1:51 AM
4/11/2016
Heavy Metal the rock Salts at the vein In pulse to Heart on the Bones 'morrow,
why don't all the in sure hints of the like at Owe Rye lead decide the avenue of the dock tores',
as fill dawn a hue width that enter jet shin or is it the shunning of pro Festivals on coin to Talk Vacuum??,
hosed education to now the supper of journalism being that Coin Operation of Commerce to beast??,
the Glenn Beck' of the World swish & Swirl the original deed as the Glenn Beck rewrites the Seed??
To discuss that disgusting voice that Glenn Beck massages the brain of the Public Radio,
masturbation of the rub it on score the lotion and mixture of stride to that chalk erasure,
shoveling the fake voice to stroke a ponies lope??,
no it is that Fact that Glenn Beck cannot Wrote,
for on those email cents to direct line on the actual stations of Glenn Becks Id know response,
negative more's of too busy to answer as should Glenn Beck answer the question than Solve would have to Account,
account what??,
the fact that faxing is not of importance only copy Copy copy as Mimicking greens soylent,
milking that Teat to suck the Minds of all a listers to rose forgetting the Thorns of bristle.
For on that vaccination in the lanes of the Animal Kingdom,
lets stop giving distemper Rabies along with pure shale.
Glenn Beck doom Rush Limbaugh go tell it on the mount Tin,.
role those loins as the rub burr feast??,
no those in specific dine on graze and bail the owl Fowl fa as Laah laah Lah la.
Being bags hour may jury??,
no,
it is the court of puke on the dial of hear telling the valley of the carving slammed,
putting to pew of the pastel mirror each morning that those two Men dress for the Mar row!!!
Brainwave entrainment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Brainwave entrainment is a colloquialism for 'neural entrainment', which denotes how the aggregate oscillation frequency, resulting from synchronous electrical activity among ensembles of cortical neurons, can adjust to synchronize with the periodic vibration of an external stimulus, such as a sustained acoustic frequency perceived as pitch, a regularly repeating pattern of intermittent sounds perceived as rhythm, or a regularly intermittent flashing light.
Contents
[hide]- 1Neural oscillation and electroencephalography (EEG)
- 2Frequency bands of cortical neural ensembles
- 3Neural oscillation and cognitive functions
- 4Awareness and consciousness
- 5Entrainment
- 6Music and the frequency following response
- 7Binaural beats
- 8See also
- 9References
- 10Further reading
- 11External links
Neural oscillation and electroencephalography (EEG)[edit]
Main article: Neural oscillation
Neural oscillations are rhythmic or repetitive electrochemical activity in the brain and central nervous system. Such oscillations can be characterized by their frequency, amplitudeand phase. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity driven by mechanisms within individual neurons, as well as by interactions between them. They may also adjustfrequency to synchronize with the periodic vibration of external acoustic or visual stimuli.[1]
The activity of neurons generate electric currents; and the synchronous action of neural ensembles in the cerebral cortex, comprising large numbers of neurons, produce macroscopic oscillations, which can be monitored and graphically documented by an electroencephalogram (EEG). The electroencephalographic representations of thoseoscillations are typically denoted by the term 'brainwaves' in common parlance.[2][3]
The technique of recording neural electrical activity within the brain from electrochemical readings taken from the scalp originated with the experiments of Richard Caton in 1875, whose findings were developed into electroencephalography (EEG) by Hans Berger in the late 1920s.
Frequency bands of cortical neural ensembles[edit]
The fluctuating frequency of oscillations generated by the synchronous activity of cortical neurons, measurable with an electroencephalogram (EEG), via electrodes attached to the scalp, are conveniently categorized into general bands, in order of decreasing frequency, measured in Hertz (HZ) as follows:[4][5]
In addition, three further wave forms are often delineated in electroencephalographic studies:
- Mu, 8 to 12 Hz
- Sigma (sleep spindle), 12 to 14 Hz
- Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), 12.5 to 15.5 Hz[6]
Neural oscillation and cognitive functions[edit]
The functional role of neural oscillations is still not fully understood;[7] however they have been shown to correlate with emotional responses, motor control, and a number of cognitive functions including information transfer, perception, and memory.[8][9][10] Specifically, neural oscillations, in particular theta activity, are extensively linked to memory function, and coupling between theta and gamma activity is considered to be vital for memory functions, including episodic memory.[11][12][13]
Awareness and consciousness[edit]
Electroencephalography (EEG) has been most widely used in the study of neural activity generated by large groups of neurons, known as neural ensembles, including investigations of the changes that occur in electroencephalographic profiles during cycles of sleep and wakefulness. EEG signals change dramatically during sleep and show a transition from faster frequencies to increasingly slower frequencies, indicating a relationship between the frequency of neural oscillations and cognitive states includingawareness and consciousness.[14][15]
Entrainment[edit]
Meaning and origin of the term 'entrainment'[edit]
Entrainment is a term originally derived from complex systems theory, and denotes the way that two or more independent, autonomous oscillators with differing rhythms orfrequencies, when situated in a context and at a proximity where they can interact for long enough, influence each other mutually, to a degree dependent on coupling force, such that they adjust until both oscillate with the same frequency. Examples include the mechanical entrainment or cyclic synchronization of two electric clothes dryers placed in close proximity, and the biological entrainment evident in the synchronized illumination of fireflies.[16]
Entrainment is a concept first identified by the Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens in 1665 who discovered the phenomenon during an experiment with pendulum clocks: He set them each in motion and found that when he returned the next day, the sway of their pendulums had all synchronized.[17]
Such entrainment occurs because small amounts of energy are transferred between the two systems when they are out of phase in such a way as to produce negative feedback. As they assume a more stable phase relationship, the amount of energy gradually reduces to zero, with system of greater frequency slowing down, and the other speeding up.[18]
Subsequently, the term 'entrainment' has been used to describe a shared tendency of many physical and biological systems to synchronize their periodicity and rhythm through interaction. This tendency has been identified as specifically pertinent to the study of sound and music generally, and acoustic rhythms specifically. The most ubiquitous and familiar examples of neuromotor entrainment to acoustic stimuli is observable in spontaneous foot or finger tapping to the rhythmic beat of a song.
