Saturday, July 18, 2015

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BLACKBOARD ANALYSIS. 



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BLACKBOARD ANALYSIS.
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http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/A_Brief_History_of_Ancient_Peoples_v3_1000025458/7


History 1 ot
1 t I a 1 has done It 
eit-i if the n e and 
ffiowlh ot the differeut 
nations which have ex- 
isted, of the deeds of their 
great men, the manners 
;i.nd eiistoms of tlieir peo- 
ples, and the part cath 
nation has taken iu the 
progress of the wiH'id. 
OHEAT HALL OP KAiiBAK, DatoB aTB rcckoned 

from the birth of Christ, 
the central point in iustorj'. Time before tliat event is 
https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt
fliiTRQDTOTlOlj
History 1 ot
t I a 1 has done It eit-i if the n e and ffiowlh ot the differeutnations which have existed, of the deeds of their great men, the manners ;i.nd eiistoms of tlieir peoples, and the part cath nation has taken iu the progress of the wiH'id. DatoB aTB rcckonedfrom the birth of Christ, OHEAT HALL OP KAiiBAK, the central point in iustorj'. Time before tliat event is
http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/A_Brief_History_of_Ancient_Peoples_v3_1000025458/9
10 ANCIENT HISTORY. 

denoted as b. o. ; time after, a. d. {Anno Domini, in the year 
of our Lord).^ 

Three Divisions. — History is distinguished as Ancient, 
MedisBval, and Modern. Ancient history extends from the 
earliest time to the fall of the Roman Empire (476 a. d.) ; 
Mediaeval, or the history of the Middle ages, covers about 
a thousand years, or to the close of the 15th century ; and 
Modem history continues to the present time. 

The only Historic Bace is the Caucasian, the others 
having done little worth recording. It is usually divided 
into three great branches: the Ar'yan, the Semit'ic, and 
the Hamit'ic, The first of these, which includes the Per- 
sians, the Hindoos, and nearly aU the European nations, is 
the one to which we belong. It has always been noted for 
its intellectual vigor. The second embraces the Assyrians, 
the Hebrews, the Phoenicians, and the Arabs. It has been 
marked by religious fervor, and has given to the world the 
three faiths — Jewish, Christian, and Mohammedan — which 
teach the worship of one God. The third branch ^ includes 
the Chaldeans and the Egjrptians. It has been remarkable 
for its massive architecture. 

Ancient Aryan Nation. — ^Asia was probably the birth- 
place of mankind. In a time far back of all history there 
lived in Bactria (map, p. 11) a nation that had made con- 
siderable progress in civilization. The people called them- 

1 Tills raetliod of reckoninp^ was introduced by Exiguus, a Roman abbot, near the 
middle of the 6th century. It is now thought that tlie birth of Clirist occurred about 
four years earlier tlian tlie time fixed in our chronology. The Jews still date from 
the Creation, and the Mohammedans usually from the llegira (p. 326), 622 a. d. 

3 The Chaldeans were a mixed people, and are variously classed as Semitic, ITamitic, 
or Turanian. Those nations of Europe and Asia that are not Aryan or Semitic are 
frequently termed Turanian. This branch would then inclnde the Mongols, Chinese, 
Japanese, Turks, Tartars, r^apps, Finns, Magyars, etc. Iran (e'-rahn), or Aria, the 
old name of Persia (the "land of light"), is opposed toTuran, the barbarous region 
around (the "land of darkness"). The Aryan (Indo-European) and Semitic languages 
have certain resemblances, but the so-called Turanian dialects bear little resemblance 
to one another. 
https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt
10 ANCIENT HISTORY.denoted as b. o. ; time after, a. d. {Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord).^
Three Divisions. " History is distinguished as Ancient,MedisBval, and Modern. Ancient history extends from the earliest time to the fall of the Roman Empire (476 a. d.) ;Mediaeval, or the history of the Middle ages, covers about a thousand years, or to the close of the 15th century; and Modem history continues to the present time.
The only Historic Bace is the Caucasian, the others having done little worth recording. It is usually divided into three great branches: the Ar'yan, the Semit'ic, and the Hamit'ic, The first of these, which includes the Persians, the Hindoos, and nearly aUthe European nations, is the one to which we belong. It has always been noted for its intellectual vigor. The second embraces the Assyrians, the Hebrews, the Phoenicians, and the Arabs. It has been marked by religious fervor, and has given to the world the three faiths " Jewish, Christian, and Mohammedan " which teach the worship of one God. The third branch ^ includes the Chaldeans and the Egjrptians. It has been remarkable for its massive architecture.
Ancient Aryan Nation. " ^Asia was probably the birthplace of mankind. In a time far back of all history there lived in Bactria(map, p. 11) a nation that had made considerable progress in civilization. The people called them-
1 Tills raetliod of reckoninp^ was introduced by Exiguus, a Roman abbot, near the middle of the 6th century. It is now thought that tlie birth of Clirist occurred about four years earliertlian tlie time fixed in our chronology. The Jews still date from the Creation, and the Mohammedans usually from the llegira (p. 326), 622 a. d. 3 The Chaldeans were a mixed people, and are variously classed as Semitic, ITamitic, or Turanian. Those nations of Europe and Asia that are not Aryan or Semitic are frequently termed Turanian. This branch would then inclnde the Mongols, Chinese, Japanese, Turks, Tartars, r^apps, Finns, Magyars, etc. Iran (e'-rahn), or Aria, the old name of Persia (the "land of light"), is opposed toTuran, the barbarous region around (the "land of darkness"). The Aryan (Indo-European) and Semitic languages have certain resemblances, but the so-called Turanian dialects bear little resemblance to one another.

