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Breaking news

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Breaking news, interchangeably termed latebreaking news and also known as a special report or news bulletin, is a current issue that broadcasters feel warrants the interruption of scheduled programming and/or current news in order to report its details. Its use is also assigned to the most significant story of the moment or a story that is being covered live. It could be a story that is simply of wide interest to viewers and has little impact otherwise.^[1][2] Many times, breaking news is used after the news organization has already reported on the story. When a story has not been reported on previously, the graphic and phrase "Just In" is sometimes used instead.

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1Formats
  • 1.1Television
  • 1.2Radio
• 2Usage
• 3Criticism
• 4See also
• 5References

Formats[edit]

Television[edit]

American news networks, like ABC News, use the "special report" title for breaking news cut-ins.

The format of a special report or breaking news event on television commonly consists of the current non-news programming suddenly switching to a reverse countdown from 5 or 10 seconds to allow any affiliated stations to switch to the network news feed (television stations typically do not provide these countdowns for local coverage, normally leading with a graphic and/or voiceover announcing the cut-in). There is then an opening graphic, featuring music (such as NBC's "The Pulse of Events", composed by John Williams) which adds an emphasis on the importance of the event. This is usually followed with the introduction of a news anchor, who welcomes the viewer to the broadcast and introduces the story at hand. Lower thirds and other graphics may also be altered to convey a sense of urgency.

Once the story is introduced, the network or local station may, if possible, choose to continue to show a live shot of the anchor or may cut away to video or images of the story that is being followed during the broadcast. Additionally, the coverage may be passed to a reporter at the location of the breaking event, possibly sharing more information about the story as it breaks.

Depending upon the story being followed, the report may last only a few minutes, or continue for multiple hours – or with the most significant events, days – at a time (events in which the latter instances has occurred include the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and the September 11 attacks). If coverage continues for an extended amount of time, the network may integrate analysis about the story through analysts in-studio, via phone, satellite, broadband (B-GAN) or through other means of communication. Depending on the severity of the event, regular commercial advertising may be completely suspended for sustained coverage, and network affiliates will be required to insert their station identification in at the top of the hour overlaid during the report rather than through the usual means of a station imaging promo or program reminder.

When the coverage comes to a close, the network or station may either resume programming that was occurring prior to the event or begin new programming, depending upon the amount of time spent on the coverage. The anchor will usually remind viewers to check the network's website (or that of the station, if coverage is provided locally), or watch any cable news channels that may be co-owned with the network for more information. If the story breaks during daytime programming, the anchor will usually remind viewers that there will be or might be more details on their local news that day and a full wrap-up on the network's evening news program. Usually regular daytime programming is re-joined in progress and segments may be missed.

If the event occurs during prime time, the anchor will usually remind viewers that there will be more details on their late local newscast and on the network's overnight news program (if applicable) the next morning. Programming at this time is either joined in progress or started back up at the point of the interruption, depending on whether the program is new to air, highly rated or has time left in its time slot to finish airing. In either of the above instances, network (and in some cases, for local stations, syndicated) programs that have segments not aired or are pre-empted in their entirety by breaking news reports – particularly those that extend to or longer than 20 or 45 minutes, depending on the length of the previously scheduled program – may have to be rescheduled to air at a later time.

Radio[edit]

On radio, the process of a breaking news story is somewhat the same, though some different considerations are made for the medium. For instance, a breaking news theme is required by default to have an urgent tenor and be used only for the purpose of true breaking news or bulletins. This is obvious on the local all-news radio stations owned by CBS Radio, which very rarely use a breaking news theme for all but the most urgent and dire of breaking news, and is purposefully structured to give a sense of attention for the listener, almost sounding like an alarm. For local events, continuous coverage may be imposed, or else the station may wait until they have a reporter at the scene and will promise more details of the event as they become available.