Exogenous entrainment[edit]
Exogenous rhythmic entrainment, which occurs outside the body, has been identified and documented for a variety of human activities, which include the way people adjust therhythm of their speech patterns to those of the subject with whom they communicate, and the rhythmic unison of an audience clapping.[16]
Even among groups of strangers, the rate of breathing, locomotive and subtle expressive motor movements, and rhythmic speech patterns have been observed to synchronizeand entrain, in response to an auditory stimuli, such as a piece of music with a consistent rhythm.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Furthermore, motor synchronization to repetitive tactilestimuli occurs in animals, including cats and monkeys as well as humans, with accompanying shifts in electroencephalogram (EEG) readings.[26][27][28][29][30]
Endogenous entrainment[edit]
Examples of endogenous entrainment, which occurs within the body, include the synchronizing of human circadian sleep-wake cycles to the 24-hour cycle of light and dark.[31]and the synchronization of a heartbeat to a cardiac pacemaker.[32]
Brainwave entrainment[edit]
Brainwaves, or neural oscillations, share the fundamental constituents with acoustic and optical wave forms, including frequency, amplitude, and periodicity. Consequently, Huygens' discovery precipitated inquiry[citation needed] into whether or not the synchronous electrical activity of cortical neural ensembles might not only alter in response to externalacoustic or optical stimuli but also entrain or synchronize their frequency to that of a specific stimulus.[33][34][35][36]
Brainwave entrainment is a colloquialism for such 'neural entrainment', which is a term used to denote the way in which the aggregate frequency of oscillations produced by the synchronous electrical activity in ensembles of cortical neurons can adjust to synchronize with the periodic vibration of an external stimuli, such as a sustained acoustic frequencyperceived as pitch, a regularly repeating pattern of intermittent sounds, perceived as rhythm, or of a regularly rhythmically intermittent flashing light.
Music and the frequency following response[edit]
Main article: Frequency following response
Changes in neural oscillations, demonstrable through electroencephalogram (EEG) measurements, are precipitated by listening to music,[37][38][39][40][41][42] which can modulateautonomic arousal ergotropically and trophotropically, increasing and decreasing arousal respectively.[43] Musical auditory stimulation has also been demonstrated to improveimmune function, facilitate relaxation, improve mood, and contribute to the alleviation of stress.[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] These findings have contributed to the development ofneurologic music therapy, which uses music and song as an active and receptive intervention, to contribute to the treatment and management of disorders characterized by impairment to parts of the brain and central nervous system, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, cerebral palsy, Alzheimer's disease, and autism.[52][53][54]
Meanwhile, the therapeutic benefits of listening to sound and music is a well-established principle upon which the practice of receptive music therapy is founded. The term 'receptive music therapy' denotes a process by which patients or participants listen to music with specific intent to therapeutically benefit; and is a term used by therapists to distinguish it from 'active music therapy' by which patients or participants engage in producing vocal or instrumental music.[55] Receptive music therapy is an effective adjunctiveintervention suitable for treating a range of physical and mental conditions.[56]
The Frequency following response (FFR), also referred to as Frequency Following Potential (FFP), is a specific response to hearing sound and music, by which neural oscillations adjust their frequency to match the rhythm of auditory stimuli. The use of sound with intent to influence cortical brainwave frequency is called auditory driving,[57][58] by which frequency of neural oscillation is 'driven' to entrain with that of the rhythm of a sound source.[59][60]
Binaural beats[edit]
Main article: Binaural beats
Human subjects rarely hear frequencies below 20 Hz, which is exactly the range of Delta, Theta, Alpha, and low to mid Beta brainwaves.[61][62] Among the methods by which some investigations have sought to overcome this problem is to measure electroencephalogram (EEG) readings of a subject while he or she listens to binaural beats.
A binaural beat is an auditory illusion perceived when two different pure-tone sine waves, both with frequencies lower than 1500 Hz, with less than a 40 Hz difference between them, are presented to a listener dichotically, that is one through each ear.[63] For example, if a 530 Hz pure tone is presented to a subject's right ear, while a 520 Hz pure tone is presented to the subject's left ear, the listener will perceive the auditory illusion of a third tone, in addition to the two pure-tones presented to each ear. The third sound is called a binaural beat, and in this example would have a perceived pitch correlating to a frequency of 10 Hz, that being the difference between the 530 Hz and 520 Hz pure tones presented to each ear.[64]
Binaural-beat perception originates in the inferior colliculus of the midbrain and the superior olivary complex of the brainstem, where auditory signals from each ear are integrated and precipitate electrical impulses along neural pathways through the reticular formation up the midbrain to the thalamus, auditory cortex, and other cortical regions [65][66][67][68]Listening to binaural beats has been shown to precipitate auditory driving by which ensembles of cortical neurons entrain their frequencies to that of the binaural beat, with associated changes in self-reported subjective experience of emotional and cognitive state.[69][70][71][72]