equals sign = basis point ‱ pilcrow ¶ prime ′  ″  ‴ section sign § tilde ~ underscore, understrike _ vertical bar, pipe, broken bar |  ‖  ¦
Intellectual property copyright © sound-recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark ℠ trademark ™
Currency generic currency symbol ¤ currency symbols ₳ ​ ฿ ​ ₵ ​¢ ​₡ ​₢ ​ $ ​₫ ​₯ ​ ₠ ​€ ​ ƒ ​₣ ​ ₲ ​ ₴ ​₭ ​ ₺ ​ ℳ ​₥ ​ ₦ ​ ₧ ​₱ ​₰ ​£ ​ ៛ ​₽ ​₹ ₨ ​ ₪ ​ ৳​₸ ​₮ ​ ₩ ​ ¥
Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ hedera ❧ index, fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ reference mark ※ tie ⁀
Related
Diacritics Logic symbols Whitespace characters
In other scripts
Chinese Hebrew Japanese Korean
Category  Portal  Book
v t e

The ampersand is the logogram "&", representing the conjunction word "and". It originated as a ligature of the letters et, Latin for "and".^[1]

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1Etymology
• 2History
• 3Writing the ampersand
• 4Usage
• 5Computing
  • 5.1Encoding and display
  • 5.2Programming languages
  • 5.3Text markup
  • 5.4Unix shells
  • 5.5Web standards
• 6See also
• 7References
• 8External links

Etymology[edit]

The word ampersand is a corruption of the phrase "and per se & (and)", meaning "and intrinsically the word and (represented by the symbol &)".^[2]

Traditionally, when reciting the alphabet in English-speaking schools, any letter that could also be used as a word in itself ("A", "I", and, at one point, "O") was repeated with the Latin expression per se ("by itself").^[3][4][5] This habit was useful in spelling where a word or syllable was repeated after spelling; e.g. "d, o, g—dog" would be clear but simply saying "a—a" would be confusing without the clarifying "per se" added. It was also common practice to add the "&" sign at the end of the alphabet as if it were the 27th letter, pronounced as the Latin et or later in English as and. As a result, the recitation of the alphabet would end in "X, Y, Z, and per se and". This last phrase was routinely slurred to "ampersand" and the term had entered common English usage by 1837.^[4][6][7] However, in contrast to the 26 letters, the ampersand does not represent a speech sound—although other characters that were dropped from the English alphabet did, such as the Old English thorn, wynn, and eth.

Through popular etymology, it has been falsely claimed that André-Marie Ampère used the symbol in his widely read publications and that people began calling the new shape "Ampère's and".^[8]

History[edit]

Evolution of the ampersand

The modern ampersand is virtually identical to that of the Carolingian minuscule. The italic ampersand, to the right, is originally a later et-ligature.

Et ligature in Insular script

Example of ampersand based on a crossed epsilon, as might be handwritten.

Some modern fonts, likeTrebuchet MS, employ ampersand characters that reveal its origin

The ampersand can be traced back to the 1st century A.D. and the OldRoman cursive, in which the letters E and T occasionally were written together to form a ligature (figure 1). In the later and more flowing New Roman Cursive, ligatures of all kinds were extremely common; figures 2 and 3 from the middle of 4th century are both examples of how the et-ligature could look in this script. However, during the following development of the Latin script that led up to the Carolingian minuscule(9th century), while the use of ligatures in general diminished, the et-ligature continued to be used and gradually became more stylized and less revealing of its origin (figures 4–6).^[9]

The modern italic type ampersand is a kind of "et" ligature that goes back to the cursive scripts developed during the Renaissance. After the advent of printing in Europe in 1455, printers made extensive use of both the italic and Roman ampersands. Since the ampersand's roots go back to Roman times, many languages that use a variation of the Latin alphabet make use of it.

The ampersand often appeared as a letter at the end of the Latin alphabet, as for example inByrhtferð's list of letters from 1011.^[10] Similarly, & was regarded as the 27th letter of the English alphabet, as used by children (in the US). An example may be seen in M. B. Moore's 1863 book The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks.^[11] In her 1859 novel Adam Bede, George Eliot refers to this when she makes Jacob Storey say: "He thought it [Z] had only been put to finish off th' alphabet like; though ampusand would ha' done as well, for what he could see."^[12] The popular Apple Pie ABC finishes with the lines "X, Y, Z, and ampersand, All wished for a piece in hand".