National news that is broadcast over a radio network requires constant monitoring by station employees to allow the network coverage to air, although many stations will take the 'urgent' signal sent by the network and break into programming immediately. Again, continuous coverage from a national radio network depends on the severity of the event, and often the network may just pass down the coverage by their local affiliate with spare commentary by the network's anchors.

Other considerations are made also; FM music stations rarely relay breaking news unless it is an event of grave national concern, though local weather warnings are relayed when in effect (either in the form of updates provided by an on-staff anchor or disc jockey, an emergency alert system or through an audio simulcast of a television station which maintains a contractual partnership with a radio outlet). Less urgent events allow a network to feed updates to stations at 20, 30 and 50 minutes after the hour to give a summary of events. Stations are also careful about what stories are relayed during play-by-play broadcasts of professional and college sports, as those are the programs most listened to on radio, so breaking news coverage is limited to only commercial breaks.

Usage[edit]

News bulletins have been a fixture of radio broadcasting since at least the 1920s. Examples of early news bulletins in the Golden Age of Radio include fictionalized versions in the 1938 radio drama The War of the Worlds and coverage of the attack on Pearl Harbor, which was also the first television news bulletin, reported on stations in New York andPennsylvania. KTLA in Los Angeles is credited with being the first television station to provide extended coverage of a breaking news event: for 27½ hours from April 8 to 9, 1949, the station carried live coverage of an attempt to rescue three-year-old Kathy Fiscus, who had fallen down an abandoned well in San Marino, California, where she ultimately perished due to asphyxia from a lack of oxygen.^[3][4]

In the decades before 24-hour news networks such as CNN began to exist, programming interruptions were restricted to extremely urgent news, such as the death of an important political figure. For example, one of the earliest such interruptions that modern viewers would recognize as "breaking news" coverage was for the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963, (with CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite's coverage being especially noted), and as such reflected the relatively crude technology and procedures of that era. Such breaks are now common at 24-hour news channels, which may have an anchor available for live interruption at any time. Some networks, such asSky News, largely emphasize this, even advertising the station/network as being "first for breaking news".

Another type of breaking news is that of severe weather events, whose coverage evolved in a very similar manner. In North America until the 1990s, television and radio stations normally only provided long-form weather coverage during immediate, ongoing threats (such as a tornado that has been confirmed visually or by radar to be producing damage or a landfalling hurricane); cut-ins and, in the case of television stations, alert crawls during regular programming were used otherwise, even when higher-end alerts such astornado warnings were issued.^[5] Advancements in newsgathering and weather technology (including the deployment of helicopters to provide aerial coverage and radar systems that can detect specific storm attributes), coupled with a few highly life-threatening events during the 1990s (such as Hurricane Andrew and the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak) and the resulting heightened urgency to advise those in the storm's path to take safety precautions in advance made extended (or "wall-to-wall") weather coverage once a high-end alert is issued more common in storm-prone areas, with cut-ins only being used in weather events of lesser severity.

In various countries and at various news outlets, terms such as "(late)breaking," "urgent," "flash," "bulletin," and "alert" may accompany breaking news reports. The term breaking news has come to replace the older use of news bulletin, with the latter term relegated to only the most extraordinary of events. There has been widespread use of breaking news at the local level, particularly when one station in a market wants to emphasize the exclusivity of coverage. Not all viewers agree that stories assigned as breaking news rise to the significance or level of interest that warrant such a designation.

American network news divisions still use the term special report for either a breaking news,^[6] a developing news story or both, but tend to use the term breaking news on theirmorning and evening news programs. Most local stations across the United States that interrupt regular programming for a news story use the breaking news and special reportterms (though, local broadcast news outlets use the former most often), with a voice-over stating either "This is a breaking news special report" or "This is a special breaking news report" or "This is a(n) (network name) News Special Report" or "This is a(n) (station brand name) breaking news (special) report" or "(From [station brand name],) this is breaking news." The breaking news ending has a past-tense variation, followed by a disclaimer for viewers who would like more information to see the network's news division website.