APA:   (2013). pp. 11-2. A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners (Vol. 3). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1881) MLA:   A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners. Vol. 3. 1881. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. 11-2. Print.
12 ANCIENT HISTORY. 

selves Aryas or Aryans, — those who go straight or upward. 
They dwelt in houses, plowed the soil, ground their grain 
in mills, rode in vehicles, worked certain metals, calcu- 
lated up to 100, and had family ties, a government, and a 
religion.^ 

Aryan Dispersion. — How long our Aryan forefathers 
lived united in their early home, we have no means of know- 
ing. As they increased in numbers, they would naturally 
begin to separate. When they moved into distant regions, 
the bond of union would become weaker, their language 
would begin to vary, and so the seeds of new tongues and 
new nations would be sown. To the south-east these Aryan 
emigrants pushed into Persia and northern India; to the 
west they gradually passed into Europe, whence, in a later 
age, they settled Australia and America. In general, they 
drove before them the previous occupants of the land. The 
peninsulas of Greece and Italy were probably eai*liest occu- 
pied. Three successive waves of emigration seem to have 
afterward swept over central Europe. First came the Celts 
(Kelts), then the Teutons (Germans), and finally the Slaves.^ 
Each of these appears to have crowded the preceding one 
farther west, as we now find the Celts in Ireland and Wales, 
and the Slaves in Russia and Poland. 



1 These views are based on similarities of langnage. Abont 600,000,000 people— half 
the population of the globe— speak Aryan languages. These contain many words 
which have a family likeness. Thus, night, in Latin, is noet; in German, naeht; and 
in Greek, nykt. TTiree,in Latin, is tresf in Greek, treis ; and in Sanscrit (the ancient 
language of the Hindoos), tri. All such words are supposed to have belonged to one 
original speech, and to suggest the life of that parent race. Thus we infer that the 
Aryans had a regular government, since words meaning king or ruler are the 
same in Sanscrit, Latin, and English ; and that they had a family life, since the words 
meaning father, mother, brother, sister, etc., are the same in these kindred tongues. 
Some recent theories discredit successive western migrations, place the primitive 
Aryan home in Europe, and argue that the Indo-Iranians emigrated from Europe 
to Asia. 

s This word originally meant " glorious," but came to have its present signification 
because at one time there were in Europe so many bondsmen of Slavonic birth. 
12 ANCIENT HISTORY.selves Aryas or Aryans, " those who go straight or upward. They dwelt in houses, plowed the soil, ground their grain in mills, rode in vehicles, worked certain metals, calculated up to 100, and had family ties, a government, and a religion.^
Aryan Dispersion. " How long our Aryan forefathers lived united in their early home, we have no means of knowing. As they increased in numbers, they would naturally begin to separate. When they moved into distant regions, the bond of union would become weaker, their language would begin to vary, and so the seeds of new tongues and new nations would be sown. To the south-east these Aryan emigrants pushed into Persia and northern India; to the west they gradually passed into Europe, whence, in a later age, they settled Australia and America. In general, they drove before them the previous occupants of the land. The peninsulas of Greece and Italy were probably eai*liest occupied. Three successive waves of emigration seem to have afterward swept over central Europe. First came the Celts (Kelts), then the Teutons (Germans), and finally the Slaves.^ Each of these appears to have crowded the preceding one farther west, as we now find the Celts in Ireland and Wales, and the Slaves in Russia and Poland.
1 These views are based on similarities of langnage. Abont600,000,000 people" half the population of the globe" speak Aryan languages. These contain many words which have a family likeness. Thus, night, in Latin, is noet; in German, naeht;and in Greek, nykt. TTiree,in Latin, is tresf in Greek, treis ; and in Sanscrit (the ancient language of the Hindoos), tri. All such words are supposed to have belonged to one original speech, and to suggest the life of that parent race. Thus we infer that the Aryans had a regular government, since words meaning king or ruler are the same in Sanscrit, Latin, and English; and that they had a family life, since the words meaning father, mother, brother, sister, etc., are the same in these kindred tongues. Some recent theories discredit successive western migrations, place the primitive Aryan home in Europe, and argue that theIndo-Iranians emigrated from Europe to Asia.
s This word originally meant " glorious," but came to have its present signification because at one time there were in Europe so many bondsmen of Slavonic birth.

APA:   (2013). pp. 13-4. A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners (Vol. 3). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1881) MLA:   A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners. Vol. 3. 1881. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. 13-4. Print.
INTRODUCTION. 



13 



The following table shows the principal peoples which have 
descended from the ancient races : — 



1. HAMITIG BACB 



2. SEMITIC BACE. 



I 



3. ABTAN BACE. ^ 



E0TPTIAN8. 

Chaldeans (1). 

A88YUIAN8. 
PIKENICIANB. 
HKUKEW8. 
ARABS. 



MEDE8 AND PERSIANS. 
HINDOOS. 



O KEEKS. 



« I Italians. 

I ROMANS . . i spauiards. 

Portuguese. 



Celts 



Teutons 



Slaves . 



French. 



Romanic {Romance) 
Peoplet. 



• • • 



Welsli. 
Irish. 

Highland Scots. 
Britons. 

Germans. 

Dutch. 

English. 

Swedes. 

Danes. 

Norwegians. 

Russians. 
Poles. 
Serbs. 
Bohemians. 



