The Scene Familiar

Is everyone with blue eyes related? How was that trait passed on?

-An undergraduate from California

August 9, 2013

Surprisingly it does appear that most Europeans with blue eyes are pretty closely related.  Scientists can tell this by looking at their DNA.

One piece of evidence is that most blue eyed Europeans share the exact same DNA difference that causes their blue eyes.  Given that there are lots of ways to get blue eyes, this suggests that the people who share this DNA difference all came from the same original ancestor (or founder).  By studying the DNA in a bit more detail, scientists have concluded that this original blue-eyed ancestor probably lived around 6,000-10,000 years ago.

It is important to note here that not everyone with the same trait is necessarily so closely related.  For example, red haired Europeans get their red hair from a variety of DNA differences.  Not all redheads can trace their history back to an original red haired ancestor.

Now the fact that blue eyes appeared out of nowhere isn’t that weird…our DNA is much less stable than a lot of people think.  Changes in DNA (or mutations) can and do happen all the time so it isn’t surprising that occasionally one will happen in just the right place to cause blue eyes.  This probably happened a number of times throughout human history.

No the weird part is that the blue eye mutation from that original ancestor took hold and spread through Europe.  Usually this means that the mutation had to have an advantage.  If it didn’t, then like most neutral mutations, it would stay at some low level or disappear entirely.  But it is obviously still around and going strong.

You may have noted that I said that mutations “usually” spread because of an advantage.  The reason I had to add that qualifier is that sometimes a trait spreads in a population for different reasons, often having to do with luck.

Imagine a mutation that leads to blue eyes appears in an ancestor.  The blue eyes freak out everyone in the village so this person is banished to an island along with anyone else that villagers might be weirded out by.

Now something happens and everyone in the world is wiped out except the people on the island.  Blue eyes will have gone from very rare to very common.  And as these islanders repopulate the world, blue eyes will stay common.  This kind of thing is more common than you might think and there are many examples of this sort of founder effect.

And this isn’t the only way that chance might increase a trait.  Click here to learn about a few others.

While these are possible for other traits, it doesn’t look like this is what is going on for blue eyes.  By looking at the DNA around the blue eye mutation, scientists can see that blue eyes have been strongly selected for.  In other words, they had some sort of advantage. (This is another piece of evidence that blue eyes came from a single common ancestor.)

Now the tricky part is coming up with that advantage.  Scientists have proposed a couple of possibilities (neither proved). 

One is that blue eyes are so sexy that they are irresistible.  And the other is that blue eyes themselves aren’t that useful.  Instead, they are a side effect of something that was—lighter skin.

Peacock Feathers and Blue Eyes

In nature, individuals with the best traits go on to have more children than those without those traits.  The children who end up with these traits then go on to have more children and so on.  After a while, more people have these traits. 

This is one of the major ways that certain gene versions like blue eyes can spread through a population.  Blue eyed people have more kids and their blue eyed kids have more kids.  As blue eyes spread, so does the gene.

Usually when we think about an advantage of a trait, we think about something that makes an individual survive better.  Maybe lighter skin lets them deal better with weak sunlight or being able to drink milk lets them survive harsh winters better.  But not all advantages are like these.

Remember that the key to a trait becoming more common over time is that those with the trait have more kids.  Being a better survivor is one way to accomplish this.  But so is being sexy.

If you are more attractive to the opposite sex, chances are you’ll attract more mates.  This “sexual selection” is the idea behind a peacock’s ridiculous tail feathers.  And may be why blue eyes spread so rapidly. 

It may be that the people who spread across Europe thousands of years ago found blue eyes irresistible.  The blue-eyed Casanovas had lots of partners, many of whom ended up carrying their children (who all had at least one copy of the blue eye color gene).   And blue eyed women always had their pick of potential mates (and often chose the blue-eyed ones).

This is a fun theory but we really don’t have any proof.  We can’t go back in time and ask these folks if they prefer blue eyed mates to brown eyed ones. If this is why blue eyes spread, we may never have a way of proving it.

Light Skin Advantage with Bonus Blue Eyes

Another possibility is that blue eyes didn’t spread because they had any advantage.  Instead they spread because they were a side effect of something that was an advantage—fair skin.

When humans first ventured into northern Europe, most were in for a rude shock.  Their dark skin was causing them to develop an awful disease called rickets.