Criticism[edit]

In early coverage of a breaking story, details are commonly sketchy, usually due to the limited information that is available at the time. For example, during the Sago Mine disaster, there were initial reports that all twelve miners were found alive, but news organizations later learned that only one actually survived.

Often it is considered important to be quick with news bulletins also for less important news. Such news might not be mentioned on later days, even if it was found that information was wrong.

Another criticism has been the diluting of the importance of "breaking news" by the need of 24-hour news channels to fill time, applying the title to soft news stories of questionable importance and urgency (for example, car chases). Others question as to whether the use of the term is excessive, citing occasions when the term is used even though scheduled programming is not interrupted.^[7] Some programs, such as HLN's Nancy Grace, have even used the term for events which occurred months before.

In June 2013, Fox affiliate WDRB in Louisville, Kentucky gained notice in the television industry for a promo that criticized the broad and constant use of the "breaking news" term, explaining that that it has been overused as a "marketing ploy" by other news-producing stations, who tend to apply the term to stories that are low in urgency and/or relevance. To coincide with the promo, on its website, WDRB posted "Contracts" with its viewers and advertisers, with the former list promising to use "breaking news" judiciously (applying it to stories that are "both 'breaking' and 'news'").^[8]

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E. Remington and Sons

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

E. Remington and Sons

Remington factory circa 1840
Type	Corporation
Industry	Firearms, mechanical consumer products (typewriters)
Fate	Purchased
Successor	Remington Arms Co. Standard Typewriter Manufacturing Company later Remington Typewriter Companyand Remington Rand
Founded	Ilion, NY, USA (1816)
Founder	Eliphalet Remington
Area served	Worldwide
Products	Firearms-pistols, rifles, shotguns typewriters

E. Remington and Sons (1816–1896) was a manufacturer of firearms and typewriters. Founded in 1816 by Eliphalet Remington in Ilion, New York, on March 1, 1873 it became known for manufacturing the first commercial typewriter.

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1History
  • 1.1The rifle barrel
  • 1.2Becoming "E. Remington & Sons"
  • 1.3Remington's typewriter
• 2Successor companies
  • 2.1Remington Arms
  • 2.2Remington Typewriter Company
• 3Bibliography
• 4References

History[edit]

Eliphalet Remington

Remington .46 Conversion display

The rifle barrel[edit]

There are two versions of the origin of the first Remington rifle barrel. One holds that the younger Remington wanted to purchase a rifle and lacked the money to buy one so he made his own. The other states that he forged a barrel from wrought iron to see if he could build a better rifle than he could buy.^[1] Both versions have him taking the barrel to a gunsmith to have it rifled.^[2]

Eliphalet II forged his first rifle barrel as a young blacksmith in 1816 and finished second place in a local shooting match with it. Despite not winning the match, he proceeded to make barrels to meet the growing demand for flintlock rifles in theMohawk Valley. With the completion of the Erie Canal, connecting Buffalo with Albany, commerce in the Mohawk Valley expanded remarkably as did the demand for rifle barrels.^[3]

To meet the increased demand for rifle barrels, in 1828 the Remingtons moved their forge andfoundry from its rural setting to 100 acres (0.4 km²) of land they had purchased astride the canal and abutting the Mohawk River near a town then called Morgan's Landing (later Ilion), New York.^[4]The move coincided with the elder Eliphalet's death, and Eliphalet II assumed control of the business.^[5]

Becoming "E. Remington & Sons"[edit]

In 1839 Elipalet was joined by his oldest son, Philo Remington (to make the business "E. Remington & Son"), and in 1845 his second son, Samuel, also joined the company, afterwards called "E. Remington & Sons".^[4] Remington's third son, Eliphalet III, would later join the company as well. During this period, the Remingtons specialized almost exclusively in the manufacture of rifle barrels. These barrels, marked with the distinctive "REMINGTON" stamp near their breeches, were recognized for their quality and reasonable price. Many, if not most, of the independent gunsmiths in the Mohawk Valley purchased completed (but not rifled) barrels from Remington and assembled them intofirearms custom ordered by their customers. As demand increased, the Remingtons added other parts to their inventory, first percussion locks made in Birmingham, England but marked with their stamp "REMINGTON", and later sets of brass gun furniture, including trigger guards, butt plates, and patch boxes. After 1846, first martial longarm and thenrevolver production dominated the company's workforce.^[6] [5]