Commencemeiit of Civil History. — History begins 
on the banks of the Nile, the Tigris, and the Euphrates.^ 
There the rich alluvial soil, the genial climate, and the abun- 
dant natural products of the earth, offered every inducement 



1 "The Nile valley and the Tigris- Euphrates basin were two great oases in the 
vast desert which extended from west to east very nearly across the eastern hemi- 
sphere. These favored spots were not only the twd centers of early civilization, but 
they were rivals of each other. They were connecteil by roads fit for the passage of 
vast armies. Whenever there was an energetic ruler along the Nile or the Tigris- 
Euphrates, he at once, as if by an inevitable law, attempted the conquest of his com- 
petitor for the control of western Asia. In fact, the history of ancient as well as 
modem Asia is little more than one continuous record of political struggles between 
Egypt and Mesopotamia, ending only when Europe entered the lists, as in the time 
of Alexander the Great and the Crusaders." 
https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt
INTRODUCTION.
The following table shows the principal peoples which have descended from the ancient races: " 1. HAMITIG BACB IE0TPTIAN8. Chaldeans (1).
2. SEMITIC BACE. PIKENICIANB. HKUKEW8.
3. ABTAN BACE. ^ A88YUIAN8.
ARABS.
MEDE8 AND PERSIANS.
HINDOOS.
O KEEKS. " I ROMANS. .
I Italians. i spauiards. Portuguese. French.
Teutons " Slaves .
Romanic {Romance) Peoplet.
Welsli. Irish. Highland Scots. Britons.
Germans. Dutch. English. Swedes. Danes. Norwegians.
Russians. Poles. Serbs. Bohemians.
Commencemeiit of Civil History. " History begins on the banks of the Nile, the Tigris, and the Euphrates.^ There the rich alluvial soil, the genial climate, and the abundant natural products of the earth, offered every inducement 1 "The Nile valley and the TigrisEuphrates basin were two great oases in the vast desert which extended from west to east very nearly across the eastern hemisphere. These favored spots were not only the twd centers of early civilization, but they were rivals of each other. They were connecteil by roads fit for the passage of vast armies. Whenever there was an energetic ruler along the Nile or the Tigris Euphrates, he at once, as if by an inevitable law, attempted the conquest of his competitor for the control of western Asia. In fact, the history of ancient as well as modem Asia is little more than one continuous record of political struggles between Egypt and Mesopotamia, ending only when Europe entered the lists, as in the time of Alexander the Great and the Crusaders."
missing pages 14 and 15 on-line
epoch the princi- 
pal interest clmout the IV"' or 
Pyramid djTiasty, 
so called because its 
eliief monarchs built 
the three great pyra- 
mids at Gizeh (ghe'- 
zeh). The best- 
known of these kings 
was Kbu'fu, termed 
Chfops (ke'-ops) by 
Herodotus. In time, 
Egj'pt broke up into 
kingdoms, Memphis 
lost its preeminence, 
and Thebes became 
the favorite capital. 
2. The Middle 
Empire (2080 b. c- 
1525 B. c.).— Wien 
the hundred-gated 
city, Thebes, rose to 
sovereign power, a 
new epoch began in Egyptian history. The Xn"" dynasty 
claimed all the district watered by the Nile, and under its rtJlRr over awo roars-ftom 570! n. c. to Siwi 


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https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt
epoch the principal interest clm"ters al"out the IV"' or PyramiddjTiasty, so called because its eliief monarchs built the three great pyramids at Gizeh (ghe' zeh). The best known of these kings was Kbu'fu, termedChfops (ke'-ops) by Herodotus. In time, Egj'pt broke up into kingdoms, Memphis lost its preeminence, and Thebes became the favorite capital. 2. The Middle Empire (2080 b. c 1525 B. c.)." Wien the hundred-gated city, Thebes, rose to sovereign power, a new epoch began in Egyptian history. The Xn""dynasty claimed all the district watered by the Nile, and under its DOlog)-" hM been lollon

APA:   (2013). pp. 15-6. A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners (Vol. 3). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1881) MLA:   A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners. Vol. 3. 1881. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. 15-6. Print.
THE POLITICAL HISTORY 17 

great Mngs, the Sesorta'sens and the Avnenem'hes, Ethiopia 
was conquered. To this dynasty belong the famous Lake 
Moeris and the Labyrinth (p. 39). The briUiant XIP»* 
dynasty was followed by the weak XIII*^. The divided 
country invited attack, and the Hyksos (" shepherd kings''), 
a rude, barbarous race that had already conquered Lower 
Egypt, finally overran the whole region, and ruled it for 400 
years. When at last they were di'iven out, they left to 
Egjrpt a strong, centralized government. 

3. The New Empire (1525-527 b. c.).— The native 
kings having been restored to the throne, Egypt became a 
united people, with Thebes for the capital Then followed 
a true national life of 1000 years. The XVIIP" and XIX*^ 
dynasties exalted Egypt to the height of its glory. Thoth- 
mes I. (tot'-meez) began a system of great Asiatic expedi- 
tions, which lasted 500 years. Thothme^ 1 11.,^ the Egyptian 
Alexander the Great, was a magnificent warrior-king In 
the sculptures, Nineveh and Babylon pay him tribute; 
while his ships, manned by Phoenician sailors, sweep the 
Mediterranean. The Great Temple of Karnak (p. 2G) was 
largely built by him. Am'unoph III. was also a famous war- 
rior and builder. Among his structures there remains the 
Vocal Memnon, which was said to sing when kissed by the 
rising sun. Khti-en-A'ten, the heretic king, rejected the The- 
ban gods for the one-god {A ten) sun-worship of his foreign 
mother. He founded a new ca2)ital (now Tel-el-Amarna 
ruins), but neither capital nor religion long survived him. 
Seti (Mineptah I.) subdued Mesopotamia, and built the Great 
Hall of Columns at Karnak. At an early age his son, 

