Thursday, August 25, 2016

Attention Ronn Owens Show As^Talk^Radio^KGO^810 On 'The Continue' Topics From The United States: Navy, Seamanship, Navigation To A Book and Chapter For the National Geographic for KIDs!!!!



Figure G-2. Selected anchor types: (a) one of a great variety of Bronze Age stone anchor shapes; (b) a primitive stone and wood grapnel; (c) a large, one-armed wooden anchor with a lead-filled stock and copper fluke tip from the Ma’agan Michael wreck, ca. 400 BCE in Israel [after Rosloff, IJNA 20.3: 224]; (d) a Roman iron anchor cased in wood, with removable iron stock, from the first-century Nemi excavations [after Ucelli, fig. 270]; (e) a seventh-century Byzantine anchor from Yassi Ada, Turkey [after van Doorninck]; (f) an eleventh-century iron anchor from the wreck at Serçe Limani, Turkey [sketched from a replica by F. H. van Doorninck Jr.]; (g) a nineteenth-century iron anchor most commonly known as a fisherman’s anchor; the iron stock could be partially withdrawn and stored adjacent to the shank to save deck space; and (h) an eighteenth-century grapnel with five flukes. Read more at http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336005.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199336005-e-48


The kedge-anchor, or, Young sailors' assistant : appertaining tothe practical evolutions of modern seamanship, rigging, knotting, splicing, blocks, purchases, running-rigging, and other miscellaneous matters, applicable to ships-of-war and others ; illustrated with seventy engravings ; also tables of rigging, spars, sails, blocks, canvas ... &c relative to every class of vessels


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Published 1883
Topics United States. Navy, Seamanship, Navigation
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Copyright-evidence Evidence reported by judyjordan for item kedgeanchororyou00bradrich on May 2, 2007: no visible notice of copyright; stated date is 1847.
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Publisher New York : Appleton
Pages 472
Possible copyright status NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT
Language English
Call number nrlf_ucb:GLAD-265568
Digitizing sponsor MSN
Book contributor University of California Libraries
Collection cdl; americana

Full catalog record MARCXML

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*https://www.nps.gov/history/index.htm !!!!! National Park Service Centennial As An Incredible Invitational Love^In!!!!!!



Awe for the Magic of clay Sleeve to huff a big Brass to etch the Ancient lathe as not Alien,
the structure of the 'What it's' to answer the absolute sole to granted grounds,
how wonder formula for these Treasures,
a shingle of no sandals the grace of land must blush.

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Wares of fathom depth of Crown to be Aspect!!


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such Chi on that is the Tie.Land of why Men must show amaze to I in the dress.sing Suit,
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being of this foundation is sud.Toll too Threads??,
silk Trades whales dolphins!!!

 *History is all around us........read more at https://www.nps.gov/history/index.htm



Norman Rockwell taught Men.Knee sees,
the plate to describe thorough history no mystery and yet the prophet of his hymn,
well,
it speaks on a special Tender for books and stamps to Numbers and looks!!!

Venue base is To shore of Gratitude,
the length of list to those rise to more than horror of a shive to cross,
that lung for a breath not the Catholic bare ring of kiss that clocked,
how fantastic that earth on the globe is Sea to what ancient is on the wall of Thunder,
electric Dialling in the fun.knee be Found,
as that Discovery Guy Marks this straight staple to shards,
the chore.toll.lean be clam An Oyster be grit to speak of the Redwood for the what on this tea,
here these are leaves for imagine be line,
chisel for saw.dure to touch of the Ton,
may ink.kin be find to hugs frost the shards,
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Stone carving

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with petroglyph or sculpture.

The Kilmartin Stones in Scotland - a collection of ancient stone carved graveslabs

A famous khachkar at GoshavankArmenia.
Stone carving is an activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled removal of stone. Owing to the permanence of the material, stone work has survived which was created during our prehistory.
Work carried out by paleolithic societies to create flint tools is more often referred to as knapping. Stone carving that is done to produce lettering is more often referred to as lettering. The process of removing stone from the earth is called mining or quarrying.
Stone carving is one of the processes which may be used by an artist when creating a sculpture. The term also refers to the activity ofmasons in dressing stone blocks for use in architecturebuilding or civil engineering. It is also a phrase used by archaeologistshistorians, and anthropologists to describe the activity involved in making some types of petroglyphs.

