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Saturday, July 18, 2015

archive.org ~ www.forgottenbooks.com ~A_Brief_History_of_Ancient_Peoples_~ archive.org/details/abriefhistory

BLACKBOARD ANALYSIS. 



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https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt

BLACKBOARD ANALYSIS.

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M la gCiut.

mul IhiilMna.

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http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/A_Brief_History_of_Ancient_Peoples_v3_1000025458/7

History 1 ot

1 t I a 1 has done It 
eit-i if the n e and 
ffiowlh ot the differeut 
nations which have ex- 
isted, of the deeds of their 
great men, the manners 
;i.nd eiistoms of tlieir peo- 
ples, and the part cath 
nation has taken iu the 
progress of the wiH'id. 
OHEAT HALL OP KAiiBAK, DatoB aTB rcckoned 

from the birth of Christ, 
the central point in iustorj'. Time before tliat event is

https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt

fliiTRQDTOTlOlj

History 1 ot

1 t I a 1 has done It eit-i if the n e and ffiowlh ot the differeutnations which have existed, of the deeds of their great men, the manners ;i.nd eiistoms of tlieir peoples, and the part cath nation has taken iu the progress of the wiH'id. DatoB aTB rcckonedfrom the birth of Christ, OHEAT HALL OP KAiiBAK, the central point in iustorj'. Time before tliat event is

http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/A_Brief_History_of_Ancient_Peoples_v3_1000025458/9

10 ANCIENT HISTORY.

denoted as b. o. ; time after, a. d. {Anno Domini, in the year
of our Lord).^

Three Divisions. — History is distinguished as Ancient,
MedisBval, and Modern. Ancient history extends from the
earliest time to the fall of the Roman Empire (476 a. d.) ;
Mediaeval, or the history of the Middle ages, covers about
a thousand years, or to the close of the 15th century ; and
Modem history continues to the present time.

The only Historic Bace is the Caucasian, the others
having done little worth recording. It is usually divided
into three great branches: the Ar'yan, the Semit'ic, and
the Hamit'ic, The first of these, which includes the Per-
sians, the Hindoos, and nearly aU the European nations, is
the one to which we belong. It has always been noted for
its intellectual vigor. The second embraces the Assyrians,
the Hebrews, the Phoenicians, and the Arabs. It has been
marked by religious fervor, and has given to the world the
three faiths — Jewish, Christian, and Mohammedan — which
teach the worship of one God. The third branch ^ includes
the Chaldeans and the Egjrptians. It has been remarkable
for its massive architecture.

Ancient Aryan Nation. — ^Asia was probably the birth-
place of mankind. In a time far back of all history there
lived in Bactria (map, p. 11) a nation that had made con-
siderable progress in civilization. The people called them-

3 The Chaldeans were a mixed people, and are variously classed as Semitic, ITamitic,
or Turanian. Those nations of Europe and Asia that are not Aryan or Semitic are
frequently termed Turanian. This branch would then inclnde the Mongols, Chinese,
Japanese, Turks, Tartars, r^apps, Finns, Magyars, etc. Iran (e'-rahn), or Aria, the
old name of Persia (the "land of light"), is opposed toTuran, the barbarous region
around (the "land of darkness"). The Aryan (Indo-European) and Semitic languages
have certain resemblances, but the so-called Turanian dialects bear little resemblance
to one another.

https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt

10 ANCIENT HISTORY.denoted as b. o. ; time after, a. d. {Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord).^

Three Divisions. " History is distinguished as Ancient,MedisBval, and Modern. Ancient history extends from the earliest time to the fall of the Roman Empire (476 a. d.) ;Mediaeval, or the history of the Middle ages, covers about a thousand years, or to the close of the 15th century; and Modem history continues to the present time.

The only Historic Bace is the Caucasian, the others having done little worth recording. It is usually divided into three great branches: the Ar'yan, the Semit'ic, and the Hamit'ic, The first of these, which includes the Persians, the Hindoos, and nearly aUthe European nations, is the one to which we belong. It has always been noted for its intellectual vigor. The second embraces the Assyrians, the Hebrews, the Phoenicians, and the Arabs. It has been marked by religious fervor, and has given to the world the three faiths " Jewish, Christian, and Mohammedan " which teach the worship of one God. The third branch ^ includes the Chaldeans and the Egjrptians. It has been remarkable for its massive architecture.

Ancient Aryan Nation. " ^Asia was probably the birthplace of mankind. In a time far back of all history there lived in Bactria(map, p. 11) a nation that had made considerable progress in civilization. The people called them-

1 Tills raetliod of reckoninp^ was introduced by Exiguus, a Roman abbot, near the middle of the 6th century. It is now thought that tlie birth of Clirist occurred about four years earliertlian tlie time fixed in our chronology. The Jews still date from the Creation, and the Mohammedans usually from the llegira (p. 326), 622 a. d. 3 The Chaldeans were a mixed people, and are variously classed as Semitic, ITamitic, or Turanian. Those nations of Europe and Asia that are not Aryan or Semitic are frequently termed Turanian. This branch would then inclnde the Mongols, Chinese, Japanese, Turks, Tartars, r^apps, Finns, Magyars, etc. Iran (e'-rahn), or Aria, the old name of Persia (the "land of light"), is opposed toTuran, the barbarous region around (the "land of darkness"). The Aryan (Indo-European) and Semitic languages have certain resemblances, but the so-called Turanian dialects bear little resemblance to one another.

APA: (2013). pp. 11-2. A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners (Vol. 3). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1881)
MLA: A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners. Vol. 3. 1881. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. 11-2. Print.