1 In 1881, between 30 and 40 royal nmnimiee, Incliirtiiig those of Tliotlnnes III.. 
Seti I.^and RameseH 11., wer« found in a concealed niunitiiy pit near Thebes. The 
official records on the c.".aes and bandages show that these precious relics had been 
moved from tomb to t-onib, probably for safety, until at some crisis they had been 
harriedly deposited here. The great Kameses had thus been shifted many times, 
https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt
THE POLITICAL HISTORY
great Mngs, the Sesorta'sens and the Avnenem'hes, Ethiopia was conquered. To this dynasty belong the famous Lake Moerisand the Labyrinth (p. 39). The briUiant XIP"* dynasty was followed by the weak XIII*^. The divided country invited attack, and the Hyksos (" shepherd kings''), a rude, barbarous race that had already conquered Lower Egypt, finally overran the whole region, and ruled it for 400 years. When at last they were di'iven out, they left to Egjrpt a strong, centralized government.
3. The New Empire (1525-527 b. c.)." The native kings having been restored to the throne, Egypt became a united people, with Thebes for the capital Then followed a true national life of 1000 years. The XVIIP" and XIX*^ dynasties exalted Egypt to the height of its glory. Thoth-
mes I. (tot'-meez) began a system of great Asiatic expedi-
tions, which lasted 500 years. Thothme^ 1 11.,^ the Egyptian Alexander the Great, was a magnificent warrior-king In the sculptures, Nineveh and Babylon pay him tribute; while his ships, manned by Phoenician sailors, sweep the Mediterranean. The Great Temple of Karnak (p. 2G) was largely built by him.Am'unoph III. was also a famous warrior and builder. Among his structures there remains the Vocal Memnon, which was said to sing when kissed by the rising sun. Khti-en-A'ten, the heretic king, rejected the The ban gods for the one-god {A ten) sun-worship of his foreign mother. He founded a new ca2)ital (nowTel-el-Amarna ruins), but neither capital nor religion long survived him.
Seti (Mineptah I.) subdued Mesopotamia, and built the Great
Hall of Columns at Karnak. At an early age his son,
1 In 1881, between 30 and 40 royal nmnimiee, Incliirtiiig those of Tliotlnnes III.. Seti I.^and RameseH 11., wer" found in a concealed niunitiiy pit near Thebes. The official records on thec.".aes and bandages show that these precious relics had been moved from tomb to t-onib, probably for safety, until at some crisis they had been harriedly deposited here. The greatKameses had thus been shifted many times,
18 EGYPT. 

Bam'eses 11., was made joint king with him, and they reigned 
together until Mineptah's death. Rameses II., the Sesostris 
the Great of the Greek historians, carried his conquering 
arms far into Africa. The greatest builder^ of aU the 
Pharaohs, his gigantic enterprises exhausted the nation. 
Annual slave-hunting expeditions were made into Ethiopia j 
prisoners of war were lashed into service ; and the hves of 
the unhappy Hebrews were made " bitter with hard bondage, 
in mortal*, and in brick'' (Exod. i. 14). He founded a hbrary 
inscribed " The Dispensary of the Soul," and gathered about 
him many men of genius, making his time a golden .age of 
art and literature. 

The Decline of Egypt began with the XX"' dynasty, 
when it was no longer able to retain its vast cou(j[uests. The 
tributary peoples revolted, and the country was subdued in 
turn by the Etliiopians and the Assyrians (p. 49). After 
nearly a century of foreign rule, Psammetichns of the XXVI"' 
dynasty threw off the Assyrian yoke, and restored the Egyp- 
tian independence. This monarch, by employing Greek 



only to IaD(l at last in tlie Oizeli museum, where "his uncovered face now lies for 
the whole world to ga^e upon." In I8UI, over 60 nninmiies of the same peri(Ki 
(XVII^ to XXI't dynasties) were found in another tomb near tlie first These Iiad 
escaped the eyes of modern trafficking? tliieves, and were found as they weie left over 
3000 years ago In is\fl, Khuen-Aten's tomb was uncovere
https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt
p.18
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APA:   (2013). pp. 17-8. A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners (Vol. 3). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1881) MLA:   A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners. Vol. 3. 1881. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. 17-8. Print.
THE CIVILIZATION. 19 

troops, SO offended the native warriors that 200,000 of them 
mutinied, and emigrated to Ethiopia. His successor, Necho 
(Pharaoh-Necho of the Scriptures), maintained a powerful 
fleet. Under his orders the Phoenician ships rounded the 
Cape of Good Hope.^ 

The internal prosperity of Egypt still continued, as is 
shown by the magnificent monuments of this period j but 
the army was filled with mercenaries, and the last of the 
Pharaohs fell an easy prey to the fierce-fighting Persians 
under Cambyses. Egypt, like Babylon (p. 51), was now 
reduced to a Persian province governed by a satrap. 

2. THE CIVILIZATION. 

Egyptian Society was divided into distinct classes, so that 
ordinarily no man could rise higher than the station in which 
he was born.2 The priestly and military classes, which included 
the king, princes, and all men of rank, were far above the others. 

The King received the most exalted titles, and his authority was 
supposed to come direct from the gods. The courtiers, on approach- 
ing him, fell prostrate, rubbing the ground with their noses ; some- 
times, by his gracious consent, they were permitted to touch his 
sacred knee.^ That he might be kept pure, he was given from 
childhood only the choicest and most virtuous companions, and no 

. 1 Twice during this voyage, says Herodotus, the crews, fearing a want of food, 
landed, drew their sliips on shore, sowed grain, and waited for a harvest. The pupil 
will notice that this was over 2000 years before Vasco da Oama (Hist. U. S., p. 41), to 
whom is generally accorded the credit of first circumnavigating Africa. 

2 There seems to have been an exception in favor of talented scribes. " Neither 
descent nor family hampered the rising career of the clever. Many a monument con- 
secrated to the memory of some nobleman who had held high rank at court has the 
simple but laudatory inscription, ' His ancestors were unknown people.' "—Brugtch. 
Royal preferment was also without restriction. 