History[edit]

The oldest known works of representational art are stone carvings. Often marks carved into rock or petroglyphs will survive where painted work will not. Prehistoric Venus figurines such as the Venus of Berekhat Ram may be as old as 800,000 years, and are carved in stones such as tuff and limestone.
These earliest examples of stone carving are the result of hitting or scratching a softer stone with a harder one, although sometimes more resilient materials such as antlers are known to have been used for relatively soft stone. Another early technique was to use an abrasive that was rubbed on the stone to remove the unwanted area. Prior to the discovery of steel by any culture, all stone carving was carried out by using an abrasion technique, following rough hewing of the stone block using hammers. The reason for this is that bronze, the hardest available metal until steel, is not hard enough to work any but the softest stone. The Ancient Greeks used the ductility of bronze to trap small granules of carborundum, that are naturally occurring on the island of Milos, thus making a very efficient file for abrading the stone.
The development of iron made possible stone carving tools, such as chisels, drills and saws made from steel, that were capable of beinghardened and tempered to a state hard enough to cut stone without deforming, while not being so brittle as to shatter. Carving tools have changed little since then.
Modern, industrial, large quantity techniques still rely heavily on abrasion to cut and remove stone, although at a significantly faster rate with processes such as water erosion and diamond saw cutting.
One modern stone carving technique uses a new process: The technique of applying sudden high temperature to the surface. The expansion of the top surface due to the sudden increase in temperature causes it to break away. On a small scale, Oxy-acetylene torches are used. On an industrial scale, lasers are used. On a massive scale, carvings such as the Crazy Horse Memorial carved from the Harney Peak granite of Mount Rushmore and the Confederate Memorial Park in Albany, Georgia are produced using jet heat torches.

Stone sculpture[edit]

Main article: Stone sculpture

The Tang Dynasty Leshan Giant Buddha, near Leshan in Sichuanprovince, China. Construction began in 713, and was completed in 803. It is the largest stone-carved Buddha in the world.

Bas-Relief, late 19th century CE.LimestoneBrooklyn Museum.
Carving stone into sculpture is an activity older than civilization itself. Prehistoric sculptures were usually human forms, such as the Venus of Willendorf and the faceless statues of the Cycladic cultures of ancient Greece. Later cultures devised animal, human-animal and abstract forms in stone. The earliest cultures used abrasive techniques, and modern technology employs pneumatic hammers and other devices. But for most of human history, sculptors used hammer and chisel as the basic tools for carving stone.
The process begins with the selection of a stone for carving. Some artists use the stone itself as inspiration; the Renaissance artistMichelangelo claimed that his job was to free the human form trapped inside the block. Other artists begin with a form already in mind and find a stone to complement their vision. The sculptor may begin by forming a model in clay or wax, sketching the form of the statue on paper or drawing a general outline of the statue on the stone itself.
When ready to carve, the artist usually begins by knocking off large portions of unwanted stone. This is the "roughing out" stage of the sculpting process. For this task s/he may select a point chisel, which is a long, hefty piece of steel with a point at one end and a broad striking surface at the other. A pitching tool may also be used at this early stage; which is a wedge-shaped chisel with a broad, flat edge. The pitching tool is useful for splitting the stone and removing large, unwanted chunks. Those two chisels are used in combination with amasons driving hammer.
Once the general shape of the statue has been determined, the sculptor uses other tools to refine the figure. A toothed chisel or claw chisel has multiple gouging surfaces which create parallel lines in the stone. These tools are generally used to add texture to the figure. An artist might mark out specific lines by using calipers to measure an area of stone to be addressed, and marking the removal area with pencil, charcoal or chalk. The stone carver generally uses a shallower stroke at this point in the process, usually in combination with a wooden mallet.
Eventually the sculptor has changed the stone from a rough block into the general shape of the finished statue. Tools called rasps andrifflers are then used to enhance the shape into its final form. A rasp is a flat, steel tool with a coarse surface. The sculptor uses broad, sweeping strokes to remove excess stone as small chips or dust. A riffler is a smaller variation of the rasp, which can be used to create details such as folds of clothing or locks of hair.
The final stage of the carving process is polishing. Sandpaper can be used as a first step in the polishing process, or sand cloth. Emery, a stone that is harder and rougher than the sculpture media, is also used in the finishing process. This abrading, or wearing away, brings out the color of the stone, reveals patterns in the surface and adds a sheen. Tin and iron oxides are often used to give the stone a highly reflective exterior.
Sculptures can be carved via either the direct or the indirect carving method. Indirect carving is a way of carving by using an accurate clay, wax or plaster model, which is then copied with the use of a compass or proportional dividers[1] or a pointing machine. The direct carving method is a way of carving in a more intuitive way, without first making an elaborate model. Sometimes a sketch on paper or a rough clay draft is made.