12 ANCIENT HISTORY.

selves Aryas or Aryans, — those who go straight or upward.
They dwelt in houses, plowed the soil, ground their grain
in mills, rode in vehicles, worked certain metals, calcu-
lated up to 100, and had family ties, a government, and a
religion.^

Aryan Dispersion. — How long our Aryan forefathers
lived united in their early home, we have no means of know-
ing. As they increased in numbers, they would naturally
begin to separate. When they moved into distant regions,
the bond of union would become weaker, their language
would begin to vary, and so the seeds of new tongues and
new nations would be sown. To the south-east these Aryan
emigrants pushed into Persia and northern India; to the
west they gradually passed into Europe, whence, in a later
age, they settled Australia and America. In general, they
drove before them the previous occupants of the land. The
peninsulas of Greece and Italy were probably eai*liest occu-
pied. Three successive waves of emigration seem to have
afterward swept over central Europe. First came the Celts
(Kelts), then the Teutons (Germans), and finally the Slaves.^
Each of these appears to have crowded the preceding one
farther west, as we now find the Celts in Ireland and Wales,
and the Slaves in Russia and Poland.

1 These views are based on similarities of langnage. Abont 600,000,000 people— half
the population of the globe— speak Aryan languages. These contain many words
which have a family likeness. Thus, night, in Latin, is noet; in German, naeht; and
in Greek, nykt. TTiree,in Latin, is tresf in Greek, treis ; and in Sanscrit (the ancient
language of the Hindoos), tri. All such words are supposed to have belonged to one
original speech, and to suggest the life of that parent race. Thus we infer that the
Aryans had a regular government, since words meaning king or ruler are the
same in Sanscrit, Latin, and English ; and that they had a family life, since the words
meaning father, mother, brother, sister, etc., are the same in these kindred tongues.
Some recent theories discredit successive western migrations, place the primitive
Aryan home in Europe, and argue that the Indo-Iranians emigrated from Europe
to Asia.

s This word originally meant " glorious," but came to have its present signification
because at one time there were in Europe so many bondsmen of Slavonic birth.

12 ANCIENT HISTORY.selves Aryas or Aryans, " those who go straight or upward. They dwelt in houses, plowed the soil, ground their grain in mills, rode in vehicles, worked certain metals, calculated up to 100, and had family ties, a government, and a religion.^

Aryan Dispersion. " How long our Aryan forefathers lived united in their early home, we have no means of knowing. As they increased in numbers, they would naturally begin to separate. When they moved into distant regions, the bond of union would become weaker, their language would begin to vary, and so the seeds of new tongues and new nations would be sown. To the south-east these Aryan emigrants pushed into Persia and northern India; to the west they gradually passed into Europe, whence, in a later age, they settled Australia and America. In general, they drove before them the previous occupants of the land. The peninsulas of Greece and Italy were probably eai*liest occupied. Three successive waves of emigration seem to have afterward swept over central Europe. First came the Celts (Kelts), then the Teutons (Germans), and finally the Slaves.^ Each of these appears to have crowded the preceding one farther west, as we now find the Celts in Ireland and Wales, and the Slaves in Russia and Poland.

1 These views are based on similarities of langnage. Abont600,000,000 people" half the population of the globe" speak Aryan languages. These contain many words which have a family likeness. Thus, night, in Latin, is noet; in German, naeht;and in Greek, nykt. TTiree,in Latin, is tresf in Greek, treis ; and in Sanscrit (the ancient language of the Hindoos), tri. All such words are supposed to have belonged to one original speech, and to suggest the life of that parent race. Thus we infer that the Aryans had a regular government, since words meaning king or ruler are the same in Sanscrit, Latin, and English; and that they had a family life, since the words meaning father, mother, brother, sister, etc., are the same in these kindred tongues. Some recent theories discredit successive western migrations, place the primitive Aryan home in Europe, and argue that theIndo-Iranians emigrated from Europe to Asia.

s This word originally meant " glorious," but came to have its present signification because at one time there were in Europe so many bondsmen of Slavonic birth.

APA: (2013). pp. 13-4. A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners (Vol. 3). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1881)
MLA: A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners. Vol. 3. 1881. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. 13-4. Print.

INTRODUCTION.

The following table shows the principal peoples which have
descended from the ancient races : —

1. HAMITIG BACB

2. SEMITIC BACE.

3. ABTAN BACE. ^

E0TPTIAN8.

Chaldeans (1).

A88YUIAN8.
PIKENICIANB.
HKUKEW8.
ARABS.

MEDE8 AND PERSIANS.
HINDOOS.

O KEEKS.

« I Italians.

I ROMANS . . i spauiards.

Portuguese.

Celts

Teutons

Slaves .

French.

Romanic {Romance)
Peoplet.

• • •

Welsli.
Irish.

Highland Scots.
Britons.

Germans.

Dutch.

English.

Swedes.

Danes.

Norwegians.

Russians.
Poles.
Serbs.
Bohemians.

Commencemeiit of Civil History. — History begins
on the banks of the Nile, the Tigris, and the Euphrates.^
There the rich alluvial soil, the genial climate, and the abun-
dant natural products of the earth, offered every inducement

1 "The Nile valley and the Tigris- Euphrates basin were two great oases in the
vast desert which extended from west to east very nearly across the eastern hemi-
sphere. These favored spots were not only the twd centers of early civilization, but
they were rivals of each other. They were connecteil by roads fit for the passage of
vast armies. Whenever there was an energetic ruler along the Nile or the Tigris-
Euphrates, he at once, as if by an inevitable law, attempted the conquest of his com-
petitor for the control of western Asia. In fact, the history of ancient as well as
modem Asia is little more than one continuous record of political struggles between
Egypt and Mesopotamia, ending only when Europe entered the lists, as in the time
of Alexander the Great and the Crusaders."
https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt
INTRODUCTION.
The following table shows the principal peoples which have descended from the ancient races: " 1. HAMITIG BACB IE0TPTIAN8. Chaldeans (1).

2. SEMITIC BACE. PIKENICIANB. HKUKEW8.

3. ABTAN BACE. ^ A88YUIAN8.

ARABS.

MEDE8 AND PERSIANS.

HINDOOS.

O KEEKS. " I ROMANS. .

I Italians. i spauiards. Portuguese. French.

Teutons " Slaves .

Romanic {Romance) Peoplet.

Welsli. Irish. Highland Scots. Britons.

Germans. Dutch. English. Swedes. Danes. Norwegians.

Russians. Poles. Serbs. Bohemians.

Commencemeiit of Civil History. " History begins on the banks of the Nile, the Tigris, and the Euphrates.^ There the rich alluvial soil, the genial climate, and the abundant natural products of the earth, offered every inducement 1 "The Nile valley and the TigrisEuphrates basin were two great oases in the vast desert which extended from west to east very nearly across the eastern hemisphere. These favored spots were not only the twd centers of early civilization, but they were rivals of each other. They were connecteil by roads fit for the passage of vast armies. Whenever there was an energetic ruler along the Nile or the Tigris Euphrates, he at once, as if by an inevitable law, attempted the conquest of his competitor for the control of western Asia. In fact, the history of ancient as well as modem Asia is little more than one continuous record of political struggles between Egypt and Mesopotamia, ending only when Europe entered the lists, as in the time of Alexander the Great and the Crusaders."

missing pages 14 and 15 on-line

epoch the princi-
pal interest clmout the IV"' or
Pyramid djTiasty,
so called because its
eliief monarchs built
the three great pyra-
mids at Gizeh (ghe'-
zeh). The best-
known of these kings
was Kbu'fu, termed
Chfops (ke'-ops) by
Herodotus. In time,
Egj'pt broke up into
kingdoms, Memphis
lost its preeminence,
and Thebes became
the favorite capital.
2. The Middle
Empire (2080 b. c-
1525 B. c.).— Wien
the hundred-gated
city, Thebes, rose to
sovereign power, a
new epoch began in Egyptian history. The Xn"" dynasty
claimed all the district watered by the Nile, and under its rtJlRr over awo roars-ftom 570! n. c. to Siwi

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https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt

epoch the principal interest clm"ters al"out the IV"' or PyramiddjTiasty, so called because its eliief monarchs built the three great pyramids at Gizeh (ghe' zeh). The best known of these kings was Kbu'fu, termedChfops (ke'-ops) by Herodotus. In time, Egj'pt broke up into kingdoms, Memphis lost its preeminence, and Thebes became the favorite capital. 2. The Middle Empire (2080 b. c 1525 B. c.)." Wien the hundred-gated city, Thebes, rose to sovereign power, a new epoch began in Egyptian history. The Xn""dynasty claimed all the district watered by the Nile, and under its DOlog)-" hM been lollon

APA: (2013). pp. 15-6. A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners (Vol. 3). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1881)
MLA: A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners. Vol. 3. 1881. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. 15-6. Print.

THE POLITICAL HISTORY 17

great Mngs, the Sesorta'sens and the Avnenem'hes, Ethiopia
was conquered. To this dynasty belong the famous Lake
Moeris and the Labyrinth (p. 39). The briUiant XIP»*
dynasty was followed by the weak XIII*^. The divided
country invited attack, and the Hyksos (" shepherd kings''),
a rude, barbarous race that had already conquered Lower
Egypt, finally overran the whole region, and ruled it for 400
years. When at last they were di'iven out, they left to
Egjrpt a strong, centralized government.

3. The New Empire (1525-527 b. c.).— The native
kings having been restored to the throne, Egypt became a
united people, with Thebes for the capital Then followed
a true national life of 1000 years. The XVIIP" and XIX*^
dynasties exalted Egypt to the height of its glory. Thoth-
mes I. (tot'-meez) began a system of great Asiatic expedi-
tions, which lasted 500 years. Thothme^ 1 11.,^ the Egyptian
Alexander the Great, was a magnificent warrior-king In
the sculptures, Nineveh and Babylon pay him tribute;
while his ships, manned by Phoenician sailors, sweep the
Mediterranean. The Great Temple of Karnak (p. 2G) was
largely built by him. Am'unoph III. was also a famous war-
rior and builder. Among his structures there remains the
Vocal Memnon, which was said to sing when kissed by the
rising sun. Khti-en-A'ten, the heretic king, rejected the The-
ban gods for the one-god {A ten) sun-worship of his foreign
mother. He founded a new ca2)ital (now Tel-el-Amarna
ruins), but neither capital nor religion long survived him.
Seti (Mineptah I.) subdued Mesopotamia, and built the Great
Hall of Columns at Karnak. At an early age his son,

1 In 1881, between 30 and 40 royal nmnimiee, Incliirtiiig those of Tliotlnnes III..
Seti I.^and RameseH 11., wer« found in a concealed niunitiiy pit near Thebes. The
official records on the c.".aes and bandages show that these precious relics had been
moved from tomb to t-onib, probably for safety, until at some crisis they had been
harriedly deposited here. The great Kameses had thus been shifted many times,

https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt

THE POLITICAL HISTORY
great Mngs, the Sesorta'sens and the Avnenem'hes, Ethiopia was conquered. To this dynasty belong the famous Lake Moerisand the Labyrinth (p. 39). The briUiant XIP"* dynasty was followed by the weak XIII*^. The divided country invited attack, and the Hyksos (" shepherd kings''), a rude, barbarous race that had already conquered Lower Egypt, finally overran the whole region, and ruled it for 400 years. When at last they were di'iven out, they left to Egjrpt a strong, centralized government.