8 "When they had come before the king, their noses touched the gfronnt'. «"<' 
their feet lay on the ground for Joy; they fell down to the ground, and with their 
hands they prayed to the king. Thus they lay prostrate and toucliing the earth 
before the king, speaking thus: ' We are come before thee, the lord of heaven, lord 
of the earth, sun, life of the whole world, lord of time, creator of the harvest, dis- 
penser of breath to all men. animator of the gods, pillar of heaven, threshold of the 
earth, weigher of the balance of the two worlds,'" etc. (Inscription of Rameses II. 
at AbyduH). 
https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt
THE CIVILIZATION.
troops, SO offended the native warriors that 200,000 of them mutinied, and emigrated to Ethiopia. His successor, Necho (Pharaoh-Necho of the Scriptures), maintained a powerful fleet. Under his orders the Phoenician ships rounded the Cape of Good Hope.^
The internal prosperity of Egypt still continued, as is shown by the magnificent monuments of this period j but the army was filled with mercenaries, and the last of the Pharaohs fell an easy prey to the fierce-fighting Persians under Cambyses.Egypt, like Babylon (p. 51), was now reduced to a Persian province governed by a satrap.
2. THE CIVILIZATION.
Egyptian Society was divided into distinct classes, so that ordinarily no man could rise higher than the station in which he was born.2 The priestly and military classes, which included the king, princes, and all men of rank, were far above the others.
The King received the most exalted titles, and his authority was supposed to come direct from the gods. The courtiers, on approaching him, fell prostrate, rubbing the ground with their noses; sometimes, by his gracious consent, they were permitted to touch his sacred knee.^ That he might be kept pure, he was given from childhood only the choicest and most virtuous companions, and no 1 Twice during this voyage, says Herodotus, the crews, fearing a want of food, landed, drew their sliips on shore, sowed grain, and waited for a harvest. The pupil will notice that this was over 2000 years before Vasco daOama (Hist. U. S., p. 41), to whom is generally accorded the credit of first circumnavigating Africa.
2 There seems to have been an exception in favor of talented scribes. " Neither descent nor family hampered the rising career of the clever. Many a monument consecrated to the memory of some nobleman who had held high rank at court has the simple but laudatory inscription, ' His ancestors were unknown people.'""Brugtch.
Royal preferment was also without restriction.
8 "When they had come before the king, their noses touched thegfronnt'. """' their feet lay on the ground for Joy; they fell down to the ground, and with their hands they prayed to the king. Thus they lay prostrate and toucliing the earth before the king, speaking thus: ' We are come before thee, the lord of heaven, lord of the earth, sun, life of the whole world, lord of time, creator of the harvest, dispenser of breath to all men. animator of the gods, pillar of heaven, threshold of the earth, weigher of the balance of the two worlds,'" etc. (Inscription of Rameses II. at AbyduH).
APA:   (2013). pp. 19-20. A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners (Vol. 3). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1881) MLA:   A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners. Vol. 3. 1881. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. 19-20. Print.
hired serTOnt wag ^owed to approach his person. His daily con- 
duct was governed by a code of rules laid down in the sacred 
books, which prescribed not only the hourly order and natare of 
his occupations, but limited even the kind and quantity of his 
food. He was never suffered to forget his obligations j and one 
of the offices of the High Priest at the daily sacrifice was to remind 
him of his duties, and, by citing the good works of his ancestors, 
to impress upon him the nobility of a well-ordered life. After 
death he was worshiped with the godfi 

l%e Priests were the richest. *'a\, most powerful, and the only 
learned body of the country Thev were not limited to sacred 
ofSces and m their caste comprised all 
the mathematicians, scientists, lawyers, 
and physicians of the land. Those 
pnestewho escelledin virtue and wis- 
dom were initiated into the holymya- 
tertes —a privilege which they shared 
only with the king and the pnnee- royal. 
Among the priesthood, as in the other 
classes there were marked distinctions 
of rank The High Priests held the 
most honorable station. Chief among 
them was the Prophet, who offered 
sacrifice and libation in the temple, 
wearing as his insignia a leopard-skin 
over his robes. The king himself oft«n 
performed the duties of this office. The 
religious observances of the priests were 
rigid. They had long fasts, bathed 
twice a day and twice in the night, and 
every third day were shaven from head to foot, the most devout 
using waterwhich had been tasted by the sacred Ibis. Beans, pork, 
fish, onions, and various other articles of diet, were forbidden to 
them ; and on certain days, when a religious ceremony compelled 
every Egyptian to eat a fried fish before his door, the priests burned 
theirs instead. Their dress was of linen : woolen might be used for 
an outer, but never for an inner garment, nor could it be worn into 
a temple. The influence of the priests was immense, since they not 
only ruled the living, but were supposed to have powerto open and 
shut the gates of eternal bliss to the dead. They received an ample 
income from the state, and had one third of the land free of tax, — 
https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt
hired serTOnt wag ^owed to approach his person. His daily conduct was governed by a code of rules laid down in the sacred books, which prescribed not only the hourly order andnatare of his occupations, but limited even the kind and quantity of his food. He was never suffered to forget his obligations jand one of the offices of the High Priest at the daily sacrifice was to remind him of his duties, and, by citing the good works of his ancestors, to impress upon him the nobility of a well-ordered life. After death he was worshiped with the godfi
l%e Priests were the richest. *'a\, most powerful, and the only learned body of the country Thev were not limited to sacredofSces and m their caste comprised all the mathematicians, scientists, lawyers, and physicians of the land. Thosepnestewho escelledin virtue and wisdom were initiated into theholymya-
tertes "a privilege which they shared only with the king and thepnnee- royal. Among the priesthood, as in the other classes there were marked distinctions of rank The High Priests held the most honorable station. Chief among them was the Prophet, who offered sacrifice and libation in the temple, wearing as his insignia a leopard-skin over his robes. The king himself oft"nperformed the duties of this office. The religious observances of the priests were rigid. They had long fasts, bathed twice a day and twice in the night, and every third day were shaven from head to foot, the most devout using waterwhich had been tasted by the sacred Ibis. Beans, pork, fish, onions, and various other articles of diet, were forbidden to them; and on certain days, when a religious ceremony compelled every Egyptian to eat a fried fish before his door, the priests burned theirs instead. Their dress was of linen: woolen might be used for an outer, but never for an inner garment, nor could it be worn into a temple. The influence of the priests was immense, since they not only ruled the living, but were supposed to have powerto open and shut the gates of eternal bliss to the dead. They received an ample income from the state, and had one third of the land free of tax, "
THE CIVILIZATION. 21 

a special gift from the god- 

Tke Military Class also possessed one third o£ the land, each 
soldier's share being about eight acres. Thearmy, which numbered 
410,000 men, was well disciplined and thoroughly orgaoized. It 
comprised archers, spearmen, swordsmen, clubmen, and sliagers. 
Each soldier furnished his own equipments, and held himself in 
constant readiness for duty. He wore a metal coat of mail and a 
metal or cloth faelmet, and carried a large shield made of oz-hide 
drawn over a wooden frame. The chariots, of which great use was 




made in war, were sometimes richly ornamented and inlaid with 
gold. The king led the army, and was often accompanied by a 
favorite lion. 