Back before fortified milk and vitamin supplements, we got most of our vitamin D from the sun.  In most parts of the world, sunlight is strong and frequent enough that people can get plenty of it even with dark skin.  In fact, given the dangers of the UV light from the sun, dark skin was actually selected for in these sunny places.

But then a few humans moved to Europe with its short, cold winter days.  They had to cover up to keep warm and the sun was hardly out much anyway.  The end result was that with dark skin, they simply could not get enough sun to get enough vitamin D.

There were a few lucky individuals who had the lighter skin they needed to get their vitamin D way up North.  They did better and had more kids.  Over time, fair skin became very common in northern Europeans.

One idea is that blue eyes and fair skin sometimes come from the same piece of DNA.  If this were the case, then blue eyes would just be a trait that hitchhiked along with the more useful light skin.

This is another good theory but so far scientists haven't been able to prove it.  The DNA difference that is the most common cause of blue eyes does make skin lighter but it isn’t the major reason some Europeans have such pale skin. 

So right now we don’t know why blue eyes spread so far and wide across Europe.  We have some good ideas but no proof yet.  And it may remain a mystery for a very long time.

By Dr. Barry Starr, Stanford University

What In Tell Do You Hold Onto ~ The Mane Frame Pockets Hell

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The Pinch

Population controls 'will not solve environment issues'

By Matt McGrathEnvironment correspondent, BBC News

Restricting population growth will not solve global issues of sustainability in the short term, new research says.

A worldwide one-child policy would mean the number of people in 2100 remained around current levels, according to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Even a catastrophic event that killed billions of people would have little effect on the overall impact, it said.

There may be 12 billion humans on Earth by 2100, latest projections suggest.

Concerns about the impact of people on the planet's resources have been growing, especially if the population continues to increase.

'Can't stop it'

The authors of this new study said roughly 14% of all the people who ever existed were alive today.

These growing numbers mean a greater impact on the environment than ever, with worries about the conversion of forests for agriculture, the rise of urbanisation, the pressure on species, pollution, and climate change.

Continue reading the main story

“Start Quote

Even if we had a third world war in the middle of this century, you would barely make a dent in the trajectory over the next 100 years”

Prof Corey BradshawUniversity of Adelaide

The picture is complicated by the fact that while the overall figures have been growing, the world's per-capita fertility has been declining for several decades.

The impact on the environment has increased substantially, however, because of rising affluence and consumption rates.

Many experts have argued the best way of tackling this impact is to facilitate a rapid transition to much lower fertility rates.

To work out the impact on population, the team constructed nine different scenarios for population change up to the year 2100, using data from the World Health Organization, and the US Census Bureau's international database.

They also used "catastrophe scenarios" to simulate the impacts of climate disruption, wars or global pandemics on population trends.

According to the study, attempts to curb our population as a short-term fix will not work.

If China's much criticised one-child policy was implemented worldwide, the Earth's population in 2100 would still be between five and 10 billion, it says.

"We've gone past the point where we can do it easily, just by the sheer magnitude of the population, what we call the demographic momentum. We just can't stop it fast enough," said Prof Corey Bradshaw from the University of Adelaide.

"Even draconian measures for fertility control still won't arrest that growth rate - we're talking century-scale reductions rather than decadal scale, because of the magnitude."

In their paper, the researchers also look at the impact on numbers of a global catastrophe in the middle of this century. They found that even an event that wiped out two billion people would still leave about eight and a half billion in 2100.

"Even if we had a third world war in the middle of this century, you would barely make a dent in the trajectory over the next 100 years," said Prof Bradshaw, something he described as "sobering".

'Difficult to tackle'

The scientists said the issue of population and its impact on global consumption was often described as the "elephant in the room" - a problem that the world ignores as it is politically and ethically difficult to tackle.

But the research shows that curbing numbers will not deal with environmental challenges in the short term.

"Our work reveals that effective family planning and reproduction education worldwide have great potential to constrain the size of the human population and alleviate pressure on resource availability over the longer term," said Prof Barry Brook from the University of Tasmania.

"Our great-great-great-great grandchildren might ultimately benefit from such planning, but people alive today will not."

As a result of this long-term impact, the world should focus on curbing consumption and designing ways to conserve species and ecosystems.

"Society's efforts towards sustainability would be directed more productively towards reducing our impact as much as possible through technological and social innovation," says Prof Bradshaw.

Bridle Path

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What Did You Say!! 

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