Stone carving considerations[edit]


'Arabic' style carving on ashlar building blocks, Beith, Scotland.
Stone has been used for carving since ancient times for many reasons. Most types of stone are easier to find than metal ores, which have to be mined and smelted. Stone can be dug from the surface and carved with hand tools. Stone is more durable than wood, and carvings in stone last much longer than wooden artifacts. Stone comes in many varieties and artists have abundant choices in color, quality and relative hardness.
Soft stone such as chalksoapstonepumice and Tufa can be easily carved with found items such as harder stone or in the case of chalk even the fingernail. Limestones and marbles can be worked using abrasives and simple iron tools. Granitebasalt and some metamorphicstone is difficult to carve even with iron or steel tools; usually tungsten carbide tipped tools are used, although abrasives still work well. Modern techniques often use abrasives attached to machine tools to cut the stone.
Precious and semi-precious gemstones are also carved into delicate shapes for jewellery or larger items, and polished; this is sometimes referred to as lapidary, although strictly speaking lapidary refers to cutting and polishing alone.
When worked, some stones release dust that can damage lungs (silica crystals are usually to blame), so a respirator is sometimes needed.

Stone shaping and tools[edit]

Basic stone carving tools fall into five categories:
  • Percussion tools for hitting - such as mallets, axes, adzes, bouchards and toothed hammers.
  • Tools for rough shaping of stone, to form a block the size needed for the carving. These include feathers and wedges and pitching tools.
  • Chisels for cutting - such as lettering chisels, points, pitching tools, and claw chisels. Chisels in turn may be hand held and hammered or pneumatic powered.
  • Diamond tools which include burrs, cup wheels, and blades mounted on a host of power tools.These are used sometimes through the entire carving process from rough work to final finish.
  • Abrasives for material removal - such as carborundum blocks, drills, saws, grinding and cutting wheels, water-abrasive machinery and dressing tools such as French and English drags.
More advanced processes, such as laser cutting and jet torches, use sudden high temperature with a combination of cooling water to spall flakes of stone. Other modern processes may involve diamond-wire machines or other large scale production equipment to remove large sections of undesired stone.
The use of chisels for stone carving is possible in several ways. Two are:
  • The masons stroke, in which a flat chisel is used at approximately 90 degrees to the surface in an organized sweep. It shatters the stone beneath it and each successive pass lowers the surface.
  • The lettering stroke, in which the chisel is used along the surface at approximately 30 degrees to cut beneath the existing surface.
There are many types and styles of stone carving tools, each carver will decide for themselves which tools to use. Traditionalists might use hand tools only.
  • Lettering chisels for incising small strokes create the details of letters in larger applications.
  • Fishtail carving chisels are used to create pockets, valleys and for intricate carving, whilst providing good visibility around the stone.
  • Masonry chisels are used for the general shaping of stones.
  • Stone point tools are used to rough out the surface of the stone.
  • Stone claw tools are used to remove the peaks and troughs left from the previously used tools.
  • Stone pitching tools are used to remove large quantities of stone.
  • Stone nickers are used to split stones by tracing a line along the stone with progressive strikes until the stone breaks along the line.
Powered pneumatic hammers make the hard work easier. Progress on shaping stone is faster with pneumatic carving tools. Air hammers (such as Cuturi) place many thousands of impacts per minute upon the end of the tool, which would usually be manufactured or modified to suit the tool. This type of tool creates the ability to 'shave' the stone, providing a smooth and consistent stroke, allowing for larger surfaces to be worked.
Among modern tool types, there are two main stone carving chisels:
  • Heat treated high carbon steel tools - Generally forged
  • Tungsten carbide tipped tools - Generally forged, slotted, and carbide inserts brazed in to provide a harder and longer-wearing cutting edge.

Gallery[edit]

See also



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