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TWAIN

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Twain (disambiguation).

This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources.(February 2013)

TWAIN

Original author(s)	TWAIN Working Group
Developer(s)	TWAIN Working Group
Initial release	February 1992; 24 years ago
Stable release	2.3 / 21 November 2013; 2 years ago
Operating system	Linux, OS X, Microsoft Windows
Platform	x86, x86-64, PowerPC
Type	Application programming interface
License	LGPL (Data Source Manager only)
Website	www.twain.org
Standard(s)	TWAIN

TWAIN is an applications programming interface (API) and communications protocol that regulates communication between softwareand digital imaging devices, such as image scanners and digital cameras.

TWAIN is not a hardware-level protocol; it requires a driver called Data Source for each device.^[1]

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History[edit]

The design of TWAIN began in January 1991. The TWAIN group originally launched in 1992 by several members of the imaging industry, with the intention of standardizing communication between image handling software and hardware.^[2] Review of the original TWAIN Developer’s Toolkit occurred from April, 1991 through January, 1992.^[3]

The word TWAIN is not officially an acronym, but it is a backronym. The official website notes that "the word TWAIN is from Kipling'sThe Ballad of East and West — '...and never the twain shall meet...' — reflecting the difficulty, at the time, of connecting scanners and personal computers. It was up-cased to TWAIN to make it more distinctive. This led people to believe it was an acronym, and then to a contest to come up with an expansion. None was selected, but the entry Technology Without an Interesting Namecontinues to haunt the standard."^[4]

Release history of the TWAIN API
Version	Release date	Changes
1.0	February 1992	Initial release
1.5	May 1993	Performance enhancements
1.6	5 February 1996	Page-length detection Buffer transfer
1.7	19 August 1997	Production scanning features
1.8	22 October 1998	Production scanning features omitted from v1.7 of the TWAIN specification
1.9	20 January 2000	ICC profiles Support for the Cocoa software development API in Mac OS X
2.0	22 February 2008	Linux support Support for the Win64 version of the Windows API New open-source Data Source Manager, licensed under the LGPL Support for cheque-scanning
2.1	8 July 2009	Support for Windows 7 (32- and 64-bit) Support for automatic color detection
2.2	16 February 2012	Implemented self-certification and new mandatory features
2.3	21 November 2013	Improved clarity and removed ambiguity.

Objectives[edit]

Objectives of the TWAIN Working Group and standard include:

Ensure image-handling software and hardware compatibility
Keep the specification current with the state of current software and hardware while maintaining backward compatibility
Provide multiple-platform support
Maintain and distribute a no-charge developer's toolkit
Ensure ease of implementation
Encourage widespread adoption
Open Source Data Source Manager
LGPL Open Source License
BSD Open Source Sample Application and Sample Data Source Application

Supported technologies[edit]

TWAIN provides support for:

Production, high-speed scanning
ICC Color profiles
Digital cameras
Multiple operating system platforms including Windows, Mac OS, and Linux

TWAIN Working Group membership[edit]

Today the TWAIN standard, including the specification, data source manager and sample code, are maintained by the not-for-profit organization TWAIN Working Group.

Board and associate members of the TWAIN Working Group include: