Sunday, January 3, 2016

America On^Line Too!!



Exercise 4

For a second hunt you might look for the simple and complete subjects and predi-
cates in each sentence of the selection.

A Guide to Self-Education
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     Noun Forms.  Many nouns change their form when they become plural.  Com-
monly the plural is formed by adding s or es to the singular.  One can usually tell by
the sound whether to add es, as church, churches; fox, foxes; wish, wishes.  Nouns
ending in y, preceded by a consonant, change the y to i and add es.  For example:
lady, ladies.  Some nouns ending in f or fe change the f or fe to v and add es.

              beef, beeves                       leaf, leaves                           shelf, shelves
              calf, calves                           life, lives                                thief, thieves
              elf, elves                               loaf, loaves                          wharf, wharves
              half, halves                          self, selves                           wife, wives
              knife, knives                         sheave, sheaves                wolf, wolves

     Other nouns having the same endings add s to the singular.  For example: chief,
chiefs; handkerchief, handkerchiefs; safe, safes; hoof, hoofs.
     Some nouns ending in o add es to form the plural, as potatoes, buffaloes, tomatoes,
echoes, heroes, Negroes, tornadoes, volcanoes, mosquitoes, vetoes.  Others, including
musical terms coming from the Italian add s, as altos, banjos, dominos, halos,
cuckoos, dynamos, folios, pianos, sopranos, solos.
     Some nouns change the vowel to form the plural, as man, men; foot, feet; louse,
lice; tooth, teeth; woman, women; goose, geese.  Exceptions are German, Germans;
Roman, Romans.
     Nouns coming from foreign languages often retain the plural form of the original
language.
   
              alumna, alumnae                                                 matrix, matrices
              alumnus, alumni                                                   focus, foci
              datum, data                                                          monsieur, messieurs
              nebula, nebulae                                                   stratum, strata
              genus, genera                                                      oasis, oases
              larva, larvae                                                           parenthesis, parentheses
              phenomenon, phenomena                                 cherub, cherubim
              memorandum, memoranda                                beau, beaux
              madam, mesdames                                             analysis, analyses
              fungus, fungi                                                          radius, radii

     In compound nouns it is the important word that is made plural:
                 commander-in-chief, commanders-in-chief
                 man-of-war, men-of-war
                 father-in-law, fathers-in-law
                 knight-errant, knights-errant
     Exceptions: Knights Templars; menservants.
     Here are some irregular plurals to study:
                 Miss Farmer, Miss Farmers
                 Miss Farmer, the Misses Farmer
                 Mr. Farmer, Messrs. Farmer
                 Mr. Farmer, the Mr. Farmers
                 Jones, Joneses
                 5, 5's; a, a's
                 Mary, Marys

Exercise 5

     Choose the correct word in these sentences:
        1.  Graduates of a men's college are (alumni, alumnae).
        2.  Nebulae (is, are) observed in the sky.

The Parts of Speech
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        3.  The girl has a (beau, beaux).
        4.  The (altoes, altos) sang well.
        5.  They were (phenomenons, phenomena).
        6.  We heard the (echoes, echos).
        7.  Strata (is, are) found in rocks.
        8.  Give me all the (datums, data).
        9.  We played (dominoes, dominos).
      10.  We drew the (radiuses, radii) of the circle.
      11.  There are three (3s, 3's) in 9.
      12.  Have you invited the (Misses Freeman, Miss Freemans)?
      13.  I met both the (Maries, Marys).
      14.  Both (father-in-laws, fathers-in law) were there.
      15.  We have two (analyses, analysises) of the water.

     Using Nouns and Pronouns.  Nouns may be used in three ways as seen in this 
sentence:
     The man left a book on the boy's desk.  The noun man is the subject of the verb
left.  The noun book tells what he left and is called the object of the verb.  The noun
boy's tells who possesses the desk.  The noun desk is object of the preposition on.  When
nouns are used as subjects they are said to be in the nominative case; when used as
objects, in the objective case; when used to express possession, in the possessive case.
It must not be supposed that every noun following a verb is in the objective case.
If the action in the verb is carried over into the noun, the noun is in the objective
case; but without the carrying over, it is in the nominative case, as in this sentence:
He is the boy.
     Pronouns have the same three cases but the form is different in the different cases
of some pronouns.  Here are some:

                             Nominative            Possessive              Objective

                                  I                              mine                       me
                                  you                         yours                      you
                                  he                           his                          him 
                                  we                          ours                        us
                                  she                         hers                        her
                                  they                        theirs                      them
                                  who                        whose                     whom

     From what has been said about the nominative case following a verb whose action
is not carried over, the correct use of the pronoun is shown in this sentence: It is I
(he, we, she, they).
     Since a preposition is followed by a noun in the objective case, the same would
be true of being followed by a pronoun.  It is correct to say: Divide it between him
and me.


WEBSTER'S
New  AMERICAN
DICTIONARY

COMPLETELY NEW AND UP TO DATE.  PLANNED AND
WRITTEN BY MODERN EDUCATORS AND LEXICOGRAPHERS
ESPECIALLY TO SERVE THE ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS
OF SCHOOL, COLLEGE, AND SELF-EDUCATION AT HOME



Managing Editor
LEWIS M. ADAMS

Editor-in-chief
EDWARD N. TEALL, A.M.

C. RALPH TAYLOR, A.M.,
Author of Self-Education Department and Associate Editor;
Editor "The Home University Encyclopedia," "New American Encyclopedia,"
author of "Vital English"


Simplified Self-Education Treatises on:

GRAMMAR PUNCTUATION VOCABULARY TESTS
WRITING   PRONUNCIATION   WORDS MISPRONOUNCED
SPEAKING CAPITALIZATION  DANGER FLAGS

Illustrated -- Self-Pronouncing -- Synonyms -- Antonyms


This Dictionary is not published by the original pub-
lishers of Webster's Dictionary, or by their successors

1959
B O O K S,   I N C .
NEW  YORK




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