The ampersand should not be confused with the Tironian "et" ("⁊"), which is a symbol similar to the numeral 7. Both symbols have their roots in the classical antiquity, and both signs were used up through the Middle Ages as a representation for the Latin word "et" ("and"). However, while the ampersand was in origin a common ligature in the everyday script, the Tironian "et" was part of a highly specialised stenographic shorthand.^[13]

Writing the ampersand[edit]

In everyday handwriting, the ampersand is sometimes simplified in design as a large lowercase epsilon (Ɛ) or a backwards numeral 3 superimposed by a vertical line. The ampersand is also often shown as a backwards 3 with a vertical line above and below it or a dot above and below it.

The + sign is often informally used in place of an ampersand, sometimes with an added loop and resembling ɬ.

• 

  Glyph No.1 of writing Ampersand^[14]
 
• 

  Glyph No.2 of writing Ampersand^[14]
 
• 

  Glyph No.3 of writing Ampersand^[14]

Usage[edit]

Ampersands are commonly seen in business names formed from partnership of two or more people, such as Johnson & Johnson, Dolce & Gabbana, Marks & Spencer, A&P (supermarkets), and Tiffany & Co., as well as some abbreviations containing the word and, such as AT&T(American Telephone and Telegraph), R&D (research and development), R&B (rhythm and blues), B&B (bed and breakfast), and P&L (profit and loss).^[15][16]

In film credits for stories, screenplays, etc., & indicates a closer collaboration than and. The ampersand is used by the Writers Guild of America to denote two writers collaborating on a specific script, rather than one writer rewriting another's work. In screenplays, two authors joined with &collaborated on the script, while two authors joined with and worked on the script at different times and may not have consulted each other at all.^[17][18] In the latter case, they both contributed enough significant material to the screenplay to receive credit but did not work together.

In APA style, the ampersand is used when citing sources in text such as (Jones & Jones, 2005). In the list of references, an ampersand precedes the last author's name when there is more than one author.^[19] (This does not apply to MLA style, which calls for the "and" to be spelled.^[20])

The phrase et cetera ("and so forth"), usually written as etc. can be abbreviated &c. representing the combination et + c(etera).

The ampersand can be used to indicate that the "and" in a listed item is a part of the item's name and not a separator (e.g. "Rock, pop, rhythm & blues, and hip hop").

The ampersand may still be used as an abbreviation for "and" in informal writing regardless of how "and" is used.

Computing[edit]

Encoding and display[edit]

The character in Unicode is U+0026 & ampersand (HTML & · &); this is inherited from the same value in ASCII.

Apart from this, Unicode also has the following variants:

• U+FE60 ﹠ small ampersand (HTML ﹠)
• U+FF06 ＆ fullwidth ampersand (HTML ＆ · in block Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms)
• U+214B ⅋ turned ampersand (HTML ⅋)
• U+1F670 🙰 script ligature et ornament (HTML )
• U+1F671 🙱 heavy script ligature et ornament (HTML )
• U+1F672 🙲 ligature open et ornament (HTML )
• U+1F673 🙳 heavy ligature open et ornament (HTML )
• U+1F674 🙴 heavy ampersand ornament (HTML )
• U+1F675 🙵 swash ampersand ornament (HTML )

The last six of these are carryovers from the Wingdings fonts, and are meant only for backward compatibility with those fonts.

On the QWERTY keyboard layout, the ampersand is ⇧ Shift+7. It is almost always available on keyboard layouts, sometimes on ⇧ Shift+6 or ⇧ Shift+8. On the AZERTYkeyboard layout, & is an unmodified keystroke, positioned above A.

In URLs, the ampersand must be replaced by %26 when representing a string character to avoid interpretation as a URL syntax character.

Programming languages[edit]

In the 20th century, following the development of formal logic, the ampersand became a commonly used logical notation for the binary operator or sentential connective AND. This usage was adopted in computing.

Many languages with syntax derived from C, including C++, Perl,^[21] and more differentiate between:

• & for bitwise AND. (4 & 2) is zero, (4 & 5) is 4.
• && for short-circuit logical AND. (4 && 2) is true.