3. The New Empire (1525-527 b. c.)." The native kings having been restored to the throne, Egypt became a united people, with Thebes for the capital Then followed a true national life of 1000 years. The XVIIP" and XIX*^ dynasties exalted Egypt to the height of its glory. Thoth-

mes I. (tot'-meez) began a system of great Asiatic expedi-

tions, which lasted 500 years. Thothme^ 1 11.,^ the Egyptian Alexander the Great, was a magnificent warrior-king In the sculptures, Nineveh and Babylon pay him tribute; while his ships, manned by Phoenician sailors, sweep the Mediterranean. The Great Temple of Karnak (p. 2G) was largely built by him.Am'unoph III. was also a famous warrior and builder. Among his structures there remains the Vocal Memnon, which was said to sing when kissed by the rising sun. Khti-en-A'ten, the heretic king, rejected the The ban gods for the one-god {A ten) sun-worship of his foreign mother. He founded a new ca2)ital (nowTel-el-Amarna ruins), but neither capital nor religion long survived him.

Seti (Mineptah I.) subdued Mesopotamia, and built the Great

Hall of Columns at Karnak. At an early age his son,

1 In 1881, between 30 and 40 royal nmnimiee, Incliirtiiig those of Tliotlnnes III.. Seti I.^and RameseH 11., wer" found in a concealed niunitiiy pit near Thebes. The official records on thec.".aes and bandages show that these precious relics had been moved from tomb to t-onib, probably for safety, until at some crisis they had been harriedly deposited here. The greatKameses had thus been shifted many times,

18 EGYPT.

Bam'eses 11., was made joint king with him, and they reigned
together until Mineptah's death. Rameses II., the Sesostris
the Great of the Greek historians, carried his conquering
arms far into Africa. The greatest builder^ of aU the
Pharaohs, his gigantic enterprises exhausted the nation.
Annual slave-hunting expeditions were made into Ethiopia j
prisoners of war were lashed into service ; and the hves of
the unhappy Hebrews were made " bitter with hard bondage,
in mortal*, and in brick'' (Exod. i. 14). He founded a hbrary
inscribed " The Dispensary of the Soul," and gathered about
him many men of genius, making his time a golden .age of
art and literature.

The Decline of Egypt began with the XX"' dynasty,
when it was no longer able to retain its vast cou(j[uests. The
tributary peoples revolted, and the country was subdued in
turn by the Etliiopians and the Assyrians (p. 49). After
nearly a century of foreign rule, Psammetichns of the XXVI"'
dynasty threw off the Assyrian yoke, and restored the Egyp-
tian independence. This monarch, by employing Greek

only to IaD(l at last in tlie Oizeli museum, where "his uncovered face now lies for
the whole world to ga^e upon." In I8UI, over 60 nninmiies of the same peri(Ki
(XVII^ to XXI't dynasties) were found in another tomb near tlie first These Iiad
escaped the eyes of modern trafficking? tliieves, and were found as they weie left over
3000 years ago In is\fl, Khuen-Aten's tomb was uncovere

https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt

p.18

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APA: (2013). pp. 17-8. A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners (Vol. 3). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1881)
MLA: A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners. Vol. 3. 1881. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. 17-8. Print.

THE CIVILIZATION. 19

troops, SO offended the native warriors that 200,000 of them
mutinied, and emigrated to Ethiopia. His successor, Necho
(Pharaoh-Necho of the Scriptures), maintained a powerful
fleet. Under his orders the Phoenician ships rounded the
Cape of Good Hope.^

The internal prosperity of Egypt still continued, as is
shown by the magnificent monuments of this period j but
the army was filled with mercenaries, and the last of the
Pharaohs fell an easy prey to the fierce-fighting Persians
under Cambyses. Egypt, like Babylon (p. 51), was now
reduced to a Persian province governed by a satrap.

2. THE CIVILIZATION.

Egyptian Society was divided into distinct classes, so that
ordinarily no man could rise higher than the station in which
he was born.2 The priestly and military classes, which included
the king, princes, and all men of rank, were far above the others.

The King received the most exalted titles, and his authority was
supposed to come direct from the gods. The courtiers, on approach-
ing him, fell prostrate, rubbing the ground with their noses ; some-
times, by his gracious consent, they were permitted to touch his
sacred knee.^ That he might be kept pure, he was given from
childhood only the choicest and most virtuous companions, and no

. 1 Twice during this voyage, says Herodotus, the crews, fearing a want of food,
landed, drew their sliips on shore, sowed grain, and waited for a harvest. The pupil
will notice that this was over 2000 years before Vasco da Oama (Hist. U. S., p. 41), to
whom is generally accorded the credit of first circumnavigating Africa.

2 There seems to have been an exception in favor of talented scribes. " Neither
descent nor family hampered the rising career of the clever. Many a monument con-
secrated to the memory of some nobleman who had held high rank at court has the
simple but laudatory inscription, ' His ancestors were unknown people.' "—Brugtch.
Royal preferment was also without restriction.