Lower Classes.— &]1 the free population not belonging to the 
priesthood or the military was arbitrarily classified ; each trade or 
occupation having its own rank in the social scale, and inhabiting 
a certain quarter in the town, — a custom still observed in Cairo. 
Scribes and architects, whose profession gave them access to 
temples and palaces, and who had thus a chance to win royal favor, 
naturally stood h^hest. Swine-herds were the most despised of all 
men ; the Egyptian, like the Hebrew, Mohammedan, and Indian, 
considering the pig an unclean animal. Swine-herds were forbid- 
den to enter a temple. As the entire land of Egypt was owned by 
https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt
THE CIVILIZATION.
a special gift from the god-
Tke Military Class also possessed one third o" the land, each soldier's share being about eight acres. Thearmy, which numbered 410,000 men, was well disciplined and thoroughlyorgaoized. It comprised archers, spearmen, swordsmen, clubmen, and sliagers. Each soldier furnished his own equipments, and held himself in constant readiness for duty. He wore a metal coat of mail and a metal or cloth faelmet, and carried a large shield made of oz-hide drawn over a wooden frame. The chariots, of which great use was made in war, were sometimes richly ornamented and inlaid with gold. The king led the army, and was often accompanied by a favorite lion.
Lower Classes." "]1 the free population not belonging to the priesthood or the military was arbitrarily classified; each trade or occupation having its own rank in the social scale, and inhabiting a certain quarter in the town, " a custom still observed in Cairo. Scribes and architects, whose profession gave them access to temples and palaces, and who had thus a chance to win royal favor, naturally stood h^hest. Swine-herds were the most despised of all men; the Egyptian, like the Hebrew, Mohammedan, and Indian, considering the pig an unclean animal. Swine-herds were forbidden to enter a temple. As the entire land of Egypt was owned by
2 EGYPT. 

the king, the priests, and the soldiers, the lower classes could hold 
no real estate; but they had strongly marked degrees of importance, 
depending upon the relative rank of the trade to which they were 
bom, and their business success. According to Herodotus, no 
artisan could engage in any other employment than the one to 
which he had been brought up. He also tells us that every noAn 
was obUged to have some regular means of subsistence, a written 
declaration of which was deposited periodically with the magis- 
trate. A false account or an unlawful business was punished by 
death. 

Writing. — Hieroglyphics'^ (sacred sculptures). — The earhest 
Egyptian writing was a series of object pictures analogous to that 
still used by the North American Indians (Brief Hist. U. S., p. 13). 

♦ _^-^ ^ Gradually this primitive system 

^^f ife. ^t 1^, 1^^ was altered and abbreviated into 
• ^ • # ^ ^^ (1) hieratic (priestly) writing, 
THK NAME OF EGYPT IN tho form in which most Egyp- 

HiEKOGLYPHicB. tlau litcraturc is written, and 

which is read by first resolving it into the original hieroglyphs ; and 
(2) demotic (writing of the people), in which all traces of the original 
pictures are lost. During these changes many meanings became 
attached to one sign, so that the same hieroglyph might represent 
an idea , the symbol of an idea, or an abstract letter, syllable, or word. 
An Egyptian scribe used various devices to explain his meaning. 
To a hieroglyphic word or syllable he would append one or more 
of its letters ; then, as the letter-signs had different meanings, he 

> So called by the Greeks, who thought tliem to be mystic religious symbols 
unnerstood ouly by the priests. Neither the Greeks nor Romans attempted to 
decipher them. The discovery of the Rosetta stone (1799) furnished the first clew to 
their reading. A French en^^ineer, while digging intrenchments on the site of an old 
temple near the Rosetta mouth of the Nile (Brief Hist. France, p. 229), unearthed 
a black basalt tablet inscribed in three languages,— hieroglyphic, demotic, and 
Greek. It proved to be a decree made by the priests in the time of Ptolemy V. 
(196 B. c), wliom it styled the "god Epiphanes,*' increasing his divine honors, and 
ordering that the command should be engraved in the three languages, and placed in 
all the chief temples. By a comparison of the Greek and Egyptian texts, a principle 
of interpretation was finally established. Hieroglyphics had hitherto been supposed 
to represent only ideas or symbols. Twenty-three years after the discovery of the 
Rov. % st
https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt
22 EGYPT.
the king, the priests, and the soldiers, the lower classes could hold no real estate; but they had strongly marked degrees of importance, depending upon the relative rank of the trade to which they were bom, and their business success. According to Herodotus, no artisan could engage in any other employment than the one to which he had been brought up. He also tells us that every noAn was obUged to have some regular means of subsistence, a written declaration of which was deposited periodically with the magistrate. A false account or an unlawful business was punished by death.
Writing. " Hieroglyphics'^ (sacred sculptures). " The earhestEgyptian writing was a series of object pictures analogous to that still used by the North American Indians (Brief Hist. U. S.,p. 13). " _^-^ ^ ^^f ife. ^t 1^, 1^^ was altered and abbreviated into " ^ " # ^ ^^ (1) hieratic (priestly) writing, Gradually this primitive system THK NAME OF EGYPT INHiEKOGLYPHicB.
tho form in which most Egyp tlau litcraturc is written, and which is read by first resolving it into the original hieroglyphs; and (2) demotic (writing of the people), in which all traces of the original pictures are lost. During these changes many meanings became attached to one sign, so that the same hieroglyph might represent an idea, the symbol of an idea, or an abstract letter, syllable, or word. An Egyptian scribe used various devices to explain his meaning. To a hieroglyphic word or syllable he would append one or more of its letters; then, as the letter-signs had different meanings, he " So called by the Greeks, who thought tliem to be mystic religious symbolsunnerstood ouly by the priests. Neither the Greeks nor Romans attempted to decipher them. The discovery of the Rosetta stone (1799) furnished the first clew to their reading. A Frenchen^^ineer, while digging intrenchments on the site of an old temple near the Rosetta mouth of the Nile (Brief Hist. France, p. 229), unearthed a black basalt tablet inscribed in three languages," hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek. It proved to be a decree made by the priests in the time of Ptolemy V. (196 B. c), wliom it styled the "god Epiphanes,*' increasing his divine honors, and ordering that the command should be engraved in the three languages, and placed in all the chief temples. By a comparison of the Greek and Egyptian texts, a principle of interpretation was finally established. Hieroglyphics had hitherto been supposed to represent only ideas or symbols. Twenty-three years after the discovery of the Rov. % st"me, the great French scholar Fran9ois Champollion announced that theyexpreiia ooth ideas and sounds. The Egyptians inclosed their royal names and titles in an oval ring or cartouch. Out of the four cartouches, ^^^Sl^^tiTI P^^l^^raaios,
fen-*V"J Berenike,
C^^ft"1t^V%1 Kleopatra. and Qk^^^^H^
Alexandnts, Champollion obtained a partial alphabet, which way completed by subsequent analyses.