In 1848 purchased gun making machinery from the Ames Manufacturing Company of Chicopee, MA and took over a contract for Jenks breechloading percussion carbines for theU.S. Navy. Remington supplied the U.S. Navy with its first breech-loading rifle. Remington supplied the U.S. Army with rifles in the Mexican-American War (1846 to 1848). Shortly after Remington took over a defaulted contract (by John Griffith of Cincinnati) for 5000 U.S. Model 1841 Percussion Mississippi rifles. Based on the success of filling these orders, subsequent contracts followed in the 1850s.^[4][5]

In 1856 the business was expanded to include the manufacture of agricultural implements. Upon Eliphalet's death in 1861, his son, Philo, took over the firm during the Civil War, and diversified the product line to include sewing machines (manufactured from 1870 to 1894) and typewriters (1873), both of which were exhibited at the Centennial Expositionin Philadelphia in 1876.^{[citation needed]}

Remington's typewriter[edit]

Sholes & Glidden Typewriter, 1876

On June 23, 1867 a patent was granted to Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden, and Samuel W. Soule for a "Type-Writer" which was eventually developed into the Sholes and Glidden typewriter, the first device that allowed an operator to type substantially faster than a person could write by hand. The patent (U.S. 79,265) was sold for $12,000 to Densmore and Yost, who made an agreement with E. Remington and Sons (then famous as a manufacturer ofsewing machines), to commercialize what was known as the Sholes and Glidden Type-Writer. Remington started production of their first typewriter on March 1, 1873 in Ilion, New York. The Type-Writer introduced the QWERTY, designed by Sholes, and the success of the follow-up Remington No. 2 of 1878 – the first typewriter to include both upper and lower case letters via a shift key – led to the popularity of the QWERTY layout.^[7]

Successor companies[edit]

Remington Arms[edit]

Main article: Remington Arms

Remington-Rider

E. Remington & Sons supplied a large proportion of the small arms used by the United States government in the Civil War (1861 to 1865). On March 7, 1888, ownership of E. Remington & Sons left possession of the Remington family and was sold to new owners, Hartley and Graham of New York, New York and the Winchester Repeating Arms Company of New Haven, Connecticut. At which time the name was formally changed to the Remington Arms Company.^[8]

Remington in addition was one of the most successful gun manufacturers in the world arms trade between 1867 and 1900, specifically through the export of the Remington Rolling Block action rifle. This single-shot, large-caliber black-powder cartridge rifle was exported in the millions all over the world, including shipments to France, Egypt, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, Argentina, Mexico and thePapal States. It was an important gun supplier of small arms used by the United States government in World War I (U.S. involvement 1917 to 1918) and World War II (U.S. involvement 1941 to 1945)

Remington Typewriter Company[edit]

Remington Model 1892

In 1886, E. Remington and Sons sold its typewriter business to the Standard Typewriter Manufacturing Company, Inc. Included were the rights to use the Remington name. The buyers were William O. Wyckoff, Harry H. Benedict and Clarence Seamans, all of whom worked for Remington.

Standard Typewriter changed its name in 1902 to Remington Typewriter Company.^[9] This company merged in 1927 with Rand Kardex Bureau to form Remington Rand,^[10] which continued to manufacture office equipment and later became a major computer company, as well as manufacturing electric razors.

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gosh the Darn of a Lions roar in the Memory,

I knew a Perk of the Collar.

After in that is the Circus of ankles Sir Prized to balance the Beam of thought to a Stein,

drink the Alice with a taste of base Wonder bread on the San Francisco Treat,

cable to the Car in the drive on the Tune,

its a zoo.