8 "When they had come before the king, their noses touched the gfronnt'. «"<'
their feet lay on the ground for Joy; they fell down to the ground, and with their
hands they prayed to the king. Thus they lay prostrate and toucliing the earth
before the king, speaking thus: ' We are come before thee, the lord of heaven, lord
of the earth, sun, life of the whole world, lord of time, creator of the harvest, dis-
penser of breath to all men. animator of the gods, pillar of heaven, threshold of the
earth, weigher of the balance of the two worlds,'" etc. (Inscription of Rameses II.
at AbyduH).
https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt

THE CIVILIZATION.
troops, SO offended the native warriors that 200,000 of them mutinied, and emigrated to Ethiopia. His successor, Necho (Pharaoh-Necho of the Scriptures), maintained a powerful fleet. Under his orders the Phoenician ships rounded the Cape of Good Hope.^

The internal prosperity of Egypt still continued, as is shown by the magnificent monuments of this period j but the army was filled with mercenaries, and the last of the Pharaohs fell an easy prey to the fierce-fighting Persians under Cambyses.Egypt, like Babylon (p. 51), was now reduced to a Persian province governed by a satrap.

2. THE CIVILIZATION.

Egyptian Society was divided into distinct classes, so that ordinarily no man could rise higher than the station in which he was born.2 The priestly and military classes, which included the king, princes, and all men of rank, were far above the others.

The King received the most exalted titles, and his authority was supposed to come direct from the gods. The courtiers, on approaching him, fell prostrate, rubbing the ground with their noses; sometimes, by his gracious consent, they were permitted to touch his sacred knee.^ That he might be kept pure, he was given from childhood only the choicest and most virtuous companions, and no 1 Twice during this voyage, says Herodotus, the crews, fearing a want of food, landed, drew their sliips on shore, sowed grain, and waited for a harvest. The pupil will notice that this was over 2000 years before Vasco daOama (Hist. U. S., p. 41), to whom is generally accorded the credit of first circumnavigating Africa.

2 There seems to have been an exception in favor of talented scribes. " Neither descent nor family hampered the rising career of the clever. Many a monument consecrated to the memory of some nobleman who had held high rank at court has the simple but laudatory inscription, ' His ancestors were unknown people.'""Brugtch.

Royal preferment was also without restriction.

8 "When they had come before the king, their noses touched thegfronnt'. """' their feet lay on the ground for Joy; they fell down to the ground, and with their hands they prayed to the king. Thus they lay prostrate and toucliing the earth before the king, speaking thus: ' We are come before thee, the lord of heaven, lord of the earth, sun, life of the whole world, lord of time, creator of the harvest, dispenser of breath to all men. animator of the gods, pillar of heaven, threshold of the earth, weigher of the balance of the two worlds,'" etc. (Inscription of Rameses II. at AbyduH).

APA: (2013). pp. 19-20. A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners (Vol. 3). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1881)
MLA: A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners. Vol. 3. 1881. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. 19-20. Print.

hired serTOnt wag ^owed to approach his person. His daily con-
duct was governed by a code of rules laid down in the sacred
books, which prescribed not only the hourly order and natare of
his occupations, but limited even the kind and quantity of his
food. He was never suffered to forget his obligations j and one
of the offices of the High Priest at the daily sacrifice was to remind
him of his duties, and, by citing the good works of his ancestors,
to impress upon him the nobility of a well-ordered life. After
death he was worshiped with the godfi

l%e Priests were the richest. *'a\, most powerful, and the only
learned body of the country Thev were not limited to sacred
ofSces and m their caste comprised all
the mathematicians, scientists, lawyers,
and physicians of the land. Those
pnestewho escelledin virtue and wis-
dom were initiated into the holymya-
tertes —a privilege which they shared
only with the king and the pnnee- royal.
Among the priesthood, as in the other
classes there were marked distinctions
of rank The High Priests held the
most honorable station. Chief among
them was the Prophet, who offered
sacrifice and libation in the temple,
wearing as his insignia a leopard-skin
over his robes. The king himself oft«n
performed the duties of this office. The
religious observances of the priests were
rigid. They had long fasts, bathed
twice a day and twice in the night, and
every third day were shaven from head to foot, the most devout
using waterwhich had been tasted by the sacred Ibis. Beans, pork,
fish, onions, and various other articles of diet, were forbidden to
them ; and on certain days, when a religious ceremony compelled
every Egyptian to eat a fried fish before his door, the priests burned
theirs instead. Their dress was of linen : woolen might be used for
an outer, but never for an inner garment, nor could it be worn into
a temple. The influence of the priests was immense, since they not
only ruled the living, but were supposed to have powerto open and
shut the gates of eternal bliss to the dead. They received an ample
income from the state, and had one third of the land free of tax, —
https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt
hired serTOnt wag ^owed to approach his person. His daily conduct was governed by a code of rules laid down in the sacred books, which prescribed not only the hourly order andnatare of his occupations, but limited even the kind and quantity of his food. He was never suffered to forget his obligations jand one of the offices of the High Priest at the daily sacrifice was to remind him of his duties, and, by citing the good works of his ancestors, to impress upon him the nobility of a well-ordered life. After death he was worshiped with the godfi
l%e Priests were the richest. *'a\, most powerful, and the only learned body of the country Thev were not limited to sacredofSces and m their caste comprised all the mathematicians, scientists, lawyers, and physicians of the land. Thosepnestewho escelledin virtue and wisdom were initiated into theholymya-

tertes "a privilege which they shared only with the king and thepnnee- royal. Among the priesthood, as in the other classes there were marked distinctions of rank The High Priests held the most honorable station. Chief among them was the Prophet, who offered sacrifice and libation in the temple, wearing as his insignia a leopard-skin over his robes. The king himself oft"nperformed the duties of this office. The religious observances of the priests were rigid. They had long fasts, bathed twice a day and twice in the night, and every third day were shaven from head to foot, the most devout using waterwhich had been tasted by the sacred Ibis. Beans, pork, fish, onions, and various other articles of diet, were forbidden to them; and on certain days, when a religious ceremony compelled every Egyptian to eat a fried fish before his door, the priests burned theirs instead. Their dress was of linen: woolen might be used for an outer, but never for an inner garment, nor could it be worn into a temple. The influence of the priests was immense, since they not only ruled the living, but were supposed to have powerto open and shut the gates of eternal bliss to the dead. They received an ample income from the state, and had one third of the land free of tax, "

