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Velar nasal ~ Dedicated to Nicholas Cage as a Proper Prime to Days of Thunder: Whats Lightning??

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"Agma" redirects here. For other uses, see Agma (disambiguation).

Velar nasal
ŋ
IPA number	119
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ŋ
Unicode (hex)	U+014B
X-SAMPA	N
Kirshenbaum	N
Braille
[show]Image
Sound
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The velar nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ŋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N. The IPA symbol ⟨ŋ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ɲ⟩, the symbol for thepalatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem. Both the IPA symbol and the sound are commonly called 'eng' or 'engma'.

As a phoneme, the velar nasal does not occur in many of the indigenous languages of the Americas or in a large number of European or Middle Eastern or Caucasian languages, but it is extremely common in Australian Aboriginal languages. While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/, /ŋ/is rarer.^[1] Only half of the 469 languages surveyed in Anderson (2008) had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, a large proportion of them limits its occurrence to the syllable coda. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, it occurs as an allophone of/n/ before velar consonants.

An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is Russian, in which /n/ is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar [n̪]even before velar consonants.^[2]

As with the voiced velar stop /ɡ/, the relative rarity of the velar nasal is that the small oral cavity, which is used to produce velar consonants, makes it more difficult for voicing to be sustained.^{[citation needed]} It also makes it much more difficult to allow air to escape through the nose, as is required for a nasal.

There is also a post-velar nasal (also called pre-uvular) in some languages. For pre-velar nasal (also called post-palatal), see palatal nasal.

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1Features
• 2Occurrence
• 3See also
• 4References
• 5Bibliography

Features[edit]

Features of the velar nasal:

• Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
• Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
• Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian		ngaqë	[ŋɡacə]	'because'
Aleut[3]		chaang	[tʃɑːŋ]	'five'
Armenian	Eastern[4]	ընկեր	[əŋˈkɛɾ]	'friend'	Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants
Assamese		ৰং	[rɔŋ]	'color'
Asturian		pación	[pa.ˈθjoŋ]	'pasture'
Bambara		ŋonI	[ŋoni]	'guitar'
Basque		hanka	[haŋka]	'leg'
Bengali		রঙ	[rɔŋ]	'color'
Catalan[5]		sang	[ˈsaŋ(k)]	'blood'	See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Cantonese	昂	[ŋɔːŋ˩]	'raise'	See Cantonese phonology
	Eastern Min	疑	[ŋi]	'suspect'
	Gan	牙	[ŋa]	'tooth'
	Hakka	我	[ŋai]	'I'
	Mandarin	北京	[peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥]	'Beijing'	See Mandarin phonology
	Northern Min	外	[ŋui]	'outside'
	Pu-Xian Min	黃	[ŋ̍]	'yellow'	Only in colloquial speech.
	Southern Min	吳	[ŋɔ]	'a state in the Zhou Dynasty'
	Wu	五	[ŋ˩˧]	'five'
	Xiang	熬	[ŋau]	'Boil'
	Yuci dialect of Jin	我	[ŋie]	'I'
Chukchi		ңыроқ	[ŋəɹoq]	'two'
Czech		tank	[taŋk]	'tank'	See Czech phonology
Dinka		ŋa	[ŋa]	'who'
Danish		sang	[sɑŋˀ]	'song'	See Danish phonology
Dutch[6]		angst	[ɑŋst]	'fear'	See Dutch phonology
English		sing	[sɪŋ]	'sing'	Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology
Faroese		ong	[ɔŋk]	'meadow'
Fijian		gone	[ˈŋone]	'child'
Filipino		ngayón	[ŋaˈjon]	'now'
Finnish		kangas	[ˈkɑŋːɑs]	'cloth'	Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally and before /k/. SeeFinnish phonology
French[7]		parking	[paʁkiŋ]	'parking lot'	Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology
Galician		unha	[ˈuŋa]	'one' (f.)
German		lang	[laŋ]	'long'	See German phonology
Greek		αποτυγχάνω/apotynchánō	[apo̞tiŋˈxano̞]	'I fail'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew	Standard	אנגלית	[aŋɡˈlit]	'English language'	Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology
	Sephardi	עין	[ŋaˈjin]	'Ayin'	See Sephardi Hebrew
Hindustani		रंग / رنگ	[rəŋɡ]	'color'	See Hindi–Urdu phonology
Hungarian		ing	[iŋɡ]	'shirt'	Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic		göng	[ˈkøyŋk]	'tunnel'	See Icelandic phonology
Indonesian		bangun	[bäŋʊn]	'wake up'
Inuktitut		ᐴᙳᐆᖅ/puunnguuq	[puːŋŋuːq]	'dog'
Inuvialuktun		qamnguiyuaq	[qamŋuijuaq]	'snores'
Irish		a nglór	[ˌə̃ ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ]	'their voice'	Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology
Italian[8]		anche	[ˈaŋke]	'also'	See Italian phonology
Itelmen		қниң	[qniŋ]	'one'
Japanese	Standard	南極/nankyoku	[naŋkʲokɯ]	'the South Pole'	See Japanese phonology
	Eastern dialects[9]	鍵/kagi	[kaŋi]	'key'
Kagayanen[10]		manang	[manaŋ]	'older sister'
Ket		аяң	[ajaŋ]	'to damn'
Korean		방/bang	[paŋ]	'room'	See Korean phonology
Luxembourgish[11]		keng	[kʰæŋ]	'nobody'	See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian		aнглиски	[ˈaŋɡliski]	'English'	Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. SeeMacedonian phonology
Luganda		ŋaaŋa	[ŋɑːŋɑ]	"hornbill"
Malay		bangun	[bäŋon]	'wake up'
Malayalam[3]		മാങ്ങ	[maːŋŋɐ]	'mango'
Māori[12]		ngā	[ŋaː]	'the'
Marathi		संगणक	[səŋɡəɳək]	'computer'	See Marathi phonology
Mari		еҥ	[jeŋ]	'human'
Nganasan		ӈаӈ	[ŋaŋ]	'mouth'
Nivkh		ңамг	[ŋamɡ]	'seven'
North Frisian	Mooring	kåchelng	[ˈkɔxəlŋ]	'stove'
Norwegian		gang	[ɡɑŋ]	'hallway'	See Norwegian phonology
Punjabi		ਵੰਙ	[vəŋ]	'bangle'
Persian		رنگ	[ræːŋɡ]	'color'	See Persian phonology
Pipil		nemanha	[nemaŋa]	'later'
Polish[13]		bank	[bäŋk]	'bank'	Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/; post-palatal before /kʲ, ɡʲ/.[14][15] SeePolish phonology
Occitan	Provençal	vin	[viŋ]	'wine'
Rapanui		hanga	[haŋa]	'bay'	Sometimes written ⟨g⟩ in Rapanui
Romanian	Țara MoțilorTransylvanian[16]	câine	[kɨŋi][stress?]	'dog'	Corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[17]		станка / stanka	[stâːŋka]	'pause'	Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ/.[17] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Seri		comcáac	[koŋˈkaak]	'Seri people'
Shona		nanga	[ŋaŋɡa]	'witch-doctor'
Slovene		tank	[taŋk]	'tank'
Spanish[18]		domingo	[d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞]	'Sunday'	Allophone of /n/. See Spanish phonology
Swahili		ng'ombe	[ŋɔmbɛ]	'cow'
Swedish		ingenting	[ɪŋɛnˈtʰɪŋ]	'nothing'	See Swedish phonology
Thai		งาน	[ŋaːn]	'work'
Tuamotuan		rangi/ragi	[ŋaːn]	'sky'
Tundra Nenets		ӈэва	[ŋæewa]	'head'
Turkmen		birmeňzeş	[biɾmeŋðeʃ]	'identical'
Venetian		man	[maŋ]	'hand'
Vietnamese[19]		ngà	[ŋaː˨˩]	'ivory'	See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh		rhwng	[r̥ʊŋ]	'between'
West Frisian		kening	[ˈkeːnɪŋ]	'king'
Yi		ꉢ/nga	[ŋa˧]	'I'
Yanyuwa[20]		[waŋ̄ulu]		'adolescent boy'	Post-velar;[20] Contrasts with pre-velar nasal.[20]
Yup'ik		ungungssiq	[uŋuŋssiq]	'animal'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan[21]	yan	[jaŋ]	'neck'	Word-final allophone of lenis /n/