APA:   (2013). pp. 21-2. A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners (Vol. 3). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1881) MLA:   A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners. Vol. 3. 1881. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. 21-2. Print.
THE CIVILIZATION. 23 

would add a picture of some object that would suggest the intended 

idea. Thus, for the word bread "^^ ^ he would write the 

syllable ^^ (jq) then its complement "^ W and finally, as 
a determinative, give the picture of a loaf ( «^ ). One would 
suppose that the form of the loaf would itself have been suf&cient, 
but even that had several mterpretations. In like manner the 

scribe appended the determinative Jk not only to words sig- 
nifying actions of the mouth, as eating^ laughing, speaking, etc., but 
to those of the thought, as knotving, judging, deciding. To under- 
stand hieroglyphics, a knowledge of the peculiar ideas of the Egyp- 
tians is also necessary. It is easy to see that ^5l means worship, 

and ^S| crime; but we should hardly interpret ^^ as son, 

or jl as mother, unless we knew that geese were believed to 

possess a warm filial nature, and all vultures to be females. Besides 
these and other complications in hieroglyphic writing, there was no 
uniform way of arranging sentences. They were written both hori- 
zontally and perpendicularly ; sometimes part of a sentence was 
placed one way, and part the other; sometimes the words read from 
right to left, sometimes from left to right, and sometimes they were 
scattered about within a given space without any apparent order. 

Papyrus, — Books were written and government records kept on 
papyrus 1 (hence, paper) rolls. These were generally about ten 
inches wide and often one hundred and fifty feet long. They were 
written upon with a frayed reed dipped into black or red ink. As 
the government had the monopoly of the papyrus, it was very costly. 

1 The papyrus, or paper reed, which floiirislied in ancient times so luxuriantly that 
it formed Jungles along the banks of the Nile, is no longer found in Egypt. ("The 
paper reeds by the brooks, by the mouth of the brooks, . . . shall wither, be driven 
away, and be no more."— Isa. xix. 7.) It had a large, three-sided, tapering stem, two 
to three inches broad at the base. The reed was prepared for use by peeling oft' the 
smooth bark, and cutting the inner mass of white pith lengthways into thin slices, 
which were laid side by side with their edges touching one another. A Hecond layer 
having been placed transversely up
https://archive.org/stream/abriefhistoryan00steegoog/abriefhistoryan00steegoog_djvu.txt
THE CIVILIZATION.
would add a picture of some object that would suggest the intended idea. Thus, for the word bread "^^ ^ he would write the syllable ^^ (jq) then its complement "^ W and finally, as a determinative, give the picture of a loaf ( "^ ). One would suppose that the form of the loaf would itself have beensuf"cient, but even that had several mterpretations. In like manner the scribe appended the determinative Jk not only to words signifying actions of the mouth, as eating^ laughing, speaking, etc., but to those of the thought, as knotving, judging, deciding. To understand hieroglyphics, a knowledge of the peculiar ideas of the Egyptians is also necessary. It is easy to see that ^5l means worship, and ^S| crime; but we should hardly interpret ^^ as son, or jl as mother, unless we knew that geese were believed to possess a warm filial nature, and all vultures to be females. Besides these and other complications in hieroglyphic writing, there was no uniform way of arranging sentences. They were written both horizontally and perpendicularly; sometimes part of a sentence was placed one way, and part the other; sometimes the words read from right to left, sometimes from left to right, and sometimes they were scattered about within a given space without any apparent order.
Papyrus, " Books were written and government records kept on papyrus 1 (hence, paper) rolls. These were generally about ten inches wide and often one hundred and fifty feet long. They were written upon with a frayed reed dipped into black or red ink. As the government had the monopoly of the papyrus, it was very costly.
1 The papyrus, or paper reed, which floiirislied in ancient times so luxuriantly that it formed Jungles along the banks of the Nile, is no longer found in Egypt. ("The paper reeds by the brooks, by the mouth of the brooks,. .. shall wither, be driven away, and be no more."" Isa. xix. 7.) It had a large, three-sided, tapering stem, two to three inches broad at the base. The reed was prepared for use by peeling oft' the smooth bark, and cutting the inner mass of white pith lengthways into thin slices, which were laid side by side with their edges touching one another. AHecond layer having been placed transversely up"m the first, and the whole sprinkled wjtl^X^e maddy Nile water, a heavy press was applied which united them into one ni,.yia. It was then dried, and cut into sheets of the required size. Papyrus was in use until the end of the 7th century a. d.. when it was superseded by parchment (prepared skins). The latter was alr,oused in Egypt at a very early perio"l ; and though it is generally supposed to have been invented by Eumenes, King ofPerjramus, in the 2d century B. C, "records written upon skins and kept in the temple " are mentioned in the time ol the XVIII"' dynasty, 1200 years before Eumenes (p. 156).
APA:   (2013). pp. 23-4. A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners (Vol. 3). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published 1881) MLA:   A Brief History of Ancient Peoples: With an Account of Their Monuments, Literature, and Manners. Vol. 3. 1881. Reprint. London: Forgotten Books, 2013. 23-4. Print.

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TX 930.2 .S814 

Steele, Joel Dorman, 

Brief history of arcieni peoples ■ *im 




BARNES ONE-TERM SERIES 



A BRIEF HISTORY 



ANCIENT PEOPLES 



JOEL DORMAN STEELE, Ph.D., P.G.8. 
ESTHKlt BAKEIi STEELE, Lit.D. 

DEPAETMENT OF EDUOATIOK 
LELAND STANFOSD JUNIOS UNIYESSITT 




NEW YORK ■ : ■ CINCINNATI ■ : ■ CHICAGO 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 



aAND STANFORD JR. UNIVERSIVf. 

C 

BARNES BRIEF HISTORY SERIES, 
12M0. Illustrated. 

Bt Joel Dobman Steele and Esther B. Bteele. 



BARNES BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATEP, 

FOtt THE Use of Schools and kou Private Reading. 

BARNES BRIEF HISTORY OF FRANCE, for the Use 

OF SCIIOOl^ AND FOR PRIVAIE READING. 

BARNES BRIEF HISTORY OF GREECE, with Select 
Readings from Standard authors. 

BARNES BRIEF HISTORY OF ROME, with Select 
Readings from standard authors. 

BARNES BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT PEOPLES, 

FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND FOR PRIVATE READING. 

BARNES BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL AND 
MODERN PEOPLES, Fou the Use of Schools and 
FOR Private Reading. 

BARNES BRIEF GENERAL HISTORY, Ancient, Me- 
di^val, and Modern Peoples. 



Copyright 1881, by A. S. Barnes i'''n.ties on the do- 



iv PREFACE. 

mestic life of the peoples of other lands and times. Though 
intentionally written in a semi-romantic style, they are 
accurate pictures of what might have occurred, and some 
of them are simple transcriptions of the details sculptured 
in Assyrian alabaster, or painted on Egyptian walls. 

It should be borne in mind that the extracts here made 
from "The Sacred Books of the East '^ are not comprehen- 
sive specimens of their style and teachings, but only gems 
selected from a mass of matter, much of which is absurd, 
meaningless, and even revolting. It has not seemed best 
to cumber a book like this with selections conveying no 
moral lesson. 

The numerous cross-references, the abundant dates in 
parentheses, the blackboard analyses, the pronunciation of 
the names in the index, the genealogical tables, the choice 
reading references at the close of each general subject, and 
the novel "Historical Recreations'' in the appendix, will be 
of service to both teacher and pupil. An acknowledgment 
of indebtedness in the preparation of this history is hereby 
made to the works named in the reading references. 

It is hoped that a large class of persons who desire to 
know something about the progress of historic criticism as 
well as the discoveries resulting from recent archaeological 
excavations, but who have no leisure to read the ponderous 
volumes of Brugsch, Layard, Grote, Mommsen, Rawlinson, 
Ihne, Lanfrey, Froude, Martin, and others, will find tins 
little book just what they need. 




. Intboddction 9 

!. Egypt 15 

t. Babyi/inta and Assyria 45 

L pHtBNICIA 73 

>. JUDEA 80 

1. Media and Pkrsia 88 

'. India 105 

I. China 106 

I. Greece 113 

I. BoME 203 

. Appendix: 

. The Seven Wonders of the World i 

^ The Seven Wise Men 1 

:. Historical BecrbAtions ii 

:. Index li 



LIST OF MAPS. 

PAGE 

Map op Early Races and Nations 11 

Map of Ancient Egypt 16 

Map of the Assyrian and Persian Empires 45 

Map of Phcenicia and Judea in Solomon's Time 74 

Map op Canaan and the Wilderness 81 

Map op Greece and her Colonies 113 

Map op Hellas in the Heroic Age 118 

Map op Greece in the Time of the Persian Wars 125 

Map of the Plain of Marathon 126 

Map of the Vicinity op Thermopylae 130 

Map of the Vicinity of Athens and Salamis 135 

Map illustrating the Peloponnesian War 142 

Map of the Empire of Alexander. 153 

Map of the Roman Empire and its Provinces 203 

Map of the Early Tribes and Cities of the Italian Pen- 
insula 210 

Map illustrating the Punic Wars 228 

Map of the Divisions of Italia to the Time of Augustus. 255 
Map or Plan of Ancient Rome 299 



ANCIENT PEOPLES. 



Examine History, for it is " Philosophy teaching by Ezperienoo." 

Oarlyle, 



" Truth oomes down to us from the past, as gold is washed down 
from the mountains of the Sierra Nevada, in minute but precious 
particles— the debris of the centuries." 
!!go to the top of the page 'Blackboard Analysis' begins here

A brief history of ancient peoples, with an account of their monuments, literature, and manners

Published 1881
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Book digitized by Google and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.
Publisher New York and Chicago, A. S. Barnes & company Year 1881 Pages 358 Possible copyright status NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT Language English Digitizing sponsor Google Book from the collections of unknown library Collection americana Notes "The general divisions on civilization and manners and customs were prepared by Mrs. J. Dorman Steele."--Pref. Full catalog record MARCXML [Open Library icon]This book has an editable web page on Open Library.

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