THE CIVILIZATION. 21

a special gift from the god-

Tke Military Class also possessed one third o£ the land, each
soldier's share being about eight acres. Thearmy, which numbered
410,000 men, was well disciplined and thoroughly orgaoized. It
comprised archers, spearmen, swordsmen, clubmen, and sliagers.
Each soldier furnished his own equipments, and held himself in
constant readiness for duty. He wore a metal coat of mail and a
metal or cloth faelmet, and carried a large shield made of oz-hide
drawn over a wooden frame. The chariots, of which great use was

made in war, were sometimes richly ornamented and inlaid with
gold. The king led the army, and was often accompanied by a
favorite lion.

Lower Classes.— &]1 the free population not belonging to the
priesthood or the military was arbitrarily classified ; each trade or
occupation having its own rank in the social scale, and inhabiting
a certain quarter in the town, — a custom still observed in Cairo.
Scribes and architects, whose profession gave them access to
temples and palaces, and who had thus a chance to win royal favor,
naturally stood h^hest. Swine-herds were the most despised of all
men ; the Egyptian, like the Hebrew, Mohammedan, and Indian,
considering the pig an unclean animal. Swine-herds were forbid-
den to enter a temple. As the entire land of Egypt was owned by

https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt

THE CIVILIZATION.

a special gift from the god-

Tke Military Class also possessed one third o" the land, each soldier's share being about eight acres. Thearmy, which numbered 410,000 men, was well disciplined and thoroughlyorgaoized. It comprised archers, spearmen, swordsmen, clubmen, and sliagers. Each soldier furnished his own equipments, and held himself in constant readiness for duty. He wore a metal coat of mail and a metal or cloth faelmet, and carried a large shield made of oz-hide drawn over a wooden frame. The chariots, of which great use was made in war, were sometimes richly ornamented and inlaid with gold. The king led the army, and was often accompanied by a favorite lion.

Lower Classes." "]1 the free population not belonging to the priesthood or the military was arbitrarily classified; each trade or occupation having its own rank in the social scale, and inhabiting a certain quarter in the town, " a custom still observed in Cairo. Scribes and architects, whose profession gave them access to temples and palaces, and who had thus a chance to win royal favor, naturally stood h^hest. Swine-herds were the most despised of all men; the Egyptian, like the Hebrew, Mohammedan, and Indian, considering the pig an unclean animal. Swine-herds were forbidden to enter a temple. As the entire land of Egypt was owned by

2 EGYPT.

the king, the priests, and the soldiers, the lower classes could hold
no real estate; but they had strongly marked degrees of importance,
depending upon the relative rank of the trade to which they were
bom, and their business success. According to Herodotus, no
artisan could engage in any other employment than the one to
which he had been brought up. He also tells us that every noAn
was obUged to have some regular means of subsistence, a written
declaration of which was deposited periodically with the magis-
trate. A false account or an unlawful business was punished by
death.

Writing. — Hieroglyphics'^ (sacred sculptures). — The earhest
Egyptian writing was a series of object pictures analogous to that
still used by the North American Indians (Brief Hist. U. S., p. 13).

♦ _^-^ ^ Gradually this primitive system

^^f ife. ^t 1^, 1^^ was altered and abbreviated into
• ^ • # ^ ^^ (1) hieratic (priestly) writing,
THK NAME OF EGYPT IN tho form in which most Egyp-

HiEKOGLYPHicB. tlau litcraturc is written, and

which is read by first resolving it into the original hieroglyphs ; and
(2) demotic (writing of the people), in which all traces of the original
pictures are lost. During these changes many meanings became
attached to one sign, so that the same hieroglyph might represent
an idea , the symbol of an idea, or an abstract letter, syllable, or word.
An Egyptian scribe used various devices to explain his meaning.
To a hieroglyphic word or syllable he would append one or more
of its letters ; then, as the letter-signs had different meanings, he

> So called by the Greeks, who thought tliem to be mystic religious symbols
unnerstood ouly by the priests. Neither the Greeks nor Romans attempted to
decipher them. The discovery of the Rosetta stone (1799) furnished the first clew to
their reading. A French en^^ineer, while digging intrenchments on the site of an old
temple near the Rosetta mouth of the Nile (Brief Hist. France, p. 229), unearthed
a black basalt tablet inscribed in three languages,— hieroglyphic, demotic, and
Greek. It proved to be a decree made by the priests in the time of Ptolemy V.
(196 B. c), wliom it styled the "god Epiphanes,*' increasing his divine honors, and
ordering that the command should be engraved in the three languages, and placed in
all the chief temples. By a comparison of the Greek and Egyptian texts, a principle
of interpretation was finally established. Hieroglyphics had hitherto been supposed
to represent only ideas or symbols. Twenty-three years after the discovery of the
Rov. % st

https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt
22 EGYPT.
the king, the priests, and the soldiers, the lower classes could hold no real estate; but they had strongly marked degrees of importance, depending upon the relative rank of the trade to which they were bom, and their business success. According to Herodotus, no artisan could engage in any other employment than the one to which he had been brought up. He also tells us that every noAn was obUged to have some regular means of subsistence, a written declaration of which was deposited periodically with the magistrate. A false account or an unlawful business was punished by death.