In C, C++, and Go, a prefix "&" is a unary operator denoting the address in memory of the argument, e.g. &x, &func, &a[3].

In C++ and PHP, unary prefix & before a formal parameter of a function denotes pass-by-reference.

In Fortran, the ampersand forces the compiler to treat two lines as one. This is accomplished by placing an ampersand at the end of the first line and at the beginning of the second line.

In Common Lisp, the ampersand is the prefix for lambda list keywords.^[22]

Ampersand is the string concatenation operator in many BASIC dialects, AppleScript, Lingo, HyperTalk, and FileMaker. In Ada it applies to all one-dimensional arrays, not just strings.

BASIC-PLUS on the DEC PDP-11 uses the ampersand as a short form of the verb PRINT.

Applesoft BASIC used the ampersand as an internal command, not intended to be used for general programming, that invoked a machine language program in the computer'sROM.

In some versions of BASIC, unary suffix & denotes a variable is of type long, or 32 bits in length.

The ampersand is occasionally used as a prefix to denote a hexadecimal number, such as &FF for decimal 255, for instance in BBC BASIC. Some other languages, such as theMonitor built into ROM on the Commodore 128, used it to indicate octal instead, a convention that spread throughout the Commodore community and is now used in the VICEemulator.

In MySQL the '&' has dual roles. As well as a logical AND, it additionally serves as the bitwise operator of an intersection between elements.

In more recent years, the ampersand has made its way into the Haskell standard library, representing flipped function application: x & f means the same thing as f x.

The ampersand character is used as a special character in at least some versions of the database software originally created in Denmark under the name Navision (the software has since been acquired by Microsoft). Using this character in either "Text" or "Code" fields could create difficulties for performing certain tasks in Navision, such as filtering records (either by the user or by programming). It is also used as described below to indicate shortcuts in menu items and labels.

Perl uses the ampersand as a sigil to refer to subroutines:

• In Perl 4 and earlier, it was effectively required to call user-defined subroutines^[23]
• In Perl 5, it can still be used to modify the way user-defined subroutines are called^[24]
• In Perl 6, the ampersand sigil is only used when referring to a subroutine as an object, never when calling it^[25]

Ampersand is the name of a programming language, which uses relation algebra to specify information systems.^[26]

Text markup[edit]

In SGML, XML, and HTML, the ampersand is used to introduce an SGML entity. The HTML and XML encoding for the ampersand character is the entity "&".^[27] This can create a problem known as delimiter collision when converting text into one of these markup languages. For instance, when putting URLs or other material containing ampersands into XML format files such as RSS files the & must be replaced with & or they are considered not well formed, and computers will be unable to read the files correctly. SGML derived the use from IBM Generalized Markup Language, which was one of many IBM-mainframe languages to use the ampersand to signal a text substitution, eventually going back to System/360 macro assembly language.

In the plain TeX markup language, the ampersand is used to mark tabstops. The ampersand itself can be applied in TeX with \&. The Computer Modern fonts replace it with an "E.T." symbol in the cmti#(text italic) fonts, so it can be entered as {\it\&} in running text when using the default (Computer Modern) fonts.^[28]

In Microsoft Windows menus, labels, and other captions, the ampersand is used to denote the keyboard shortcut for that option (Alt + that letter, which appears underlined). A double ampersand is needed in order to display a real ampersand. This convention originated in the first WIN32 api, and is used in Windows Forms,^[29] and is also copied into many other tookits on multiple operating systems.

Unix shells[edit]

Some Unix shells use the ampersand as a metacharacter:

Some Unix shells, like the POSIX standard sh shell, use the ampersand to execute a process in the background and to duplicate file descriptors.

• In Bash, the ampersand can separate words, control the command history, duplicate file descriptors, perform logical operations, control jobs, and participate in regular expressions.^[30]

Web standards[edit]

The generic URL (Uniform Resource Locator) syntax allows for a query string to be appended to a file name in a web address so that additional information can be passed to a script; the question mark, or query mark, ?, is used to indicate the start of a query string. A query string is usually made up of a number of different name–value pairs, each separated by the ampersand symbol, &. For example, www.example.com/login.php?username=test&password=blank. But see also "Ampersands in URI attribute values".