Skeleton Key to that is the hopper Hoe with a ditch to the pole Lit a coal,

what is the Payphone,

a dive or the Alcatraz of the cent to Heave the Mints with cauliflower bone??

Shall the dance swag to the skip,

hops on the Scotch,

than coin in the Pen knee word to the Outs on the in's of the skates,

the breast of Turkey form the stuff in with Apples and A now Pear priced.

Weavers on the Horse is Also called Cribbing,

at that is the Hour Angle of sigh fur to stole of the Waist in the leather of a hidden dee Tale,

fable with the Norse to Zeus or is it Oh den to that Product revolution on a Discovery of lens,

blink Ken to Troy Yip at the Coyote with the Wolf gull on the Dye know Soar,

its the Faster Faster Faster or is It the Fast Tin of the worth to the Victor of Vinyl Knoll??,

who What dare Tuck what DAT in the Vat or is it the Frogs fare a Moan.

Chugger Would Hal Call It The Ha Why Ease

Chew for Humanity has scattered the Dime for the roof on that platter of Dinner in the sigh,

as the choice piece in the tender Loin it hath chosen to tribe in the text Tile on the spout sherd,

as the staff rank is the inks on the Brain or the avenue of the conversation at in Ploy??,

to conversation on the flours off the butter Is the disk a Brush to tip Out as the but stalk,

to trough of soup the skull wrinkles Fowl to bust discuss shin on the Moons field,

land Ding Mars to branch on the sty.

Blinks have gone to scene,

wrists go to teak and the Men have dyed the Color read,

even on that skate the Ice in the brick is galactical in explain,

far from Wave to that beach of grit Sand.

Sandpaper Pipes to Tack tow back Co.,

anchor on the flash with a darn on the Extra shot to gun a Reed,

just at the Mow Mint the flip Pin coin is Hinge Pinion to full Carl at the burr gee*Hod,

touching Classic to the Brush Box with Al kay Duh on the heel of Floor A Duh to boxing Day,

did the daisy Chain to table on the Memo or was it the Duct,

tape Razor on the shred chaining the Beast to a Bed Practice on the Afghan A stan Knee an Pi,

collar the Sir Prized while Bare 'e' All to the Provide the gore with whiz Why's cheese!!

Twin brothers Albert and Ebenezer Fox each holding a hod

*Brick hod

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A brick hod is a three-sided box for carrying bricks or other building materials, often mortar. It bears a long handle and is carried over the shoulder. A hod is usually long enough to accept 4 bricks on their side, however, by arranging the bricks in a chevron fashion, the number of bricks that may be carried is only limited to the weight the labourer can bear and the unwieldiness of that load. Typically 10-12 bricks might be carried.^[1][2]

Hod carrying is a skilled labouring occupation in the building industry. Typically the hod carrier or hoddie will be employed by a bricklayingteam in a supporting role to the skilled bricklayers. Two bricklayers for each hod carrier is quite normal. The hoddie's duties might include wetting the mortar boards on the scaffolding prior to fetching bricks from the delivery pallet using his hod and bringing them to 2x2 wide 'stacks' upon the scaffold that may then be easily laid by the bricklayers. The carrier needs to time deliveries of bricks with deliveries of mortar - also carried in the hod - to ensure the bricklayers maintain a constant work rate. On sites without premixed mortar, the mortar will also be mixed by the hod carrier. Bricks may be cut and assistance given to 'rake out' the mortar joints, if that form of coursing joint is required, or in repointing work. The baseline rate for a bricklayer is to lay 1,000 bricks a day, if the hod carrier is serving a team of two then he must move 2,000 bricks although it is not uncommon for experienced hod carriers to serve three bricklayers. The World Record for moving 500 bricks by Hod is 12 minutes and was set by John Logan, age 46, on 12 February 2011.^{[citation needed]}

Contents

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• 1Song references
• 2Notes
• 3References
• 4External links