Writing. " Hieroglyphics'^ (sacred sculptures). " The earhestEgyptian writing was a series of object pictures analogous to that still used by the North American Indians (Brief Hist. U. S.,p. 13). " _^-^ ^ ^^f ife. ^t 1^, 1^^ was altered and abbreviated into " ^ " # ^ ^^ (1) hieratic (priestly) writing, Gradually this primitive system THK NAME OF EGYPT INHiEKOGLYPHicB.

tho form in which most Egyp tlau litcraturc is written, and which is read by first resolving it into the original hieroglyphs; and (2) demotic (writing of the people), in which all traces of the original pictures are lost. During these changes many meanings became attached to one sign, so that the same hieroglyph might represent an idea, the symbol of an idea, or an abstract letter, syllable, or word. An Egyptian scribe used various devices to explain his meaning. To a hieroglyphic word or syllable he would append one or more of its letters; then, as the letter-signs had different meanings, he " So called by the Greeks, who thought tliem to be mystic religious symbolsunnerstood ouly by the priests. Neither the Greeks nor Romans attempted to decipher them. The discovery of the Rosetta stone (1799) furnished the first clew to their reading. A Frenchen^^ineer, while digging intrenchments on the site of an old temple near the Rosetta mouth of the Nile (Brief Hist. France, p. 229), unearthed a black basalt tablet inscribed in three languages," hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek. It proved to be a decree made by the priests in the time of Ptolemy V. (196 B. c), wliom it styled the "god Epiphanes,*' increasing his divine honors, and ordering that the command should be engraved in the three languages, and placed in all the chief temples. By a comparison of the Greek and Egyptian texts, a principle of interpretation was finally established. Hieroglyphics had hitherto been supposed to represent only ideas or symbols. Twenty-three years after the discovery of the Rov. % st"me, the great French scholar Fran9ois Champollion announced that theyexpreiia ooth ideas and sounds. The Egyptians inclosed their royal names and titles in an oval ring or cartouch. Out of the four cartouches, ^^^Sl^^tiTI P^^l^^raaios,

fen-*V"J Berenike,

C^^ft"1t^V%1 Kleopatra. and Qk^^^^H^

Alexandnts, Champollion obtained a partial alphabet, which way completed by subsequent analyses.

APA: (2013). pp. 21-2. A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners (Vol. 3). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1881)
MLA: A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners. Vol. 3. 1881. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. 21-2. Print.

THE CIVILIZATION. 23

would add a picture of some object that would suggest the intended

idea. Thus, for the word bread "^^ ^ he would write the

syllable ^^ (jq) then its complement "^ W and finally, as
a determinative, give the picture of a loaf ( «^ ). One would
suppose that the form of the loaf would itself have been suf&cient,
but even that had several mterpretations. In like manner the

scribe appended the determinative Jk not only to words sig-
nifying actions of the mouth, as eating^ laughing, speaking, etc., but
to those of the thought, as knotving, judging, deciding. To under-
stand hieroglyphics, a knowledge of the peculiar ideas of the Egyp-
tians is also necessary. It is easy to see that ^5l means worship,

and ^S| crime; but we should hardly interpret ^^ as son,

or jl as mother, unless we knew that geese were believed to

possess a warm filial nature, and all vultures to be females. Besides
these and other complications in hieroglyphic writing, there was no
uniform way of arranging sentences. They were written both hori-
zontally and perpendicularly ; sometimes part of a sentence was
placed one way, and part the other; sometimes the words read from
right to left, sometimes from left to right, and sometimes they were
scattered about within a given space without any apparent order.

Papyrus, — Books were written and government records kept on
papyrus 1 (hence, paper) rolls. These were generally about ten
inches wide and often one hundred and fifty feet long. They were
written upon with a frayed reed dipped into black or red ink. As
the government had the monopoly of the papyrus, it was very costly.

https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt

THE CIVILIZATION.
would add a picture of some object that would suggest the intended idea. Thus, for the word bread "^^ ^ he would write the syllable ^^ (jq) then its complement "^ W and finally, as a determinative, give the picture of a loaf ( "^ ). One would suppose that the form of the loaf would itself have beensuf"cient, but even that had several mterpretations. In like manner the scribe appended the determinative Jk not only to words signifying actions of the mouth, as eating^ laughing, speaking, etc., but to those of the thought, as knotving, judging, deciding. To understand hieroglyphics, a knowledge of the peculiar ideas of the Egyptians is also necessary. It is easy to see that ^5l means worship, and ^S| crime; but we should hardly interpret ^^ as son, or jl as mother, unless we knew that geese were believed to possess a warm filial nature, and all vultures to be females. Besides these and other complications in hieroglyphic writing, there was no uniform way of arranging sentences. They were written both horizontally and perpendicularly; sometimes part of a sentence was placed one way, and part the other; sometimes the words read from right to left, sometimes from left to right, and sometimes they were scattered about within a given space without any apparent order.

Papyrus, " Books were written and government records kept on papyrus 1 (hence, paper) rolls. These were generally about ten inches wide and often one hundred and fifty feet long. They were written upon with a frayed reed dipped into black or red ink. As the government had the monopoly of the papyrus, it was very costly.

1 The papyrus, or paper reed, which floiirislied in ancient times so luxuriantly that it formed Jungles along the banks of the Nile, is no longer found in Egypt. ("The paper reeds by the brooks, by the mouth of the brooks,. .. shall wither, be driven away, and be no more."" Isa. xix. 7.) It had a large, three-sided, tapering stem, two to three inches broad at the base. The reed was prepared for use by peeling oft' the smooth bark, and cutting the inner mass of white pith lengthways into thin slices, which were laid side by side with their edges touching one another. AHecond layer having been placed transversely up"m the first, and the whole sprinkled wjtl^X^e maddy Nile water, a heavy press was applied which united them into one ni,.yia. It was then dried, and cut into sheets of the required size. Papyrus was in use until the end of the 7th century a. d.. when it was superseded by parchment (prepared skins). The latter was alr,oused in Egypt at a very early perio"l ; and though it is generally supposed to have been invented by Eumenes, King ofPerjramus, in the 2d century B. C, "records written upon skins and kept in the temple " are mentioned in the time ol the XVIII"' dynasty, 1200 years before Eumenes (p. 156).

APA: (2013). pp. 23-4. A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners (Vol. 3). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1881)
MLA: A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners. Vol. 3. 1881. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. 23-4. Print.

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TX 930.2 .S814

Steele, Joel Dorman,

Brief history of arcieni peoples ■ *im

BARNES ONE-TERM SERIES

A BRIEF HISTORY

ANCIENT PEOPLES

JOEL DORMAN STEELE, Ph.D., P.G.8.
ESTHKlt BAKEIi STEELE, Lit.D.

DEPAETMENT OF EDUOATIOK
LELAND STANFOSD JUNIOS UNIYESSITT

NEW YORK ■ : ■ CINCINNATI ■ : ■ CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

aAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSIVf.

BARNES BRIEF HISTORY SERIES,
12M0. Illustrated.

Bt Joel Dobman Steele and Esther B. Bteele.

BARNES BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATEP,

FOtt THE Use of Schools and kou Private Reading.

BARNES BRIEF HISTORY OF FRANCE, for the Use

OF SCIIOOl^ AND FOR PRIVAIE READING.

BARNES BRIEF HISTORY OF GREECE, with Select
Readings from Standard authors.

BARNES BRIEF HISTORY OF ROME, with Select
Readings from standard authors.

BARNES BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT PEOPLES,

FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND FOR PRIVATE READING.

BARNES BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL AND
MODERN PEOPLES, Fou the Use of Schools and
FOR Private Reading.

BARNES BRIEF GENERAL HISTORY, Ancient, Me-
di^val, and Modern Peoples.

iv PREFACE.

mestic life of the peoples of other lands and times. Though
intentionally written in a semi-romantic style, they are
accurate pictures of what might have occurred, and some
of them are simple transcriptions of the details sculptured
in Assyrian alabaster, or painted on Egyptian walls.

It should be borne in mind that the extracts here made
from "The Sacred Books of the East '^ are not comprehen-
sive specimens of their style and teachings, but only gems
selected from a mass of matter, much of which is absurd,
meaningless, and even revolting. It has not seemed best
to cumber a book like this with selections conveying no
moral lesson.

The numerous cross-references, the abundant dates in
parentheses, the blackboard analyses, the pronunciation of
the names in the index, the genealogical tables, the choice
reading references at the close of each general subject, and
the novel "Historical Recreations'' in the appendix, will be
of service to both teacher and pupil. An acknowledgment
of indebtedness in the preparation of this history is hereby
made to the works named in the reading references.

It is hoped that a large class of persons who desire to
know something about the progress of historic criticism as
well as the discoveries resulting from recent archaeological
excavations, but who have no leisure to read the ponderous
volumes of Brugsch, Layard, Grote, Mommsen, Rawlinson,
Ihne, Lanfrey, Froude, Martin, and others, will find tins
little book just what they need.

. Intboddction 9

!. Egypt 15

t. Babyi/inta and Assyria 45

L pHtBNICIA 73

>. JUDEA 80

1. Media and Pkrsia 88

'. India 105

I. China 106

I. Greece 113

I. BoME 203

. Appendix:

. The Seven Wonders of the World i

^ The Seven Wise Men 1

:. Historical BecrbAtions ii

:. Index li

LIST OF MAPS.

PAGE

Map op Early Races and Nations 11

Map of Ancient Egypt 16

Map of the Assyrian and Persian Empires 45

Map of Phcenicia and Judea in Solomon's Time 74

Map op Canaan and the Wilderness 81

Map op Greece and her Colonies 113

Map op Hellas in the Heroic Age 118

Map op Greece in the Time of the Persian Wars 125

Map of the Plain of Marathon 126

Map of the Vicinity op Thermopylae 130

Map of the Vicinity of Athens and Salamis 135

Map illustrating the Peloponnesian War 142

Map of the Empire of Alexander. 153

Map of the Roman Empire and its Provinces 203

Map of the Early Tribes and Cities of the Italian Pen-
insula 210

Map illustrating the Punic Wars 228

Map of the Divisions of Italia to the Time of Augustus. 255
Map or Plan of Ancient Rome 299

ANCIENT PEOPLES.

Examine History, for it is " Philosophy teaching by Ezperienoo."

Oarlyle,

" Truth oomes down to us from the past, as gold is washed down
from the mountains of the Sierra Nevada, in minute but precious
particles— the debris of the centuries."
!!go to the top of the page 'Blackboard Analysis' begins here

A brief history of ancient peoples, with an account of their monuments, literature, and manners

by [Steele, Joel Dorman] 1836-1886. [from old catalog]

Published 1881

Topics History, Ancient

Book digitized by Google and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.
Publisher New York and Chicago, A. S. Barnes & company
Year 1881
Pages 358
Possible copyright status NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT
Language English
Digitizing sponsor Google
Book from the collections of unknown library
Collection americana
Notes "The general divisions on civilization and manners and customs were prepared by Mrs. J. Dorman Steele."--Pref.

Full catalog record MARCXML

This book has an editable web page on Open Library.

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